the impact of the compact

T H E I M P A C T O F T H E C O M P A C T

B Y D R . M A R I O G A R C I A

A N I N - D E P T H I N V E S T I G A T I O N

O F T H E R E N A I S S A N C E

O F T H E T A B L O I D F O R M A T

V E R S I O N 1 . 0

A G A R C I A M E D I A W H I T E P A P E R

A P R I L 2 5 , 2 0 0 5

W I T H C A S E S T U D I E SI N C L U D I N G :

20 Cent, Germany

24 SATA, Croatia

Bohuslaningen, Sweden

Crain’s Chicago Business, USA

De Standaard, Belgium

Diario de Noticias, Portugal

El Litoral, Argentina

El Mercurio, Chile

Goteborgs Posten, Sweden

Het Parool, Holland

Kleine Zeitung, Austria

Liberation, France

Newsday, USA

Philadelphia Weekly, USA

Quick, USA

Reflejos, USA

S.F. Examiner, USA

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1 The big buzz about small formatsE V E R Y T H I N G M A K E S A C O M E B A C K . There is an eternal renaissance ofessential things. In journalism, design, literature and art. Things tend to simplifythemselves. As life in big cities turns more chaotic, technology becomesmore accessible with wireless, fast communication available to larger mass-es of the population. For the printed media, this translates into smallerformats, more reader-friendly for users who seek simpler storytelling,quicker messages, and who seem to prefer, as in everything else, thesmaller packages.

In the case of newspapers, we have had to wait a long time and climb a steepmountain to get to this exciting moment in which more newspapers are look-ing at smaller formats as an option. For many, it is already a reality. Conversionfrom broadsheet to tabloid has paid off: Readers like it, advertisers get used to itfaster than anyone thought, and the “wave” of tabloid conversions extendsglobally. Even the United States is taking a peek into what some of their news-papers will look like in a format other than the huge broadsheet that has servedas the canvas for decades.

Who would have guessed only 20 years ago that this would be the case?In 1999, when the American Press Institute sponsored a seminar about “thenewspaper of the future,” many of those invited to present their visions displayedelectronic newspapers, tablets, and, of course, broadsheets with touches of elec-tronic navigational techniques. I opted for a micro format (A4 for theEuropeans, 8 1.2 x 11 for others), which we designed with the assistance ofRodrigo Fino and Paula Ripoll in our Garcia Media Latinoamerica office inBuenos Aires. I mentioned at the time that by the year 2020, most newspapers

Dr. Mario Garcia, founder of GarciaMedia with offices worldwide, hasoverseen the conversion of numerousnewspapers to smaller formats. Hehas devoted more than 30 years toredesigning publications, and has per-sonally collaborated with more than500 news organizations. His personalinvolvement has defined large proj-ects such as The Wall Street Journal,The Philadelphia Inquirer and Die

Zeit, as well as medium-size newspapers such as The CharlotteObserver, and smaller ones such asthe Lawrence (Kan.) Journal-World.Mario founded the Graphics & Design program at the Poynter Institute forMedia Studies (www.poynter.org),and has been a presenter, organizerand moderator for hundreds of educational programs at Poynter,IFRA, API, SND, IAPA and elsewhere.

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would be converted to smaller formats. If that seminar were held today, Iwould place the date much sooner.

In the United States, it was the San Francisco Examiner that dared to makethe transition from a traditional broadsheet to a classic tabloid about the sametime that conversions were beginning to take place in Europe. As of this writing,the tide has changed dramatically, with several major U.S. newspapersannouncing intentions to consider a smaller format.

Suddenly, tabloids are protagonists in a play about newspaper survival,adaptation to change and a spirit of renovation. Ironically, tabloid formatswere always protagonists in the life of the reader. The tabloid wave has sweptfrom New Zealand and Australia to the pampas of Argentina, and, of course,the four corners of Europe. It is, I believe, unstoppable. The tabloidization ofnewspapers is a global phenomenon.

We will see how, one by one, the largest and best known newspaper titlesaround the world will make the transition to smaller formats.

2 A little historyI T I S N O T S U R P R I S I N G that the birth of tabloids, around 1830, was accom-panied by two characteristics that are, ironically, the same that motivate pub-lishers and editors to convert to smaller formats today:

1. Catering to “readers in a hurry,” specifically in cities with large num-bers of commuters in public transportation environments.

2. Offering a unique journalistic formula generous in human interest stories, police news, entertainment and sports.

A single definition of what a tabloid issimply does not exist. Not only do smallformats vary in length and width – fromthe traditional tabloid (Times, of London)to Berliner (Le Monde, of France) to themicro (Kleine Zeitung, of Austria)— thereare also stylistical differences that relateto content and overall philosophy of thenewspaper. In the “visual track” of GarciaMedia clients that runs through the bottomof this report, you will find representatives

of such variety, from the traditionaltabloid with its big headlines and brightcolor palette (San Francisco Examiner) tothe more classic tabloid (Newsday) to theposter-look tab (Liberation) to the alter-native weekly (Philadelphia Weekly). The purpose of this report is to conveythe excitement of small formats, and toemphasize that uniquely different contentand design philosophies can be expressedthrough them.

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But there was always room for stories that led towhat some historians call the “birth of investigativejournalism,” as tabloid newspapers in the U.S. and theUnited Kingdom published extensive reportagesabout prostitution and police corruption.

However, it is with the early tabloids in large met-ropolitan areas that one first sees human interest sto-ries on page one, presented with greater visual impactthan ever before, with images playing as important arole as text. It was, indeed, Charles A. Dana, editor ofThe New York Sun, who announced to readers: “TheSun will specialize in presenting the news in a concisemanner, with greater clarity, and will attempt to pres-ent a photographic report of significant events takingplace in the world, but always doing it in a friendly,entertaining manner.”

Depending on which source one consults, tabloids,as we know them today, were born either in London or New York. According toMitchell Stephens, a media historian, there isn’t any document aboutAmerican journalism that places the tabloid as an original United States prod-uct, since the outside influences are considerable, especially those comingfrom Great Britain. Stephens adds that “London already had a thriving pennypress before the concept would make its entrance into New York. And there isno doubt that American tabloids are inspired by the British model.” *

The first tabloid newspaper in the United States was The Daily Graphic(1873-1889), followed by the unsuccessful The Daily Continent, which published

The birth oftabloids was

accompanied bytwo characteristicsthat are, ironically,

the same that motivate publishers

and editors to convert to smaller

formats.

24 SATAZagreb, Croatia This new daily in Croatia was designed to make reading faster, more pleasurable, and was aimed at the“digital-age reader.” The newspaper is entirely sans serif; headlines are set in Interstate. Because the 24 SATArotary press allows color on every page, with clean, clear reproduction, we opted for more use of color in

headlines and other typographic elements, such as quotes. Lead head-lines almost always carry a word inburgundy. Architecturally, double pagestake precedence here, allowing for onedominant photo per spread, surroundedby smaller images which evoke cell-phone or digital camera images. These popular photos are usuallyarranged to form the shape of the letterL from left to right on the spreads.

C A S E S T U D I E S F R O M T H E G A R C I A M E D I A P O R T F O L I O

* Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 3, 2004, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=28674

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only briefly during 1891. If, however, we are discussing large-circulation tabloids,it is London’s Daily Mirror (1903) that can be considered the pioneer in the genre.It was created by Alfred C. Harmsworth (Lord Northcliffe), who went on tobecome a giant of the press in his time. The Daily Mirror was, since its inception,a sensationalized tabloid, emphasizing crime, sex and entertainment, a success-ful formula that led it to sell one million daily copies by 1909.

London’s Daily Mirror is also linked to the creation of the first mass circu-lation tabloid in the United States, the New York Daily News. As historians tellus, Lord Northcliffe imagined that someone would sooner or later produce anewspaper in the style of the Daily Mirror in the United States. That some-one happened to be a captain in the U.S. Army, Joseph Medill Patterson,grandson of one of America’s greatest journalistic figures, Joseph Medill.Patterson and his cousin, Robert McCormick, were partners at The ChicagoTribune since 1914.

The two joined forces in New York to produce a tabloid inspired by theDaily Mirror. That is how the New York Daily News was born. An instant suc-cess, the Daily News was selling 1.32 million copies daily by 1929 — making itthe largest circulation daily in the U.S.

Tabloid journalism in the U.S. seems to be incredibly linked to theMedill family. In 1940, a Long Island, New York, tabloid is born aimed at amore educated audience. Newsday, which was redesigned by our team atGarcia Media in 2004, was the creation of Alicia Patterson, daughter ofJoseph Medill Patterson, who knew, perhaps instinctively, that her newnewspaper would be a tabloid in format – even though it would not followthe “standard” tabloid content formula. And what a success it became, andremains today.

The historical importance of Newsday – and of Miss Patterson’s visionarycreation – helps debunk the myth that “tabloid” means “down market” con-tent and audience. Newsday gave the tabloid format respectability. It could be

NewsdayNew York, NY, USAIn February 2004,Newsday unveiled itsfirst dramatic visualtransformation in 25years. More than justnew fonts and colorpalette, this projectinvolved a total reorgani-zation of the content,

addition of new content,and increased navigationto allow readers to movemore quickly through thepaper’s many sections.We concentrated onthree major points:Navigation, eleganttypography and a newcolor palette to bringvisual order to the pages.


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a small format newspaper, but still win Pulitzer prizes, devote itself to out-standing journalism and attract readers who expect more from their news-papers than a light fare of crime and entertainment news.

Therefore, it is imperative today that we abandon this notion, once and forall, that the smaller format is synonymous with a less credible, sensationalisticpress. Industry leaders must begin to understand that a contemporary news-paper can be serious, smart and classic in its design style. And, at the sametime, it can be packaged in a compact, more manageable format.

3 Tabloid: Not a dirty wordN O B O D Y D O U B T S T H I S F A C T : Many editors and publishers still relatetabloid to lower quality journalism. Despite the recent success of quality news-papers, such as The Times of London, converting to tabloid, the “myth” oftabloids as less than quality prevails in the minds of many inside newsrooms. Ifind the myth difficult to debunk, despite what research shows us about read-ers preferring the smaller formats (a majority of readers, especially youngerones, do), as well as the circulation success of those newspapers making thetransition. (Sixteen newspapers that changed formats have seen an average 4.6percent increase in circulation.*)

It is this myth of the tabloid or, better yet, the irrational fear of some editorsand publishers of the word “tabloid” itself that keeps many from contemplat-ing the idea of testing their newspaper in a smaller format. Using stereotypes,and even worse, formats, to determine what constitutes serious versus sensa-tional journalism is not going to lead to better products.

A probable question is: What constitutes serious journalism today? Formany editors, it begins with a newspaper in the broadsheet format. For readers,

*The Bottom Line of Broadsheet-to-Compact Format Change,” an INMA Report, February 2005

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Het ParoolAmsterdam, HollandOne of Holland’s best known dailies,Het Parool, converted to a tabloid in March 2004. But it was more than just a changeof format. The newspaperapproached the transition as anopportunity to rethink content, style of headline writing, use ofphotos, and even how advertising

was sold, switching from a space-based method to a modular system, with much success. At the same time, Het Parool’s editor Erik vanGruijthuijsen thought the change allowed his newspaper to become more of an Amsterdam daily, which gave it instant appeal with younger readers.

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fortunately, it is decided by content and presentation,not on the size of the sheet on which it is printed. Inmy almost 35 years in this business, I have never par-ticipated in a focus group or reader test in which twoformats – one large, one smaller – were presentedwhen the majority of readers did not go immediatelytoward the smaller format. This is a trend I have seenin the United States as early as 1984, and, since then,globally.

Simon Kelner, editor-in-chief of London’s TheIndependent, one of the first quality newspapers tomake a 2003 switch to a tabloid format, has said that“newspapers are the only product whose size andform are determined by those who produce it, andnot by those who consume it.” The Independent andThe Times are both excellent examples of successfulconversions, not just because they adopted the small-

er formats readers preferred, but because editors of both newspapers alsolooked at content enhancements, styles of storytelling, and ways to maketheir products more fun and easy to navigate as they went to a different, moremanageable format. This is as it should be with redesign in any format.

The numbers plainly testify to the success of these conversions: TheIndependent’s circulation rose 15.5 percent versus its pre-tabloid numbers;The Times experienced a 4 percent increase over its pre-tabloid numbers.

It helps to have an open mind and to look at the larger picture. In the caseof newspapers, it pays to consider that going “tabloid” isn’t just changing anewspaper’s format. It’s a state of mind, as well, which translates into contentthat is more appealing and more personal, redefining the old definition ofnews. It includes more people coverage and trends starting on page one

Going “tabloid”isn’t just changingthe newspaper’s

format. It’s a stateof mind whichtranslates into content that

is more appealing and more personal.

ReflejosChicago, IL USAFor this weekly tabloid serving Latinoreaders in suburbanChicago, Garcia Media helped refine a newstrategy for bilingualpublishing. The free distribution wasincreased by 40,000.

New “layers” of informa-tion were added toappeal to younger andtime-starved readers.Training was critical to allow a small staff toexecute this dynamicdesign — highlighted bya modern, bold palette of typography, color andarchitecture.


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regardless of page size. More often today we are seeing that a form of“tabloidization” for newspapers is taking place by using more content that hastraditionally been described as “soft” news on page one.

For example, at The New York Times, there is rarely a front page today with-out a “trend” or lifestyle article. A recent front page carried an article aboutyoung men in New York wearing their shirts untucked, even when wearing atie. Other front page stories have ranged from furniture and style to technologyto food. The new definition of serious journalism allows for such themes aswell. In a world where readers are constantly bombarded by information, per-haps the “trend” story on page one is the only item that carries a sense of “dis-covery.” It’s the one item the reader has not heard or read about before.

4 The role of free newspapersO N E C A N N O T B E T R U T H F U L in describing the popularity of small formatsfor newspapers without crediting one important phenomenon: free newspa-pers. Whether one reads them or not, free newspapers are a presence not tobe ignored. And they are not likely to disappear anytime soon. And, yes, all ofthe free newspapers that have sprung up from Stockholm to Seattle are pub-lished in tabloid format or smaller – another reminder to the usually larger,broadsheet established newspaper in these cities that readers do prefer thesmaller formats.

Free newspapers obviously have made editors and publishers take a secondlook at what they do and how they do it. With this introspection has comemuch better content, livelier design, a sense of competition, and, why not sayit, more inclination for the publisher of a broadsheet to start considering goingtabloid, or as many prefer to call it, “compact,” a word that does not drag withit the myth of less than serious journalism. Compact in a newspaper could be a

F r e d a gMåttlig till frisk vind. Sista sidan del 2

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11 MARS 2005

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BohuslaningenUddevalla, Sweden This traditional regional, published since 1878 in a picturesque coastal town inSweden, went from broadsheetto tabloid with much success.“This was not an easy decisionto make,” said TommyHermansson, editor andpublisher. “We had to do this

methodically, testing to see thatour conservative readers wereready for the change.” Theresult? “Overwhelmingly positiveattitudes followed our conver-sion. Readers in this traditionalarea adapted well to the smallerformat. We are still gainingreaders and advertising. If wehave any regrets is that weshould have done it earlier.”


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luxury version of something good and credible, just as compact in a luxuryautomobile brand such as Mercedes Benz or Jaguar could mean the sameabsolutely wonderful machine, just smaller.

5 The English revolution, circa 2003B R I T I S H T A B L O I D S A R E L E G E N D A R Y within the genre for their hugeheadlines, the photos of the topless Page 3 girl, exclusive reports on the latestmonarchic saga, not to mention front page gossip about sports and entertain-ment figures. In London, 11 newspapers hit the streets daily, with styles as var-ied as Londoners themselves, from the popular Sun with its bright colorpalette, to the conservative Financial Times, printed on its trademark peach-colored paper.

Amid this cacophony of styles, one of the titles, The Independent, after los-ing circulation for many years, makes an attempt to stand out and becomes oneof the first newspapers to publish in two formats: broadsheet and tabloid. Thereader’s first impression was surprise and shock, then acceptance followed bywhat normally happens, imitation. The success of The Independent experi-ment, which was started with the Sept. 30, 2003 edition, propelled in a majorway the tabloid revolution that we have experienced since.

The Independent’s pioneering adventure into the world of tabloid conver-sion begins with a visit by its editor, Simon Kelner, to the supermarket: “It wasa moment of clarity,” he said. “I realized that one can buy toothpaste in a varietyof tube sizes, so I asked myself: ‘why can’t we do the same with newspapers?’”

So he did, starting with both broadsheet and tabloid editions daily, untilMay 2004 when, reassured by the success of their tabloid, the editors felt theycould just publish in one small format, abandoning the broadsheet for thedaily, and leaving that format only for their Sunday edition. The results continue

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Kleine ZeitungGraz, AustriaPublished in the smallestpossible format among the"compacts" (23 by 30 cm)the Kleine Zeitung ("Smallnewspaper") displays allpages in color. It is a general circulation daily,with strategic use of photos, ranging from one

dominant visual image oneach page to small photosthat fall in the category ofwhat we call "visual briefs."This paper is an example of how to make the best use of a front page to display a visual lead thatmay or may not have any-thing to do with the leadstory of the day.


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to be positive, altering the course of a 10-year circulation decline in 10 weeks.The Independent’s daring adventure into tabloid has forever changed the hori-zon of London daily journalism, and the perception of tabloids by publishersand editors worldwide.

6 The Times likes what it seesH O W E V E R , I T W A S A sort of next door neighbor of The Independent thatwatched the paper’s experiment closely, and acted on it. Who would haveguessed only five years ago that the honorable Times of London would everbecome a tabloid? Few failed to take note Nov. 1, 2004, when the first tabloid-only Times hit the streets of London - a process set in motion Nov. 26, 2003.The Times began to publish parallel editions as both broadsheet and tabloid,following the dual-format model of The Independent. Its front page referred tothe change as “The Times, the compact newspaper.”

The Times’ tabloid version is typical of what many classic, traditional news-papers do when converting to a tabloid format: incorporate too much text onpage one, and treat inside pages following the same layout principles that workwell on broadsheets but not at all on tabloids. (See “Contemplating a Switch”section in this document.) But experience tells us this is a normal process ofadaptation, which lasts until editors adjust their mentality from one format toanother. Eventually, the paper emerges as a true tab, with more graphic pres-entation on page one, better navigation to the inside and more color.

LiberationParis, FranceLiberation, a publicationconsidered to be the “darling of left wing Frenchintellectuals” for more than30 years, has long beenone of the world’s mostadmired tabloid designs.Garcia Media was asked toredesign Liberation in 2003

to give it a more unified,harmonious look, includingbetter navigation and better utilization of photos.Since Liberation was longknown for its full posterfront page, the redesignattempted to preserve thisspirit, while adding morepromotional headlines tothe front page.


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7 Vivan los tabloides!R E G A R D L E S S O F W H E R E the conversation takes place about tabloid conver-sions, one thing remains constant: Spain raised its tabloid flag first in the late‘70s, leading the way for what would become some of the best designed smallformat newspapers in the world. The conversions were to take place at a timewhen all of Spain basked in a new spirit of renovation and rebirth, followingthe death of Francisco Franco, who had run the country with a stern hand formore than four decades. With newly acquired freedoms, the arts flourished inSpain, as did technology.

In the rest of the world more newspapers were beginning to print color.And, as if to break with a past that many Spaniards preferred to forget, the old“sabanas” or “broadsheets” would no longer be the canvas on which to printnewspapers. One after another, newspapers converted to smaller formatsacross the Iberian peninsula. New newspapers such as El Pais and Diario 16started it all, and the rest followed: a real festival of good typography, elegantdesign, a revolution in the use of infographics. All in small formats.

For many admirers of Spanish newspapers, the question would be: “Whyare all these fantastically designed newspapers tabloids? Did the Spanisheditors and designers know something that would take the rest of the worldtwo decades to find out?” Perhaps, but they also infused those elegantlydesigned small-format newspapers with quality, aggressive investigativejournalism. Add to that a voracious appetite of Spanish readers in the post-Franco era for news and analysis and it was a winning formula for circula-tion, too.

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Diario de NoticiasMadeira, PortugalDiario de Noticias convertedfrom broadsheet to tabloid inJuly 1986, but Garcia Mediaredesigned it in 1993, thenretouched the design in April2002. Published in the colorful island of Madeira,Diario is read by 90,000 of atotal population of 130,000.

Its front page uses the “mini-poster” concept,emphasizing a dominantphoto and headline. “Our format and design aresuccessful. We increasedsubscriptions and street salesabout 15%, especially afterwe introduced a daily sportssupplement,” says Dr. JoseCamara, publisher.


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8 Scandinavian conversionsW H E N I T C O M E S T O C O N V E R S I O N S to small formats, nobody does it moreceremoniously, well planned and in perfect harmony than the Scandinavians,but specifically, the Swedes. As in a well-orchestrated choreography, three ofthe country’s largest circulation dailies – Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm,

Göteborgs-Posten, Gothenburg, and Sydsvenskan, ofMalmoe – said goodbye to the broadsheet the morningof Oct. 5, 2004, after a collaboration that involved syn-chronizing their advertising and marketing efforts.Earlier, another Stockholm newspaper, SvenskaDagbladet, had made the move to tabloid, and also theregional newspaper Bohuslaningen, of Uddevalla,leaving only three newspapers with broadsheet for-mats in Sweden.

The Göteborgs-Posten, a newspaper for which Ihave served as design consultant for 11 years, began itsjourney toward tabloid conversion in an evolutionaryway over a two-year period, first converting its Book 3(culture and entertainment), then Book 2 (sports andpolitics), while readers kept asking: “Why not change

the whole newspaper to tabloid?” But the wait was worth it, and today, after theconversion, the GP counts 10,000 more subscribers among its readers.

In Norway, the tabloid phenomenon has been noticeable. “The figures tellthe success story,” says Eric Wilberg, of Wilberg Management, an Oslo firm spe-cializing in media studies. “In 1966 there were 16 tabloid newspapers in Norway,and 136 broadsheets. In 2005, that figure is almost the opposite, with five news-papers remaining broadsheets, and 146 tabloids.”

“The GP tab is a tremendous

success. We have8,500 new

subscribers andwill reach 10,000.It truly is amazing.”

PER ANDERSSON-EKGOTEBORGS-POSTEN

Göteborgs PostenGothenburg, SwedenThe GP went from broad-sheet to tabloid in an evolutionary way, initiallychanging its section three(Culture), then a year later its second section(Sports, Business), and eventually, went to a full tabloid.

Per Andersson-Ek,Managing Editor. GoteborgPost described the change:“Our readers wanted us tobe a tabloid since wechanged the first sectiontwo years ago. The resulthas been terrific and farbeyond our expectations;we’ve added over 10,000new paid subscribers.”


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In Denmark, the small, left-leaning daily,Information, was the first to jump to a tabloid format,on Oct. 30, 2004. The change was promoted as “a stepto make reading easier, without altering our editorialcontent.” Nikolai Thyssen, a staff journalist, said:“This is our second time converting to a tab, since webegan as a tabloid newspaper during World War II,then from 1945 to 1947 switched to broadsheet.

“Then that year we converted to tabloid, but with-out much success, so in less than a year we went backto being a broadsheet. Now we are proud that, eventhough we are one of the smallest dailies in Denmark,we are the first to make the jump to tabloid.”

Other Danish dailies are in the process of considering a change to tabloid,and one of the largest ones, Berlingske Tidende, has changed all its sections totabloid, except the first.

9 Europe says YES to compactsT H E T A B L O I D F O R M A T H A S S E D U C E D readers throughout the continent:

n Germany The Germans prefer to call tabloids compact, but it is herethat the tabloid fever has run the hottest, with the most prominent con-version being that of Die Welt, which, like The Times and TheIndependent in London, started in 2004 with parallel broadsheet-compact editions daily. Die Welt’s experiment has the compact editionprinted only in selected cities, not all over Germany. Soon, a compactedition of the wildest broadsheet almost anywhere, Bild, may be pub-

“Street sales for Het Parool were

up five to 10 percent after the first few

weeks.”ERIK VAN GRUIJTHUIJSEN

HET PAROOL

L A U S I T ZL A U S I T Z S E I T ES E I T E 44

Mysteriöser Baby-Tod erschüttert LauchhammerJustin (6 Monate) plötzlich tot im Wohnzimmer / Vater spricht von Unfall / Staatsanwalt ermittelt

Als der Notarzt kam, war der kleineJustin schon tot. Erstickt an seinemErbrochenen, wie Gerichtsmedizinerspäter feststellen. Jetzt ermittelt derStaatsanwalt. Es passierte in einer klei-nen Wohnung in Lauchhammer. DerVater des sechs Monate alten Babys

sprach bei der Vernehmung von einemUnfall. Der Kleine sei ihm plötzlich vomSofa gefallen, hätte ganz schwer geat-met. Justins Mutter, die wenig späternach Hause kam, verständigte sofortden Rettungsdienst. Da war es bereitszu spät. War es womöglich doch kein

Unfall? Der Vater stand nach Informati-onen der Lausitzer Rundschau bereitsfrüher im Verdacht, seinen Sohn miss-handelt zu haben. Das Verfahren wurdedamals eingestellt, weil der Grund fürdie Verletzungen des Babys nicht fest-gestellt werden konnte.

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Gestern suchten die afrikanischen Heuschrecken sogar Portugal heim. Regenverhinderte jedoch schlimmeres. Foto: dpa

Heuschrecken fressen sichbis nach Europa durchLISSABON/LAS PALMAS.Die Heuschrecken aus Afrika ha-ben erstmals das europäischeFestland erreicht. Wie der Radio-sender TSF gestern berichtete,ließen sich in der UrlauberregionAlgarve im Süden Portugals inden vergangenen Tagen kleineSchwärme der Insekten auf meh-reren Stränden nieder. In Sagresund Vila do Bispo wurden Tausen-de von Heuschrecken gesichtet.Anwohner berichteten, es ist über-haupt das erste Mal, dass sie vonAfrika kommende Heuschrecken inPortugal gesehen hätten. Ein Spa-ziergänger: „Die Schwärme kamenwie Wolken vom Meer her. EinigeInsekten setzten sich an der Klei-dung fest.“ Stürme und heftigeRegenfälle vernichteten jedochrasch einen großen Teil der Tiere.

Nach Auskunft der UN-Organi-sation für Landwirtschaft und Er-nährung (FAO) ist die Gefahr einerdauerhaften Ausbreitung der Heu-schrecken-Plage auf das europä-ische Festland aber gering. Bei denkalten Winden und niedrigen Tem-peraturen sind die Tiere nichtüberlebensfähig, so ein Sprecher.

Probleme auf den KanarischenInseln könnte es auch nur noch bisEnde Dezember geben, danach seies auch dort zu kalt. Die FAO hattenoch keine Heuschrecken aus Afri-ka auf dem Festland Portugalsregistriert, allerdings auf der por-tugiesischen Insel Madeira.

Auf den Kanaren ging die Heu-schreckenplage der vergangenenTage unterdessen stark zurück.Auf Fuerteventura wurde der Rie-senschwarm von 200 MillionenInsekten, der die Insel seit Montagheimgesucht hatte, durch Windund Regen stark dezimiert. Ein Teilwurde aufs Meer hinausgetrieben.Die Behörden warnten allerdings,

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Lichterfest in BerlinZum Beginn des jüdischen Lich-terfestes wird dieses Jahr inBerlin erstmals der traditionelleChanukka-Leuchter vor demBrandenburger Tor gezündet.Der Regierende BürgermeisterKlaus Wowereit (51, SPD) will am7. Dezember am fünf Meter ho-hen Leuchter das erste Lichtanzünden.

Fall Felix: Spur nach BerlinAuf der Suche nach dem ver-missten Felix aus Neu-Ebersdorf(Niedersachsen) verfolgt die Po-lizei jetzt eine Spur nach Berlin.Ein Zeuge hat Mitte November inBerlin-Spandau beobachtet, wieein Mann ein fast neues Kinder-fahrrad in einen Sammelcontai-ner geworfen hat. Das ähneltdem von Felix.

Zwei neue GrubenunglückeDrei Tage nach dem verheeren-den Grubenunglück in China mit166 Toten sind zwei neue Unfällein chinesischen Kohlegruben be-kannt geworden. Bei einer Gas-explosion in einem Bergwerk inSüdchina wurden mindestens13 Kumpel getötet, wie die staat-liche Werkschutzbehörde ges-tern in Peking berichtete.

Mutter ließ Baby hungern - HaftEine Frau (20) aus Wiehe (Thü-ringen) wurde wegen Vernach-lässigung ihres Babys zu knappdrei Jahren Gefängnis verurteilt.Das unterernährte Mädchen istin Lebensgefahr, so das Gericht.Die Frau wies die Schuld ihremFreund zu, der ihr Geld für Baby-nahrung verweigert habe.

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20 CentCottbus and Saarbrucken,GermanyStarted in 2004 to appealto young readers in the former East Germany, 20Cent, in its A4 micro for-mat, soon became popularwith its targeted audience."We designed it to be aphotographic record of the

news of the day; a visualsurprise on each page," saysJan Kny, of Garcia Media.Says Frank Hudecke, pub-lisher: "The young readerslike 20 Cent, and its price,so we expanded to a differ-ent city (Saarbrucken), withthe same successful conceptof short news, lots of photosand a quick read."


© 2 0 0 5 G A R C I A M E D I A | 1 4


lished as well. Among new papers sporting small formats are NEWS,published in Frankfurt, and 20 Cent, in Cottbus, created for the “iPodgeneration.” 20 Cent, a Garcia Media design, was voted Most Innovativeat the European Newspaper Awards 2004.

n Holland In Amsterdam, the traditional daily Het Parool converted totabloid March 31, 2004, increasing its circulation and profile vastly bygaining young readers and being voted Best Regional Design in theEuropean Newspaper Awards 2004 competition.

n Switzerland The free newspaper 20 Minutes has become a success inZurich since it appeared three years ago. But other dailies, such as TheBlick, are now making the move to tabloid. Le Matin, the French-languagedaily, converted to tabloid in 2002, and the editor of Tages Anzeiger, thesecond largest circulation newspaper, says that it would be “imaginablethat we would start publishing some of our sections in the tabloid format.”

n Luxembourg In this tiny country, the German-language daily,Luxemburger Wort, traded its very traditional broadsheet, gray look fora colorful tabloid in March 2005.

n Belgium There is much conversion activity taking place here. AlreadyDe Morgen, one of the leading Flemish language dailies, had becomesuccessful in a small format. Then De Standaard, a Garcia Media proj-ect, followed in May 2004. In 2005, the French-language daily, Le Soir,will switch from broadsheet to Berliner, also working with the GarciaMedia team.

n Italy The editors of Italian dailies also have decided that perhaps “pic-colo” is better when it comes to newspapers. Some already have madethe switch to tabloid; others are contemplating it. According to LucaMichelli, member of the ASIG Service, a newspaper organization,

De StandaardBrussels, BelgiumIn March 2004, a newDe Standaard appearedin the streets of pictur-esque Brussels, smaller,yet with the same senseof credible, traditionaljournalism and gravitasthat has made it a clas-sic daily in Belgium.

Garcia Media worked onthe redesign as a broad-sheet, as well as atabloid. “I want to makeour newspaper, which isalready one of the bestread in Belgium, easierfor our readers,” saidPeter Vandermeersch,editor in chief of De Standaard.


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already Il Messagero (Rome), Il Mattino (Naples), Il Restodel Carlino(Bologna), La Nazione (Florence) and Il Giorno (Milan) have converted.And one of Italy’s most respected dailies, La Repubblica, began as andcontinues to be a Berliner.

10 Latin American resistance?I T A P P E A R S N A T U R A L that the vibrancy and energy of tabloids would have aninstant cultural appeal among editors and publishers. Not so fast, however, insome areas of the world. Historically, the influence of American newspapers hasbeen enormous in Latin America, and, therefore, a large majority of newspapersin this part of the world appear as broadsheets. As a result, a newspaper in Bogotahas more to do with one in Kansas City than one in Spain. This is beginning tochange as more editors and publishers in Latin America become aware of thetabloid revolution, which they follow with great interest.

n Argentina Ironically, it has been in Latin America where one couldeasily abandon the myth of tabloids representing a lesser qualitynewspaper. One could say that the tabloid format has found some ofits most successful exponents as a quality newspaper in Argentina,through Clarin, one of the largest circulation tabloid newspaperspublished in Spanish. Clarin has a solid journalistic tradition, not tomention its use of photos and graphics, that has placed it consistent-ly on the list of best designed newspapers in the world. Starting in the1980s, all new newspapers launched in Argentina, with various jour-nalistic formulas, followed the tabloid format. This includes the high-ly regarded financial newspaper, Ambito Financiero, as well as thenewer Buenos Aires Economico. In addition, also in the 1980s, Pagina

El LitoralSanta Fe, ArgentinaIn the words of Mariadel Carmen Caputto,editor: “A formatchange is not just amodification of pagemeasurements. It is a total rethinkingthat involves all areasof the newspaper,

not just the editorialfolks. El Litoral has four simple ideas:rethinking of our content, reorganizationof our sections, creating a new style for the newspaper and giving it a completely crispnew look.”


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12 was born in Buenos Aires with aggressive, but savvy, journalismand contemporary graphics and design. The traditional quality news-paper La Nacion, of Buenos Aires, has converted its classified section,as well as other supplements, to tabloid. The Argentine regionalpress also has seen the rise of new tabloids, including the successfulUNO, published in Mendoza. In 2005, the Garcia MediaLatinoamerica team assisted in the conversion to tabloid of ElLitoral, Santa Fe’s traditional newspaper.

n Brazil While most newspapers still follow the broadsheet format(many publish in the 50-inch format), one quality newspaper, ZeroHora, in Porto Alegre, has appeared as a tabloid for decades, with muchsuccess. And when the company that owns Zero Hora decided to pub-lish a sister publication in a neighboring city, the tabloid format wasalso used. The success of the new newspaper, Diario Catarinense, wasinstant, and this Garcia Media design remains one of the most vibrant-ly designed quality newspapers in Brazil.

n Chile Ultimas Noticias and La Tercera represent examples ofextremely successful quality newspapers published as tabloids. InSeptember 2002, the Garcia Media Latinoamerica team assisted withthe conversion of El Mercurio of Valparaiso, recorded as one of the old-est Spanish-language dailies in the world, from broadsheet to tabloid.

n Peru The country’s leading newspaper, El Comercio, launched a newtabloid newspaper, Peru 21, on Aug. 21, 2002.

n Central America The quality press has embraced tabloid formats forsuch newspapers as El Diario de Hoy and La Prensa Grafica, of SanSalvador, Mi Diario, in Panama, Nuestro Diario in Guatemala and ElHeraldo, in Honduras.

El MercurioValparaiso, ChileThis 178-year-old newspapermade the change to tabloideven after focus groups said“NO.” The reality was different,according to Marco AntonioPinto, editor: “Not only did tra-ditional readers NOT abandonus, but we gained new youngerones, resulting in 8% more

readers daily. We continue togrow and expect it to be at10% by the end of 2005.Advertisers are happy too,with 2004 being our best year. Converting is not just achange of format, it must beaccompanied by more creativecontent. Our most proud gainis that of young readers. Ournew format has done that.”


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n Columbia El Tiempo relaunched itsregional editions as tabloids five years ago,with much success.

n Dominican Republic In Santo Domingo,El Caribe converted from broadsheet toBerliner format in March 2004 and saw itscirculation rise nearly 26 percent.

n Puerto Rico No historical account of theimpact of tabloids in Latin America wouldbe complete without a reference to ElNuevo Dia, of Puerto Rico. It originated aformula for the lively, graphically-appealing,big headline and “big heart” newspaper,and soon became the leader of its market inSan Juan, which it remains today.

11 USA tabloid contemplations beginT H E O N E Q U E S T I O N one gets when conducting seminars around the worldis: “When do you think American papers will embrace the tabloid phenome-non?” “When will we see that vast landscape of broadsheets that extend fromMiami to Los Angeles making conversions to tabloids? “Is it possible that theAmericans could be the last bastion of broadsheets in the world?”

Let’s remember that the tabloid as we know it had an early start in NewYork City in the 1870s. True, the tabloid style born at that time defined theiconic sensational newspaper, which probably contributed to the birth ofbroadsheets to define serious journalism.

“We had to address declining

circulation. We were nervous

about putting out a tabloid, but

we’re making sure the paper has a future.”

STEVE NEWHOUSETHE JERSEY JOURNAL

Crain’s Chicago Business, Chicago, IL USAThis flagship of the Crain’s empire of business publications underwent a total makeover in 2004. RonReason, of Garcia Media’s Chicagooffice, said highlights included a“rebooking” into three distinct sec-tions, a tightening of stories, and adramatically increased use of info-graphics and other layering devices.


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Today, conversion to tabloid among publishers of broadsheets is beginningto take place. I would say that we are in a Tabloid Contemplation mode, whichwould have appeared unimaginable only three years ago.

The New York Times chronicled this progress in its March 21, 2005 editions(“The News Is Big. It’s the Papers That Are Getting Small”), making specific ref-erences to The Jersey Journal, the 138-year-old daily published in Jersey City,N.J., which announced its intentions to convert to tabloid the next month. Thearticle quotes Steve Newhouse, editor-in-chief: “We had to address the declin-ing circulation of the daily. We were nervous about putting out a tabloid, butwe’re making sure that The Jersey Journal has a future.”

But is there a future as a tabloid for other American newspapers? Theanswer is “yes,” and we will witness a positive shift in mentality among edi-tors and publishers, with some large-circulation metropolitan dailies mak-ing the switch to some type of a smaller format. I predict it will be theBerliner format that will win the day, as it fits nicely in a transition from themuch-used 50-inch web to a trimmer sheet. The Berliner format also allowseditors to make a change, without going to their much dreaded “real tabloid”format, for which many still have little respect. Editors think the tab mightdrag down the journalistic quality of their newspapers, at least in the eyes ofthe reader - something which is not so, but which the Berliner formatresolves easily and effectively.

But these editors and publishers don’t have to look far to find examples ofnotable small formats right in the U.S.:

n Newsday The quality newspaper of Long Island has been a tabloidsince its creation in 1940. Its success is based on a well balanced dose ofvery local news and interpretive reporting, combined with a completenational/international report, along with smart opinion pages andaward winning editorial cartoons.

Quick, Dallas, TX, USALike many newspapers,The Dallas Morning Newswas looking to appeal toyounger readers. It hit thetarget audience squarewith the launch of Quick, a daily tabloid full ofnational news, local news, entertainment,

business and sports. But rather than repurpos-ing Dallas Morning News editorial, they created anentirely new product, written, edited and pack-aged for young readers. Quick is now the no.2 circulation paper in the Dallas-Ft. Worth metro area.


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n Chicago Sun-Times This prominent tab in the heartland recentlyunderwent a gradual but total redesign that resulted in a more upscale,contemporary look. Its bold front page features a menu-only approach,with lively headlines and art promoting inside stories and actual storytext rarely starting out front. It has a longstanding reputation foraggressive sports reporting and solid investigative news.

n Red Streak, Red Eye, Quick New in the tabloid horizon in the U.S. arethese “young readers” newspapers in cities like Chicago and Dallas.These are published by major dailies (the Chicago Tribune publishesRed Eye; Chicago Sun-Times, Red Streak; The Dallas Morning News,Quick). The front pages promote trends and features, display photo-graphs of young people, and the definition of news is tied to entertain-ment, sports and “whatever the young are talking about today.”

n The Christian Science Monitor This is one of the most respectednewspapers in the world for its quality journalism. Since 1975, theMonitor made a quiet, but successful, switch to tabloid, introducingcolor photography and graphics, but maintaining its same level ofaward-winning reporting and editing.

n The San Francisco Examiner One of the most discussed conversionsfrom broadsheet to tabloid, the Examiner made the switch in May 2002,with a design created by Garcia Media. The change was more than justin the size of the pages; along with the transformation to tabloid came anew direction in tone and content. The Examiner became a free news-paper, has undergone changes in ownership and management, and isnow gaining some notice, as is its new sister publication in WashingtonD.C., The Washington Examiner.

San Francisco ExaminerSan Francisco, CA USAIn 2002, we engineeredthe switch of the 115-year-old Examiner frombroadsheet to tabloid.With its new look, thepaper sought to distin-guish itself in a dynamicmarket and attract moreadvertising and readers.

The paper also wanted to capitalize on the com-muter market, where theformat is more convenient.The new look reflectsreading habits of the 21stcentury, with clear label-ing and navigation, directheadlines, concise sum-maries and a bold use ofcolor for navigation.


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Why change to a smaller format?C E R T A I N C I R C U M S T A N C E S favor considering a switch to a small format:

n Newspapers that are in the process of “rethinking” their entire oper-ations, from journalistic content to repositioning in the marketplace, toinnovative advertising strategies.

n Metropolitan markets with a large number of readers who use publictransportation. These cities often already have the competing pres-ence of a free newspaper vying for the attention of potential readers(and advertisers).

n Competitive markets with all broadsheets, where perhaps one news-paper would adopt the smaller format to identify itself as unique.

n Newspapers that have experienced an abrupt drop in readership,needing to reinvent themselves. Format is one important signal to thereader – especially younger readers – that change is taking place.

n Newspapers everywhere whose editors listen to what their readersare telling them: Small is preferred.

Philadelphia WeeklyPhiladelphia, PA USAPhiladelphia Weekly, one ofthe largest alternativenewsweeklies in the nation,underwent a dramaticredesign by Garcia Media.Readers saw significantchanges, including fresh,impactful typography through-out; improved organization

and navigation; a revitalizedArts section, new coverdesign and logo emphasizingthe initials “PW.” “The redesign went well and we are pleased with the newlook,” said publisher Nancy Stuski. “This projectwas more than just a redesign; it was a full re-launch of our new brand.”


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Contemplating a switch?1 0 WAYS TO M A K E I T E AS I E R

1. Forget the techniques of laying out abroadsheet. You are now workingwith a smaller canvas.

2. Don’t try to squeeze your entirebroadsheet and its contents intothe smaller format. Instead, here isan opportunity to rethink, reviseand to reinvent your newspaper, sowhile adapting to a new form, youalso incorporate new content, andrethink the presence of your frontpage, especially, to make it morevisual and less gray.

3. Involve your reporters since theywill have to write shorter articles,more focused and direct.

4. Involve your photo editor and allphotographers since photos play animportant role in the smaller for-mat. For example, while big photoscontinue to be utilized, there is alsoa greater need for smaller images,which would have disappeared on abroadsheet, but which stand out inthe tabloid format.

5. Revise the flow of content, so thatyou assign “destination” pagesevery 6 to 8 pages. Because section-alizing is a bit more difficult intabloid formats, one must make aneffort to keep the reader’s interestfocused. Destination pages do that.What are destination pages? If, forexample, you have run six pages ofstraight news reports, then suddenly

a page with two opinion columns,or with brief items and what I call a"staccato" tempo, break the monot-ony and bring the reader back.

6. Consider the role of infographics:smaller is better here. Infographicson a tabloid page must be simpleand to the point, devoid of decora-tion, and, if possible, fit into one ortwo columns.

7. Review your advertising positioningand distribution and use the switchto the tabloid to incorporate newformulas, innovative approaches,and, perhaps, a modular system tosell ads.

8. Make the front page as much aposter as possible, with a largedominant photo and headline thatsignal “lead piece,” then followed bygood navigational devices, and, ifpossible, text only for one story.

9. Create a color palette to help read-ers identify content with sections, ifpossible. Remember, it is morecomplicated to organize a tab than abroadsheet. Color can help here.

10. Consider using back pages to intro-duce a new section within a section.Many newspapers use the last pageof the newspaper to start Sports orLifestyle. The so called “back doors”allow an editor to give a section itsown opening page, yet not necessar-ily at the front of the book.

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Our Client List

CONVERSIONS TO TABLOID FROM BROADSHEETEl Litoral, Santa Fe, ArgentinaGoteborgs Posten, Gothenburg, SwedenDe Standaard, Brussels, BelgiumLe Soir, Brussels, Belgium (in progress)Bohuslaningen, Uddavalla, SwedenHet Parool, Amsterdam, NetherlandsThe Observer (in progress), London, UKDiario de Navarra, Pamplona, SpainEl Mercurio, Valparaiso, ChileDiario Catarinense, Santa Catarina, BrazilMain Post, Wurzburg, GermanySan Francisco Examiner, USAEl Mundo, Puerto RicoEl Tiempo, Bogota, Colombia (regional sections)Diario de Noticias, Madeira, PortugalThe Miami Herald (Tropical Life section)

TRADITIONAL TABLOID REDESIGNSNewsday, Long Island, NY, USALa Prensa Grafica, El Salvador, San SalvadorThe New Paper, SingaporeLiberation, ParisHamburger Morgenpost, GermanyYeddioth Ahronoth, IsraelMidi Libre, Montpelier, France

Pioneer Press Newspapers, suburban Chicago, USADiario de Noticias, Madeira, PortugalStar, Kuala LumpurBluffton News, Hilton Head, S.C., USAQuick, Dallas, TX, USABoston Herald, USAUltimas Noticias, Dominican RepublicDiario de Noticias, Lisbon24 Sata, Zagreb, Croatia20-Cent, Cottbus, GermanyNowy Dziennik (in progress) Our Sunday Visitor (USA national Catholic weekly)Kleine Zeitung, Graz, AustriaCrain’s Chicago Business, USASudkurier, Konstanz, GermanyLausiter Rundshau, Cottbus, GermanyKicker (sports newspaper), Hamburg, GermanyTrier Volksfreund, Trier, GermanyTiroler Anzeigen, Tirol, AustriaSalzburger Nanchrichten, Salzburg, AustriaReflejos, suburban Chicago, USAPhiladelphia Weekly, USABristol Phoenix and five sister tabloids

of East Bay, R.I., USABainbridge Island Review and six sister tabloids

of Puget Sound, Wash., USA

In addition to our lengthy roster of broadsheet redesigns, the Garcia Mediateam is proud to have directed more tabloid redesigns, and to have convertedmore broadsheets to tabloid, than any other design firm worldwide.Following is a sampling of our tabloid clients, as of May 2005:

Editing: Ron ReasonDesign: John MillerGarcia Media

Acknowledgments:We would like toexpress our gratitude to the following peoplefor offering valuableinsights as they readearly drafts of this publication:

Greg SchmidtThe Miami Herald

Per Andersson-EkGoteborgs Posten

Dr. Pegie Stark AdamUniversity of SouthFlorida; The PoynterInstitute for MediaStudies

Patty CoxSt. Petersburg Times

Prof. C. MarshallMatlockSyracuse UniversityS.I. Newhouse School ofPublic Communications

Jack MillrodNewsday

David SheddenDirector, LibraryThe Poynter Institute for Media Studies

The Garcia Media team:Very special thanks toour Garcia Media teammembers Rodrigo Finoand Paula Ripoll(Buenos Aires,Argentina), Jan Kny(Hamburg, Germany),Christian Fortanet(Alicante, Spain) and Kelly Frankeny(New York) for theirassistance.

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Contact Garcia MediaTo contact Garcia Media about a conversion to tabloid, a traditional redesignfor newspapers or magazines, an evaluation of your product or strategy, ormanagement and staff training programs, contact Dr. Mario Garcia directlyat [email protected] or phone (813) 872-0875.

To date, more than 500 organizations worldwide have trusted the GarciaMedia team with helping communicate their messages more effectively. Thefirm’s successes with The Wall Street Journal, The Miami Herald, Newsday, Die Zeit, as well as many smaller community papers and specialty publica-tions, have given it an unparalleled reputation in newspaper design, and thesame successful philosophy of “thinking like the audience” has crossed overto magazines, web sites and corporate communications. The firm has officesworldwide.

For regular updates of our work, and more details and visuals from many ofthe case studies presented here, visit our web site, www.garcia-media.com.

Tampa - HeadquartersPO Box 172059Tampa, FL 33672-0059 Tel: 813.872.0875 Fax: 813.872.0962 [email protected]

Chicago540 W. Aldine Ave., Suite E Chicago, IL 60657 Tel: 773.562.7464 [email protected]

New York City350 Central Park West, 6INew York, NY 10025Tel: 917.295.0947 [email protected]

Canada9 Meadowglen Circle R.R. 5 Kemptville, Ontario K0G 1J0 Tel:613.258.1734 Fax: 613.1258.9927 [email protected]

GermanyNeuer Wall 3520354 Hamburg Germany Tel: +49 40 32 57 82 10 Fax: +49 40 32 57 82 [email protected]

SpainMaisonnave, 9, 8º A03003 Alicante-SpainTel: +34 965 13 20 22Tel: +34 965 13 20 [email protected]

Latin America Guemes 4149 Piso 5 Oficina ABuenos Aires ArgentinaCP 1425Tel: +54+11+4832 [email protected]

the impact of the compact

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