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WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
WMO RA-II (Asia) Workshop on Quality Management in Surface, Climate and Upper-air Observations
The Importance of Data Quality Control inThe Importance of Data Quality Control in Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Kazuhiko NagataForecast Division, JMA
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Table of contentWMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Table of content
1. Meteorological characteristics and natural disasters of Japan
2. Information for severe weather preparedness
3. Rainfall data for forecasting operations4 The importance of quality control for4. The importance of quality control for
rainfall data
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Table of contentWMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Table of content
1. Meteorological characteristics and natural disasters of Japan
2. Information for severe weather preparedness
3. Rainfall data for forecasting operations4 The importance of quality control for4. The importance of quality control for
rainfall data
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Japan in the Asia
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Japan in the Asia
TokyoTokyo
140E135E130E
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Meteorological characteristics of Japan
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Meteorological characteristics of JapanSpring
Winter (Dec.-Feb.)
Baiu(Jun. – Jul.)Summer(Jul.-Aug.)( g )
Autumn
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Natural disasters in Japan
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Natural disasters in Japan
Inundation
Sediment-related disasterSnow damage Examples...
High waves FloodJMAJapan
MeteorologicalAgency
High waves Flood
Natural disasters in Japan
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Natural disasters in JapanThe Number of Deaths and Missing by Type of Disaster
O 6 000Over 6,000
Reference: White Paper on Disaster Management 2009
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Table of contentTable of content
1. Meteorological characteristics and natural disasters of Japan
2. Information for severe weather preparedness
3. Rainfall data for forecasting operations4 The importance of quality control for4. The importance of quality control for
rainfall data
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Information delivered by JMAInformation delivered by JMA
Prefecture M i iJMA PrefecturePolice
NTT
Munici-palities
Relevant association The
general
JMA
warningAdvi-sory
MLIT(River Bureau)Fire station
Electric power company
public
Information
Electric power company
NHKMass media
Weather companyMB
SC
User
Typhoonforecast Earthquake &
volcanic information
Weather companyJM
JCG
MLIT(Civil Aviation Bureau)
User
Vessel
Plane
Marine Forecasts & Warnings
Aviation Weather Forecasts & Warnings
JMBSC : Japan Meteorological Business Support CenterNTT : Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation MLIT : Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism NHK : Japan Broadcasting Corporation
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
NHK : Japan Broadcasting Corporation JCG : Japan Coast Guard
Natural disasters in Japan
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Natural disasters in Japan
Heavy rain warning/advisoryHeavy Snow
Inundation
g yHeavy Snow warning/advisory
Sediment-related disasterSnow damage Examples...
Flood /
High wave
High waves秋、台風
Flood
warning/advisorywarning/advisory
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
High waves Flood
Information delivered by JMAInformation delivered by JMA
50 km
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Criteria for heavy rain warnings/advisories WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
and flood warnings/advisories
Amount of rainfall Sediment-related disasterFlood
Heavy Rain Warning/AdvisoryFlood Warning/Advisoryood a g/ d so y
Soil water index Runoff index
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Inundation
Criteria for heavy rain warnings/advisories WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
and flood warnings/advisoriesVisual outlines of
the soil water indexConsideration of time lag
Visual outlines of the runoff index
Rainfall accumulation in
gbetween rainfall and runoff
Consideration of time lag in flow
Storage
Runoff Drainage basin
accumulation in the drainage basin
Target
Permeation
Base rock
Runoff Drainage basin
Runoff index
area
Soil water index
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Table of contentWMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Table of content
1. Meteorological characteristics and natural disasters of Japan
2. Information for severe weather preparedness
3. Rainfall data for forecasting operations4 The importance of quality control for4. The importance of quality control for
rainfall data
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Precipitation observation equipment
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Precipitation observation equipmentRaingauges Radar
Raingauges RadarRaingauges Radar
Advantages Can measure actual amounts of precipitation.
Can observe large areas with higher spatial resolution than the raingauge network.
Dis-advantages
Can observe precipitation at single points only.
May produce readings different from precipitation observed on the ground, as it measures the amount of rain overhead.
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Precipitation observation equipment
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Precipitation observation equipmentRaingauge □ JMA
□ Ministry of Land Infrastructure□ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLIT)
□ Local government
Radar
100km ● JMA△ MLIT
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Radar/raingauge analyzed precipitation
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Radar/raingauge-analyzed precipitation
Calibrated radar dataCalibrated radar data
Radar data
Precipita
Raingauge data
ation
Precipitation amounts observed by radar generally does not agree with those observed by raingauges, and radar data are h f lib d i h i d The calibrated radar data are then
R d /R i A l d P i it ti (R/A)
therefore calibrated with raingauge data. The calibrated radar data are then made into a single composite data set.
Radar/Raingauge-Analyzed Precipitation(R/A)Radar/Raingauge-Analyzed Precipitation data depicts precipitation with high dimensional accuracy, and is issued every thirty minutes with a spatial
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
and is issued every thirty minutes with a spatial resolution of 1 km.
Table of contentWMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Table of content
1. Meteorological characteristics and natural disasters of Japan
2. Information for severe weather preparedness
3. Rainfall data for forecasting operations4 The importance of quality control for4. The importance of quality control for
rainfall data
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
The importance of quality control for WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
rainfall dataForecasters expect rainfall t t th t i it ito meet the trigger criteria.
Issue appropriate warning/advisoryCorrect
valuesThe general public
Forecasters may be
trust warning/advisory
yobstructed
Anomalous l Issue inappropriatevalues Issue inappropriate
warning/advisory
The general public
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
g pdo not trust warning/advisory
Examples of Anomalous values
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Examples of Anomalous values
Inappropriate performance of raingauge inspections.g g pInfluences related to the raingauge installation siteinstallation site.Raingauge blockages.Upper data limitWrong metadataWrong metadata
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Inappropriate performance of WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
raingauge inspections
50km
Anomalous values Example of the Inappropriate Radar/raingauge-analyzed values p pp p
performance of raingauge inspections
precipitation is made automatically
If inspections are carried out correctly, such anomalous values will not arise.
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
Influences related to the raingauge WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
installation site
l th th t l
10km
hi h th th t llower than the true values. higher than the true values.
Example of the Influences related
Raingauges in such locations should be moved to a suitable place or not used.
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
pto the raingauge installation site
Raingauge blockages
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Raingauge blockages
Normal observation Funnel blocked Blockage is removed
Such anomalous values may occur at any time, so forecasters
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
need to judge whether or not raingauge data are correct.
Upper data limit
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Upper data limit
data showing 146mm was regarded as anomalousanomalous.
10km
If upper data limit is inappropriate, data showing large amounts of rainfall may be regarded as anomalous even if they are correct
Max:110mm Max:150mm
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
rainfall may be regarded as anomalous even if they are correct.
Wrong metadata
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Wrong metadata
10km 10km
if the location of a raingauge is wrong, even if it observes heavy rain correctly, forecasters will misidentify the location of the precipitation.
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
y, y p p
Conclusion
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Conclusion
Quality control for observed data is important y pfor smooth forecast operation.
Follow an observation procedure and inspection dprocedure.
Select the appropriate raingauge installation site.
Decide the upper data limit carefullyDecide the upper data limit carefullyMake a correct metadata
It h ld l b t d th t th i t f litIt should also be noted that the importance of quality control for manual observation is the same as that for automatic observation.
Forecasters require accurate, prompt observation data. It is important to obtain correct measurements at fixed ptimes and report them quickly.
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency
WMO RAII QM-OBS 2010.7.27
Thank you for your attention
EndEnd
JMAJapan MeteorologicalAgency