The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Before Before IndustrializationIndustrialization

After After IndustrializationIndustrialization

Agricultural-rural Agricultural-rural economyeconomy

Capitalist-urban Capitalist-urban economyeconomy

Family-farm Family-farm economyeconomy

Wage- earning Wage- earning economyeconomy

Asian-based Asian-based manufacturingmanufacturing

Factory based Factory based manufacturingmanufacturing

Rural based Rural based population population (cottage)(cottage)

Urban population-Urban population-factoriesfactories

Beginnings of the Industrial Beginnings of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Began in Great BritainBegan in Great BritainThe British didn’t allow certain The British didn’t allow certain

occupations to leave the countryoccupations to leave the country1-1-2-2-

They wanted to keep the secrets of They wanted to keep the secrets of their factories and machines to their factories and machines to themselvesthemselvesWhy?Why?

Beginnings of the Industrial Beginnings of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Technical knowledge and inventionTechnical knowledge and inventionLarge population to serve as a Large population to serve as a

workforceworkforcePossession of natural resourcesPossession of natural resources Investment capital (money) to build Investment capital (money) to build

factoriesfactoriesA stable and capitalist minded A stable and capitalist minded

governmentgovernmentNationalismNationalism

Spread of IndustrializationSpread of Industrialization

United StatesUnited States Begins in Northeast in Begins in Northeast in

textile industrytextile industry Rich in __________Rich in __________ Many immigrantsMany immigrants Who?Who?

BelgiumBelgium First nation on Continent First nation on Continent

to Industrializeto Industrialize Rich in __________Rich in __________ Who?Who?

GermanyGermany Politically dividedPolitically divided _________ Germany- rich _________ Germany- rich

in coalin coal Ruhr Valley Ruhr Valley

industrializedindustrialized Built RailroadsBuilt Railroads ______________ spurred ______________ spurred

development of militarydevelopment of military FranceFrance

Began in 1850sBegan in 1850s Government built Government built

RailroadsRailroads

Inventions & InventorsInventions & Inventors

James HargreavesJames Hargreaves ““Spinning jenny”Spinning jenny”

Spin many threads Spin many threads from woolfrom wool

John KayJohn Kay ““Flying Shuttle”Flying Shuttle”

Weave cloth from the Weave cloth from the threadthread

Peter Cooper Peter Cooper (American)(American) Steam powered Steam powered

locomotivelocomotive The first trainThe first train

Life in the Mills and FactoriesLife in the Mills and Factories Mostly women Mostly women

hired to work in hired to work in textile millstextile mills

Why were mostly Why were mostly women hired to women hired to work in mills? work in mills?

Some children Some children were hiredwere hired Why?Why?

Life in the Mills and FactoriesLife in the Mills and Factories

Why did American Why did American women dislike the women dislike the Irish workers???Irish workers???

Mills wereMills were HotHot DirtyDirty DangerousDangerous

CanalsCanals Deep ditches filled with water and wide Deep ditches filled with water and wide

enough for boatsenough for boats Man-madeMan-made

Canals moved goods faster than wagons Canals moved goods faster than wagons over landover land

Horses walked along Horses walked along

sides of canal and sides of canal and

pulled the boatspulled the boats Famous examplesFamous examples

Railroads and Steam EnginesRailroads and Steam Engines

Cities wanted to grow and prosper Cities wanted to grow and prosper like New York Citylike New York City

Cities needed a connectionCities needed a connectionRailroads and canals helped connect Railroads and canals helped connect

different parts of the worlddifferent parts of the world

Railroads and Steam EnginesRailroads and Steam Engines

Advantages of railroads over canalsAdvantages of railroads over canals1. Trains could travel much faster than 1. Trains could travel much faster than

horse-pulled canal boatshorse-pulled canal boats2. Railroad routes were usually more 2. Railroad routes were usually more

direct than waterways like canals and direct than waterways like canals and riversrivers

3. Trains could travel all year, while 3. Trains could travel all year, while rivers and canals often froze in the rivers and canals often froze in the winter. winter.

Peter Cooper’s Steam Engine Train (Tom Thumb)

Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization

Negative EffectsNegative Effects Crowded, Dirty Crowded, Dirty

CitiesCities DiseaseDisease Harsh working Harsh working

conditionsconditions Short Life spans in Short Life spans in

CitiesCities

Positive EffectsPositive Effects More jobs availableMore jobs available Better heatingBetter heating Better housingBetter housing Better foodBetter food Better clothingBetter clothing

Which effect outweighs the other?

Impact on Gender, Family Impact on Gender, Family and Social Structureand Social Structure

•Radically altered the traditional social structure of the day- Why?

•Slavery declined- Why?

•Family which had been an economic unit moved economic production outside of home

Impact on Gender, Family Impact on Gender, Family and Social Structureand Social Structure

•Sharp distinction now being made between family life and work life

•Men’s status increased because industrial wages were considered more important than domestic work.

•Middle class values became distinct from those of the working class

•Who is emerging as part of the middle class?

Cult of DomesticityCult of Domesticity

•Middle class women generally did not work outside the home

•Middle class women were pressured to conform to the new models of behavior

•Often referred to as the cult of domesticity

•What does this mean? Victorian Age?

Global effects of Global effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

•New global division of labor emerged

•Industrial societies needed raw materials from distant lands

•Raw cotton from _____________

•Rubber from ________________

New Global Division of Labor New Global Division of Labor •Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia become dependent on exporting cash crops products to industrialized nations

•As a result they never industrialize themselves

•Most of the profits from these cash crops went abroad and wealth was concentrated in the hands of the few.

DEPENDENCY THEORY DEPENDENCY THEORY •The dependency of these nations on cash crops explains the uneven result of development

•Development of some areas is achieved at the expense of others

•Leads to… _________________

Economic TheoryEconomic TheoryChallenge to MercantilismChallenge to Mercantilism

ADAM SMITH- ENGLISHADAM SMITH- ENGLISH Supported by Thomas Malthus & David RicardoSupported by Thomas Malthus & David Ricardo

CAPITALISMCAPITALISM Definition-Definition-

LAISSEZ FAIRE LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICSECONOMICS Definition-Definition-

CAPITALISM DRIVEN BY “THE INVISIBLE HAND” OF SELF-INTERESTCAPITALISM DRIVEN BY “THE INVISIBLE HAND” OF SELF-INTEREST PROMOTED FREE MARKETS AND TRADEPROMOTED FREE MARKETS AND TRADE ECONOMIC CHOICE AND FREEDOMECONOMIC CHOICE AND FREEDOM Opposed government efforts to help poor workersOpposed government efforts to help poor workers Works on CapitalismWorks on Capitalism

THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776)- THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776)- An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)- An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)- Principle of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)-Principle of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)-

Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations

Reactions to Industrialization Reactions to Industrialization •Socialism-ideas of tolerance and egalitarianism from the Enlightenment

•Anti-capitalist reforms -inspired by appalling conditions workers experienced in the 1800s

•Karl Marx- advocates the overthrow of the moneyed classes to be followed by a “workers” state”

Other Economic ThoughtsOther Economic Thoughts SocialismSocialism

Charles Fourier and Saint SimonCharles Fourier and Saint Simon Definition- Definition-

CommunismCommunism Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels Definition-Definition-

Publications- Publications- The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto (1848) (1848)

Inspired revolutionaries- Russia, China, Vietnam, Inspired revolutionaries- Russia, China, Vietnam, CubaCuba

Intense class struggleIntense class struggle

Other Economic Theories Other Economic Theories cont’dcont’d

UtilitarianismUtilitarianismModified ideas of SmithModified ideas of SmithJeremy Bentham and John Stuart MillJeremy Bentham and John Stuart MillDefinition- Definition-

Positivists and Utopian Positivists and Utopian SocialistsSocialists

Positivists= scientific method could be applied to improve social and technical problems

Utopian Socialism= industry could provide prosperity for all

Robert Owen 1771-1858 a successful

cotton manufacturer created a mill town in Glasgow

improved housing, created schools, and

testified in Parliament against child labor

UnionsUnions

Union movements advocated the organization of workers so they could negotiate with their employers

better wages and conditions

Led to tensions and bloodshed- factory owners tried to stop workers from banding together -sometime bloodshed resulted