The Industrial Revolution

From hand tools

to machine labor

Pre-Industrial Society vs. IndustrializationBefore Industrial Revolution, artisans custom-made products one at a time in their workshops (home)

domestic system AKA cottage industries

artisans – skilled craftsmen

After industrialization, products mass produced in factories by machines

factory systemfactory – building that houses machines that process raw materials into a manufactured products

machine operators – unskilled laborassembly line

A 2nd Agricultural Revolution

crop rotation: planting different crops in field to preserve its fertility

1700 – small farms covered English landscape

commons bought up by wealthy landlords

enclosure movement: landlords “enclosed” land with wood or stone fences, or hedges

gave up farming to herd sheep – wool production

peasants forced to become tenant farmers or leave land moved to cities hoping to find employment

urbanization: growth of cities

A 2nd Agricultural Revolution

1701: Jethro Tull invents seed drill, which planted seeds at regular intervals in evenly spaced rows (replaced random sowing of seeds)

crop rotation – wheat turnip barley clover – restored nutrients to soil

↑ Jethro Tull’s seed drill ↑ 17001786 – animal

husbandry (selective breeding)

lambs 18 50 lbs (avg)food supplies increased

nutrition increased population increased

infant mortality decreased

A New Agricultural Revolution – pg 2supply of cotton from Southern North American British colonies, Egypt, & India

enclosure movement increased wool supply

textile industry – 1st industry to be mechanized

spinning fibers into thread

weaving thread into cloth

mechanization – change from hand tools to machines

Inventions of the Industrial Revolution1733: Flying Shuttle – John Kay – hand-operated machine wove cloth faster than handloom

1764: Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves; spun 16 threads/time

1769: Water Frame – Richard Arkwright; spun fibers into thread faster than spinning jenny

1779: Spinning Mule – Samuel Crompton; stronger, finer, more consistent thread

1787: Power Loom; Edmund Cartwright;

↑ spinning jenny ↑

James Watt’s Steam Engine

1769 – burned coal, created steam

pressure turned turbineinitially used to pump water

out of coal mines later used in many

applicationsfactories could be built

anywhere1774 – Matthew Boulton –

paid Watt to make steam engines

entrepreneur – businessmanrisks his/her own money to invest

England, birthplace of the Industrial Revolutionlarge population of workersabundant supplies of natural resources (coal/iron ore)

water power: 1st factories built near fall line (waterfalls)

rivers & canals for inland transportation

harbors for importation & exportation to/from colonies

surplus capital from overseas tradewars of 18th century all fought on foreign soil

Parliament passed laws favorable to business

Power Sources for Industry

1. Water: 1st factories built at fall line (where rivers fell over waterfalls to coastal plain)

2. Steam: 1769, after James Watt developed steam engine, factories could be built anywhere

3. Electric: 1800s: Michael Faraday developed his Dynamo, electric generator that produced electricity to run machines & light cities

waterwheel

steamengine

Faraday’s dynamo

Inventions &

Innovations 1807 – Robert Fulton – Clermontfirst steamship (on Hudson)1829 – George Stephenson – The Rocket1st steam locomotive – 29 mph!Liverpool – Manchester lineearly 1800s: Scot John McAdam built roads w/ layer of crushed rocks over layer of larger rocks (drainage)

1793–Eli Whitney’s cotton engine separated boll from cotton seed created guns w/ casts for interchangeable parts

Adam Smith & Capitalismcapitalism: AKA free enterprise systemeconomic system in which individuals & companies PRIVATELY own & operate businesses for profit (profit motive)

taxation: business & personal income taxedregulation: government responsible for monitoring industries businesses are in

progressive tax: a tax in which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount (income) increases

Government should be a “guiding hand” to the economy, making sure to avoid any action that would have an adverse effect

↑ Adam Smith ↑author of (1776) The Wealth of Nations – proponent of laissez faire policy

(government) “leaves the marketplace alone” & let’s supply & demand determine values

Working Conditions in the Factoriesdirty poorly lit, cramped, hot, poorly

ventilateddangerous – machines could injure

workerssafety measures were non-existentwork days were long (12-16 hrs)work weeks were long (six days) wages were very low

women & children were exploited (they could be paid less than men)

unions had not yet been created

Living Conditions in the Industrial Citiesdirty factories polluted environmentmany cities lacked sanitationsystems (sewers & garbage removal)diseases spread quickly

dangerous – building codes were non-existent

tenements were crowded & sometimes unsafe

crime was rampant

Oliver Twist urban tenements

Unionism & socialisminjured workers lost job (no recourse)no workman’s compensation or disability insurance

“power in numbers”–“united we stand, divided we fall”

unionism – organization of workers (labor) into groups

could negotiate better w/ owners (mgmt)

unionizers intimidated, terrorized, & murdered by owners & government

socialism – political belief/practice in which people control means of production [farms, factories, railroads, mines, etc.] & government runs them for the good of everyone

nationalization – process by which government seizes control of a privately owned business (or all businesses)

New Ways of Thinking1776 – Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nationslaissez faire (gov’t hands off) capitalism1798 – Thomas Malthus – Essay on the Principle of

Population – population would outpace food production widespread starvation (famine)

David Ricardo – in “iron law of wages,” he said: wages birth rates larger labor supply unemployment & wages

Malthus, Ricardo – both opposed government intervention to help poor

little hope poor could ever escape poverty

Socialism

“Despots prefer the friendship of the dog, who, unjustly mistreated & debased, still loves & serves the man who wronged him.” – Charles Fourier

Saint Simon AKA Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)

If business refuses to reform,

Government should step in, nationalize business, and run things for the good of everyone

Karl Marx & Communism

↑ Karl Marx ↑

condemned Utopians, developed what he called scientific socialismbanished from native Germany1848 – published The Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels) “the history of class struggles” – between “haves” & “have nots”favored violent revolution to overthrow bourgeois ruling class by proletariat & establishment of“classless society” & abolition of private ownership property & business

Utilitarianism 1800: Utilitarianism was movement that preached goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of citizens – Jeremy Bentham

John Stuart Mill – actions are right if they promote happiness & wrong if they cause pain

government should help working people

Utopianscreate separate, self-sufficient, ideal communities

Robert Owen – poor, Welsh boy became a successful mill owner who refused to hire children, encouraged unionism

New Lanark, Scotland – model village set up by Owen where he treated workers well, built them homes & schools for their children

campaigned for labor unionsshowed that employer could offerdecent living & working conditions & still be profitable

↑ Robert Owen ↑

Utopian Socialist leader

Industrial Revolution – Vocabularyeconomics: study of the production, distribution, & exchange of goods and services

capitalism: economic system in which individuals & companies PRIVATELY own & operate businesses for profit

socialism: political belief/practice in which the means of production [farms, factories, railroads, etc.] are PUBLICLY owned & gov’t runs them for good of all the people

communism: AKA scientific socialism AKA Marxism: form of socialism; favored violent overthrow of government & establishment of classless society in which private property is abolished

Industrial Revolution – Vocabularymechanization – change from hand tools to machines

industrialization – mechanization of manufacturing

urbanization – growth of cities; rural to urban migration

westernization – adoption of customs that originated in western Europe (US & Canada) [like industrialization]

modernization – adoption of most up-to-date political, economic, & social ideas and technology

mass production – manufacture of large quantities of goods

assembly line – production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Industrial Revolution Vocabularyproletariat: urban industrial working class

bourgeoisie: middle class (professional class)

means of production: farms, factories, natural resources, mines, labor, land, equipment

corporation: business in which stockholders own shares of stock

sole proprietorship: business owned by a single person

partnership: business owned by two or more owners

entrepreneur: person who risks his own capital to create a business enterprise

stockholder: person who owns shares of a corporation

Industrial Revolution Vocabularymonopoly – when a single business controls an industry

wages – how much workers are paid per hour

unionization – organization of workers into a collective (union) to represent them & advocate for better working conditions

strike – work stoppage; when labor refuses to work

Ned Ludd:

Luddites: artisans angry about industrialization; destroyed machines that had put them on the unemployment line

Industrial Revolution – VocabularyIndustrial Revolution – Vocabularymechanization change from hand tools to machines

industrialization mechanization of manufacturing

urbanization growth of cities; migration from rural to urban areas

westernization adoption of customs – like industrialization – that originated in western Europe (US & Canada)

modernization adoption of most up-to-date political, economic, & social ideas and technology

mass production manufacture of large quantities of goods

assembly line production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Industrial Revolution – Vocabularyeconomics study of the production, distribution, &

exchange of goods and servicescapitalism economic system in which individuals &

companies PRIVATELY own & operate businesses for profit

socialism political belief/practice in which the means of production [farms, factories, railroads, etc.] are PUBLICLY owned & gov’t runs them for good of all the people

communism AKA scientific socialism AKA Marxism – form of socialism; favored violent overthrow of government & establishment of classless society in which private property is abolished

Industrial Revolution – VocabularyIndustrial Revolution – Vocabularyproletariat urban industrial working class

bourgeoisie middle class

means of production

farms, factories, natural resources, mines, labor, land, equipment

corporation business in which stockholders own shares of stock

sole proprietorship business owned by a single person

partnership business owned by two or more owners

entrepreneur a person who risks his own capital to create a business enterprise

stockholder a person who owns shares of a corporation

Industrial Revolution – VocabularyIndustrial Revolution – Vocabularymonopoly when a single business controls an industry

wages how much workers are paid per hour

unionization organization of workers into a collective (union) to represent them & advocate for better working conditions

strike work stoppage; when labor refuses to work

sole proprietorship

business owned by a single person

mass production manufacture of large quantities of goods

entrepreneur a person who risks his own capital to create a business enterprise

Child Labor during the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution – Vocabularyxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

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