The Industrial and

Agricultural Revolutions

Warmup

• Has technology development helped or

hindered human and/or society’s

development?

Crash Course

• Industrial Revolution

Pre-Industrial Society

• Horses, carriages, ships, feet

• Farms, hand-tools, small

businesses/guilds/crude factories

• Poverty, high death rates, diseases,

poor hygiene

• Concentration of wealth in the hands of

a few

England

• The Industrial Revolution began in

England in the late 1700s

• Why England?

– 1) Coal and iron deposits

– 2) Political stable

– 3) The world’s leading colonial power

(obtain raw materials and sell

manufactured goods from/to the colonies)

Water Power• Before 1700, industries were

run on humanpower and

animal power

• Water had been used to

power early machines for

over 2,000 years

• Greece, Rome, Egypt,

China, medieval Europe,

India, Middle East

• Downfalls:

– Could vary by season, rainfall,

water flow, dams, etc.

– Had to be near a water source

SOLUTION?

Steam Power!

• Steam engines

were created to

pump water out of

mines

• Thomas Newcomen

designed and built a

practical engine

around 1712

• Steam Engine

Steam Power

• Benefits

– Factories did not

have to be near a

water source

– Used in more

industries than

mining

– Boiling water doesn’t

vary by season

• Downfalls

– Used fossil fuels to

boil the water

(mostly coal)

Spinning wheel

• The spinning wheel

was the first

invention, but it was

very slow.

• Problem = Threads

were spun one at a

time, by hand

• Spinning Wheel

Textiles• Around 1764, James

Hargreaves invented

the spinning jenny

(“jenny” is an

abbreviation for

“engine”)

• Enabled people to

create multiple spools

of thread

simultaneously

• Spinning Jenny

The Spinning Mule

• Invented by Samuel

Crompton – 1779

• The spinning mule

used water power

to spin the thread,

which was much

faster than doing it

by hand

Cottage Industry

• A cottage industry

is a business or

manufacturing

industry that is

carried out in a

person’s home or

small local

workshop

The Power Mule

Power Mule

A cotton factory

Transportation

• Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied

on the horse and their own feet to get around.

• With the invention of the steam locomotive,

transportation took a huge step forward.

• The first two major US railroad companies

were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific

Railroads.

Steam Locomotive• The steam locomotive was

invented in England in the

late 18th century

• The first full-scale working

locomotive was built by

Richard Trevithick

• The “Puffing Devil” took its

first journey on February

21st, 1804

• The first passenger and

goods trains worked by

1830

Passenger carriers

An original steam engine

Steam locomotive

Leland Stanford• Leland Stanford was an

American business

tycoon (a wealthy,

powerful person in

business or industry),

co-founder of the

Central Pacific

Railroad, creator of

Stanford University, the

governor of California,

started Pacific Life

insurance, & was a

director of Wells Fargo

Leland Stanford

• Leland Stanford acquired

control of the Southern

Pacific Railroad

• He merged the Central

Pacific and the Southern

Pacific Railroads together

• He was head of the railroad

company that built the

western portion of the First

Transcontinental RailroadStanford drove the “ceremonial spike” at

Promontory Point, Utah on May 10th,

1869 to connect the two ends of the

Transcontinental Railroad

Agriculture

• Advances in agriculture were also made

• The invention of the seed drill allowed

farmers to plant many more seeds much

more quickly

• The reaper allowed farmers to harvest their

crops more efficiently

• More crops could now be grown to feed an

increasing population

The seed drill

The reaper

• The reaper was

used to cut down

the harvest

• Downfall = took a

long time to harvest

crops by hand

The mechanical reaper

The mechanical reaper was a lot

faster than the hand reaper

(early version of a tractor)

Steel

• With the invention of steel, buildings

could be made much taller

• Steel is much harder than iron, which

bends if made too tall

• The steel industry created many new

products, and led to the invention of the

car.

Bessemer Process

• The Bessemer Process

• Making Steel

Factories

A melting plant

Industrialization

Andrew Carnegie• Andrew Carnegie became a

millionaire in the steel

business by putting all of his

competitors out of business.

• He created U.S. Steel in

Pittsburg.

• Became one of the richest

people ever

• His book The Gospel of Wealth

called on the rich to improve

society (charities, donations,

and other philanthropic works)

The electric light

• Thomas Edison invented the electric

light bulb and the phonograph

Telegraph

• In 1844, Samuel Morse demonstrated his telegraph by sending a message to Baltimore from the chambers of the Supreme Court in Washington, DC. The message, "What hath God wrought?," marked the beginning of a new era in communication.

• The telegraph used dots and dashes to send messages over electric lines. These dots and dashes became known as Morse Code.

Telephone

• Alexander Graham

Bell patented the

first telephone in

1876.

John D. Rockefeller

• John D. Rockefeller

became the richest man

in the world in the oil

business.

• He created Standard Oil

Company.

• Oil began to be used in

all types of machines,

like cars.

Henry Ford

• Henry Ford invented

the first practical

car, the Model T.

• The car had been

invented earlier, but

Ford was the first

to make the car

affordable.

Samuel Gompers

• With all the new businesses being created, someone needed to take care of the workers.

• Gompers created the American Federation of Labor, or organization of other labor unions that had bonded together to protect the rights of workers.

Orville and Wilber Wright

• The Wright brothers

were the first men to

successfully fly an

airplane.

• The flight lasted only

twelve seconds, but

it proved men could

fly.