the importance of word stress variation 2016
TRANSCRIPT
THE IMPORTANCE OF WORD STRESS VARIATION
TO PRONOUNCE WORDS CORRECTLY
WORKSHOP – JUNE 2016
Presenter: Rodrigo Guerrero Segura
Email: [email protected]
EXPERIENCE/ EXPERTISE
Rodrigo Guerrero Segura is an EFL Instructor who has been working
at Universidad de Guayaquil for the last 17 years. He has taught
Linguistics, Technical English applied to Dentistry and Computing
and recently English as a Foreign Language for young students at
Unidad Educativa Fiscal 28 de Mayo. He has been supervisor of
educational projects since 2007. He was the director of the
teaching-practice department in 2013. He studied his Masters in
Educación Universitaria at Universidad de Guayaquil. In 2014, he
went to Kansas State University to complete the Go Teacher
Program. He has the following international certifications: TKT, B2
and C1. He also has 5 linguistic works registered at Instituto
Ecuatoriano de Propiedad Intelectual.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
USING EXISTING RULES AND
AUDIO VISUAL EXAMPLES,
THIS WORKSHOP WILL
PROVIDE PARTICIPANTS
WITH THE OPPORTUNITY TO
UNDERSTAND HOW
VARIATIONS IN STRESS MAY
CHANGE THE MEANING OF
CERTAIN WORDS, AND
INFLUENCE ON THE
PRONUNCIATION OF OTHERS
METHODOLOGY
THE WORKSHOP WILL PROCEED IN THREE PHASES:
ACTIVATION: INTRODUCTION TO THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES,
AND METHODOLOGY.
CONNECTION: VISUALIZATION OF HOW STRESS VARIES ON
MULTIPLE WORDS.
AFFIRMATION: USE OF HANDOUTS, WORKSHEETS AND
FOLDABLES TO WRITE OWN EXAMPLES, AND IDENTIFICATION
OF WORD STRESS DURING THE LISTENING PRACTICE
POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
To spot the
differences in stress
variations
To identify words
according to stress
To mark the stress
correctly
PHONOLOGY
video 1 - 2
Phonology is that branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of
languages. The sound system involves:
The actual pronunciation of words, which can be broken up into the smallest
units of pronunciation, known as a segment or a phoneme.
Prosody – pitch, loudness, tempo and rhythm – the ‘music’ of speech.
HOW TO COUNT SYLLABLES
video 3 - 4 Every syllable must have a vowel, and every vowel makes a syllable.
The number of vowel sounds in a word is equal to the number of syllables.
It is the vowel that forms the syllable; syllables do not need to include
a consonant. Syllables may, of course, include one or more consonants at the
beginning or end, but a vowel can form a whole syllable on its own.
Being able to recognize and count the number of syllables in a word is a
foundational skill for success in reading and spelling
TYPES OF SYLLABLE
video 5
One-syllable words: MONOSYLLABLE
WORDS FOR PRACTICE: DOG – WALK – TRIP - RING
Two-syllable words: DISYLLABLE
WORDS FOR PRACTICE: WATER – PUMPKIN – SEVEN - MUSIC
Three- syllable words: TRISYLLABLE
WORDS FOR PRACTICE: UMBRELLA – BANANA – ELEVEN - ENERGY
Four or More syllable words: POLYSYLLABLE
WORDS FOR PRACTICE: RHINOCEROS – INFORMATION – IMAGINATION - PERSONALITY
WORD STRESS
video 6 - 7
In linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to
certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.
Stress is typically signaled by such properties as increased loudness and vowel
length, full articulation of the vowel, and changes in pitch.
The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress or lexical
stress.
The English language has variable stress, where the position of stress in a
word is not predictable in that way.
Sometimes more than one level of stress, such as primary
stress and secondary stress, may be identified.
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Compound Nouns
Compound nouns are two individual words that carry one meaning.
Usually a compound noun consists of two nouns. Ex:
credit + card = credit card
Drug + store = drugstore
In compound nouns, the first word is stressed
(Note that compound nouns can be written either as a single word or as two separate words.)
WORDS FOR PRACTICE
Track 44
1. parking lot 5. book shelf 9. credit card 13. football
2. parking ticket 6. book cover 10. post card 14. baseball
3. parking meter 7. book store 11. report card 15. ballpark
4. parking space 8. bookmark 12. green card 16. ballroom
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Compound Nouns within Compound Nouns
Stress the first word in these compound nouns within compound nouns.
Track 45
1. cell phone number 5. basketball coach
2. football game 6. blood pressure medicine
3. bedroom furniture 7. website address
4. high school girl 8. parking lot attendant
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Adjective + Nouns
When an adjective is followed by a noun, the noun is stressed.
Track 47a
nice day small room blue eyes old man
big house long time good job first grade
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Adjective + Adjective + Nouns
When two adjectives precede a noun, stress the first adjective and the noun.
The noun gets the most stress.
Track 47b
big blue bus nice old man
really nice day cute little girl
short black hair big brown eyes
WORDS FOR PRACTICE
Track 49
Compound Noun Adjective + Noun
1. swimming pool deep pool
2. drugstore large store
3. newspaper new paper
4. credit card plastic card
5. sunglasses nice glasses
6. postman tall man
7. bus driver fast driver
8. textbook good book
9. palm tree tall tree
10. fingernails long nails
11. girlfriend great friend
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Compound Nouns Containing Adjectives
Sometimes in a compound noun, the first word is an adjective that no longer
carries the original meaning. The meaning has been lost and has become a
part of a fixed phrase or common expression. For example the adjective
super in the compound noun supermarket does not make people think of the
true meaning of the word super.
Track 51
1. White House 6. green card
2. greenhouse 7. darkroom
3. hot dog 8. cold cut
4. blue jeans 9. Bluetooth
5. high school 10. high rise
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Phrasal Verbs - video 8 - 9 In phrasal verbs, the stress is on the last word; note the bold words in the
examples below:
Track 52
Phrasal verb Synonym
He picked up the box. He lifted the box.
He put out his cigarette. He extinguished his cigarette.
He looked over the material He reviewed the material
Sentences for practice
Track 53
1. a. We don’t need the heater. b. Turn it off. (stop, extinguish)
2. a. The music sounds good. b. Turn it up. (increase the volume)
3. a. Let’s watch TV. b. Turn it on. (to light, to start)
4. a. He’s impolite. b. That turns me off. (disgust)
5. a. The music is too loud. b. Turn it down. (decrease the volume)
6. a. Did he ask her out? b. She turned him down. (reject a person)
7. a. He told me he’d be at the party. b. He didn’t turn up. (appear, arrive)
8. a. Did you ask for help? b. They turned me away. (reject, refuse)
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Abbreviations and Numbers
Always stress the last letter or the last number when pronouncing abbreviations
Track 56
Abbreviations for Practice
1. MBA 4. CNN 7. FBI
2. UCLA 5. USA 8. PhD
3. JFK 6. IBM 9. AT&T
Numbers for Practice
1. 1997 3. 11:45 5. 911
2. 5:15 4. $37.99 6. (310) 555- 2389
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Names of Places and People
When pronouncing a name—whether of a person or place—always stress the last word
Track 58
Place Names for Practice
1. New York 5. Las Vegas
2. Central Park 6. Palm Springs
3. South Africa 7. North Dakota
4. Venice Beach 8. Mount Everest
Names of People for Practice
1. George Washington 4. John F. Kennedy
2. Bill Clinton 5. Martin Luther King
3. Tom Cruise 6. Julia Roberts
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Noun and Verb Pairs
The following pairs of words are spelled the same but pronounced differently because of changingsyllable stress. Make sure you reduce the vowel in the unstressed syllable. First you will hear thenoun, and then the verb.
Track 34
1. The singer wants to record a new record.
2. The drug addict is addicted to heroin.
3. He insulted me with a rude insult.
4. I would like to present all of the present members.
5. This permit permits you to park your car here.
6. They protested in the protest.
7. Do you object to this object?
8. The convict was convicted again.
9. I suspect that they caught the suspect.
10. They are going to contest the results of the contest.
RULES TO MARK STRESS
Syllable Stress Changes
When a word changesfrom a noun to a verbor to an adjective oradverb, frequently thestress placementchanges as well.
Track 40
1. politics political politician
2. photograph photographic photography
3. compete competitive competition
4. economy economical economize
5. democrat democracy democratic
6. family familiar familiarity
7. necessary necessarily necessity
8. hospital hospitality hospitable
9. origin originality original
10. mechanic mechanism mechanical
11. define definition definitely
12. vary variety variation
SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE
Track 41 1. He likes politics. He wants to be a politician.
2. I love photography. Do you take a lot of photographs?
3. He studied economy. He is an economical shopper.
4. Do you know that family? Yes, they’re familiar to me.
5. He is a very good mechanic. He is fixing the mechanism.
6. Their opinions vary. There is a variety of opinions in the room.
7. We celebrate Memorial Day. It’s in memory of the veterans.
8. Do you know the origin of your name? No, it’s pretty original.
9. He is a registered Democrat. He watched the democratic debate on TV.
10. It is not necessary to do that. I don’t necessarily agree.
11. He likes to compete. He’s always been very competitive.
SENTENCES STRESS
video 10 - 11 The stress placed on words within sentences is called sentence
stress or prosodic stress.
This is one of the three components of prosody, along
with rhythm and intonation.
It includes phrasal stress (the default emphasis of certain words
within phrases or clauses), and contrastive stress (used to highlight an item −
a word, or occasionally just part of a word − that is given particular focus).
SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE
video 12 I HAVE TO GO TO SCHOOL
I WANT MY BROTHER TO WIN
IT`S NOT TH BEST IDEA
SHE WANTS TO PLAY A GAME
I’D LIKE YOU TO JOIN US FOR DINNER
WE’LL CHOOSE THE WINNER ON SATURDAY OR SUNDAY
MANY OF THE STUDENTS ARE GOING ON VACATION TOMORROW
FOLDABLES
FEEDBACK
01- The branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of languages is called
02- The Number of vowel sounds determines the Number of
03- Two-syllable words are called
04- Stress is the that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence
05- The stress placed on words within sentences is called
06- In compound nouns, the is stressed.
07- When an adjective is followed by a noun, the is stressed.
08- In phrasal verbs, the stress is on the
09- Always stress the or the when pronouncing abbreviations.
10- When pronouncing a name—whether of a person or place—always stress the
11- When a word changes from a noun to a verb or to an adjective or adverb, frequently the stress placement as well.
12- The three components of sentences stress are , along with and
CONCLUSIONS
English is a stressed language
Word stress plays a very important role in English speaking
It is not just optional for English Language but a very essential and
important part of the language.
Words stress helps English speakers to communicate accurately and
fluently.
Even if one do not hear a word clearly but one can still understand
the word because of where the stress is placed in the word
If one uses word stress in is/her speech one can really improve his/her
pronunciation and comprehension.
Word stress in sentences is important to the meaning
REFERENCES
Yule George (2014). The study of language. Fifth Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress
Roach, P. (2010). English Phonetics and Phonology (4th ed). Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress
Mojsin Lisa (2009). Mastering the American Accent. First Edition Barron’s Educational Series,Inc.
Clark, J., Yallop, C. and Fletcher, J. (2007). An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (3rded). Victoria: Blackwell
Ladefoged, P. (2006). A Course in Phonetics (5th ed). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth
https://www.logicofenglish.com/blog/66-teaching-methods/386-what-is-a-syllable
https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/phon/a.htm
bbclearningenglish.com
www.englishclub.com
www.wordstress.info