THE INCREASING INFLUENCEOF EUROPE (THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES)

Chapter 19

Crash Course: The Crusades

The Regional States of

Medieval Europe

Late Byzantine Empire

Social & Economic Problems

Wealthy landownersTook over propertiesOf independent peasants,Ending the Theme system

Challenges fromThe West

ForeignChallenges (Normans andOther Europeans started crusades

Challenges From the East

Nomadic TurksSaljuqs seize Anatolia, Ottoman Turks captureConstantinople

The Holy Roman Empire

Otto IKing In N. GermanyQuelled political

disturbances,Protected the church, sought opportunities In the south.

Pope John XIIProclaimed him Emperor startingThe Holy RomanEmpire

Investiture Contest

Controversy Over appointmentOf Church Officials

Lay InvestitureLet lay rulers select church Officials, PopeGregory VII stopsthis

1. Who formed the Holy Roman Empire?

2. What was happening to the Byzantine and Western part of Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries?

3.Who eventually won out in the Investiture Conflict?

The Regional States of

Medieval Europe

The Holy Roman Empire

FrederickBarbarossa(1152-1190)

Wanted to takeLombardy in N. Italy, & dominateMuch of Europe

Popes did not likeThis attempt Gathered support From other EuropeanCities. Barbarossa givesUp rights to Lombardy.

Regional Monarchies in

France & England

Capetian France

Hugh Capet, descendantsKnown as Capetian Kings

Gradually centralizedPower and authority inFrance

The Normans

Pursued own interest,Centralized from dukes themselves Emerged as prominent politicalAnd military leaders

Norman England

Norman the Conqueror

Organize regional monarchies That maintained orderAnd provided reasonably good government

Regional States in Italy & Iberia

Church influenceIn Italy

No one controlledpeninsula

Many ecclesiasticalStates, city-states,& principalities

Lay classes challengedBishops eventually Displacing them

Italian States

12th c. aSeries of ProsperousCities (Florence,Bolgna, MilanVenice

Norman adventuresIntervene in Italian affairs

They overcome ByzantineAnd Muslim authoritiesDue to papal supportS. Italy comes under Roman Catholic Church

Christian & Muslim States inIberia

Christian:Castile, AragonPortugal. Muslim:Granada

4. Explain who the Normans were and what they did?5. Why was the Holy Roman empire not considered “ Holy, nor Roman, nor an empire”?6. What did effective political organization lead to in regional states?

Economic Growth and Social

DevelopmentGrowth of theAgricultural Economy

Expansion ofArable Land

Increased landDevoted to agriculture

Yields higher Taxes and increase ownwealth

ImprovedAgriculturalTechniques

Higher productivity

DifferentCrop rotations

Domestic animals

Dug ponds

New tools& technologies

Horseshoe Horse collar

New Crops

Beans, peas, wheat,Rice, spinach, artichokesEggplants, lemons…

Population Growth

800ce at 29 mil.-1300ce at 79 mil.

Revival of Towns & Trade

Urbanization

New UrbanCities emerge

West: ItalyTo BergenEast: N. Italy& Flanders

TextileProduction

ExpansionIn Manufacturing& trade esp. wooltextiles

Trade

Mediterranean

HanseaticLeague

Ports of Black Sea,Indian Ocean & OverlandTrade w/ India, SE Asia, &China

Baltic Sea& NorthSea

Improved trading bringsCredit, banking & new Business organizations.(Letters of Credit, commercialPartnerships)

7. What contributed to the expansion of arable land in Europe?8. What was the Hanseatic League?9. What did Pegolotti say about long distance travel?

Economic Growth and Social

DevelopmentSocial

Change

Three Estates

“Those who Prayed, those whoFight, those whoWork”

Prayed:Clergy of RomanCatholic Church

Fight: ranksOf Nobles

Worked: majorityOf population, peasants

Chivalry

High ethical standardsAnd refined manner, to preventFighting w/in Christendom

Troubadours

Traveling poetsMinstrels, and entertainers

Eleanor of Aquitane

Troubadour promotedGood manners, refinementAnd romantic love

Independent Cities

Growing townsOf medievalEurope

Able to resistThe demandsOf nobles andguilds

Guilds

Workers ofArts, craftsArtisanRegulated Productionand sales ofgoods

Friendship And workers,Provided for eachOther in timesOf need

Women alsoA part of guilds And worked similar jobs

10. What were the 3 estates?11. What was the behavior of nobility during the High Middle Ages?12. Why was the medieval political framework awkward for the development of cities and towns?13. What responsibilities did guilds have?14. What significance did guilds have?

European Christianity during

the High Middle Ages

Schools, Universities and Scholastic

Theology

Cathedral Schools

Formula Curricula,InstructionIn LiberalArts

Universities

High qualityInstruction, academicDegrees, licenses to teach

St. Thomas Aquinas

The harmonizationOf Aristotle w/ChristianityCreating a synthesis of reasonAnd faith

Popular Religion

Sacraments

Holy ritualsThat bring Spiritual Blessings onThe observants

Protect individualsFrom death and Advance worldlyinterest

DevotionTo Saints

Human beingsWho had ledSuch excellent Lives that GodHeld them in esteem

Virgin MaryRelics believed To retain powers

Pilgrimage

Reform Movements and Popular Heresies

Dominicans& Franciscans

St. Dominic& St. Francis

Mendicants,Beg for foodAnd other needsWorked zealously

PopularHeresy

Waldensians, BogomilsAnd Cathars

Against Christendom

15. What was the main curriculum of cathedral schools?16. What did discovering the works of Aristotle lead to?17. Who was the most famous scholastic theologian?18. What other religion can you compare Christian’s devotion to the saints to?19. Who was the most popular saint during the High Middle Ages?20. What did people in the High middle ages believe about relics?21. What are did Dominicans and Franciscans belong to?22. What did Dominican and Franciscans do?23. What were the two popular heresies during the High Middle Ages called?

The Medieval Expansion of

Europe

Atlantic and Baltic Colonization

Vinland

Island of N. Atlantic Ocean

Discovered byLeif Erikson, Scandinavian seafarer

Christianity in Scandinavia

Kings of Denmark& Norway convertedTo Christianity

SolidifiedRomanCatholic ChurchIn Scandinavianlife

CrusadingOrders of

Baltic Expansion

In Baltic areaChristians Formed hybridMilitary orders

Templars, HospitallersAnd Teutonic Knights

Religious vows,Devotion to fightAgainst Muslims

The Reconquest of Sicily and Spain

Reconquest of Sicily

ConqueredBy Muslims9th c.

11th c.Norman ChristiansReconquered

Muslims maintainedFor a period, providedChristians w/Aristotle’sPhilosphies, either left Sicily or Converted toChristianity

The Reconquista of Spain

Reconquista is reconquestOf Spain

Began early 11th c.

Political, Economic &Demographic strengthExplain how ChristianEurope was able to Reconquer Sicily and Spain.

Christianity regardedMuslims as oppositionTo Christianity and encouragedMilitary campaigns.

26. Who reconquered Sicily?27. What group of people were the Europeans reconquering?

The Medieval Expansion of

Europe

The Crusades(holy wars)Urban II

Refers to the expedition of Roman Catholic ChristiansTo recapture Palestine & Jerusalem from Muslims

Launched Crusades

Turks threateningEastern border ofChristendom

Urban says to secureBorder and go furtherAnd recapture Jerusalem

The 1st Crusades

French & NormanNobles militarize

Back & Forth Victories b/wChristians and Muslims

Muslim SaladinCapture JerusalemIn 1187

Later Crusades

13th c. Christians attempted5 other Crusades, but to No avail.

Consequences ofThe Crusades

Crusades held social,Economic, commercialAnd cultural consequences

Trade, exchange ofIdeas and technologiesGrew b/w each other

Ex. Aristotle, IslamicScience and astronomy,Arabic numerals,Paper production

Reintegrated EuropeInto the larger economy

28. Who was Urban II and what did he promote?29. What did the first Crusades show?30. What were the consequences of the crusades?