Questions to answer Questions to answer today.today.

Write them down!!!Write them down!!!• What innovations/inventions led to the What innovations/inventions led to the Agricultural Revolution?Agricultural Revolution?

• What contribution did the Agricultural What contribution did the Agricultural Revolution have on the Industrial Revolution have on the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

• What advantages did Britain have in What advantages did Britain have in being the first nation to industrialize?being the first nation to industrialize?

Late 18c: French Economic AdvantagesV Napoleonic Code.Napoleonic Code.V French communal law.French communal law.

) Free contractsFree contracts) Open marketsOpen markets) Uniform & clear commercial Uniform & clear commercial

regulationsregulationsV Standards weights & measures.Standards weights & measures.V Established technical schools.Established technical schools.V The government encouraged & The government encouraged &

honored inventors & inventions.honored inventors & inventions.V Bank of France Bank of France European European

modelmodelproviding a reliable currency.providing a reliable currency.

French Economic Disadvantages

V Years of warYears of war) Supported the AmericanSupported the American

Revolution.Revolution.) French Revolution.French Revolution.) Early 19c Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars

V Heavy debts.Heavy debts.V High unemployment High unemployment soldiers soldiers

returning from the battlefronts.returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid French businessmen were afraid

to take risks.to take risks.

That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte

The Enclosure Movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.

ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.

ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible. ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer

steel.steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,

flexible steel.flexible steel.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners

19141914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

British Pig Iron Production

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

Factory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

The Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Jacquard’s Loom

What advantages did the What advantages did the British have in early British have in early

Industrialization?Industrialization?• Navigable water waysNavigable water ways• Salt water harborsSalt water harbors• Coal/iron depositsCoal/iron deposits• Banking systemBanking system• Stable political environmentStable political environment• Thriving middle classThriving middle class

What advancements What advancements contributed to the contributed to the

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution• Enclosure movementEnclosure movement– What did that do? Effects?What did that do? Effects?

• Steel plowSteel plow– Effects?Effects?

• Crop RotationCrop Rotation– Effects?Effects?

• Selective BreedingSelective Breeding– Effects? Effects?

What impact did the What impact did the Agricultural Agricultural

Revolution have on Revolution have on the Industrial the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power Loom

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam Tractor

Steam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

“The Great Land Serpent”

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion