French Economic Disadvantages

V Years of warYears of war) Supported the AmericanSupported the American

Revolution.Revolution.) French Revolution.French Revolution.) Early 19c Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars

V Heavy debts.Heavy debts.V High unemployment High unemployment soldiers soldiers

returning from the battlefronts.returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid French businessmen were afraid

to take risks.to take risks.

That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte

The Enclosure Movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.

ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.

ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners

19141914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

British Pig Iron Production

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

Factory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

The Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Jacquard’s Loom

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power Loom

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam Tractor

Steam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

“The Great Land Serpent”

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wagesunder 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of Polution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish

Workers:Workers:

Let us die Let us die like men, like men,

and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The Chartists

KeyKey

               ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements

                 Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism

           Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..

V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832. Votes for all men.Votes for all men.

Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that

Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.

Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.

Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

The Chartists

A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.

A female ChartistA female Chartist

Thomas Malthus Population growth willPopulation growth will

outpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.

There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].

Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the Abolition of slavery in the

coloniescoloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].Britain].

k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions

Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.

k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor [1834] – indoor relief.relief.

Poor houses.Poor houses.

k Reform BillReform Bill [1832] – broadens [1832] – broadens thethevote for the cities.vote for the cities.

British Reform Bills

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continentù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

Bibliographic Sources

) ““Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwahttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.htmlrt/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html

) ““The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htmeight/primary.htm