the industrial revolution. why britain led the way natural resources : climate, natural resources...
TRANSCRIPT
Why Britain Led the WayNatural Resources: Climate, natural resources (iron & coal), Waterways & harbors, location – Separation from Europe kept them out of warsGood Government: Available money, encourages
inventions & trade, finances roads & canals, low taxes Large labor force: need jobs and lessrigid than other European countriesAvailable Capital & Ready Markets: Colonial Empire supplied raw materials for
manufacturing, colonies provide ready market for goods
Advantage of being 1st: no competition, held monopoly on technology
Economics Systems
• Before Industrial Rev:• MERCANTILISM - nation’s increase wealth by
exporting MORE than importingAfter Industrializing:
• CAPITALISM - private ownership + free competition + profit, based on supply & demand
Cottage Industry
• Merchants supply wool & cotton to carding cottages
• Next take to spinning cottage for weaving & dying cloth
• Merchants sell finished product for more than material & labor = PROFIT (early capitalism!)
Cottage Industry
$$$Capitalism$$$
• An economic system based on private ownership, free competition & profit
• Big profits for new class of merchants• Alternative source of income for peasants• Need to support influx of factory workers
Effects of the Cottage Industry
Textile Industry Invented
• Cottage industry couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles
• Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule improved spinning
• Power loom sped up weaving • Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton
Rise of the Factory
• New machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories
• Factories located near power source: coal, iron, water
Effects:
• Less expensive mass produced textilesTextile industry explodesVillagers forced to find work in urban factories
• Need for more efficient sources of energy
The need for energy
• Early factories relied on horses, oxen, & water mills
• Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power
Steam Engine
• Steam forced from high to low pressure produces powerEffects:
Used where ever coal existed.Increased textile production.Improved mining which increased metals which in
turn fueled other industries.
The need for Iron
• Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways• Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires
coal
Effect of Iron & Coal
• Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined
• Coal powered Britain's enormous navy
Working Conditions
• Without proper safety regulations-factories were very dangerous
• Steam engines led to high temperatures within the factories
• Long exhausting work days• Conditions led to high injury and death rates• Child labor was exploited
“Reforms”• Factory Act 1819: Limited the hours worked by children to a maximum of 12 per day.
• Factory Act 1833: Children under 9 banned from working in the textiles industry and 10-13 year olds limited to a 48 hour week.
• Factory Act 1844: Maximum of 12 hours work per day for Women.
• Factory Act 1847: Maximum of 10 hours work per day for Women and children.
• Factory Act 1850: Increased hours worked by Women and children to 10 and a half hours a day, but not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm.
• 1874: No worker allowed to work more than 56.5 hours per week.
Inventions
• Stone & eventually asphalt roads• Canals• Railroad era ushered in with the Rocket in 1829
Transportation
• Increased production increased need to transport goods quickly & cheaply
• Stone & asphalt roads• Canals• Railroads