THE INDUSTRIAL THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETYSOCIETY

Industrial DevelopmentIndustrial Development

Late 19Late 19thth cent. U.S. offers ideal conditions cent. U.S. offers ideal conditions for rapid industrial growth:for rapid industrial growth:

1.Abundance of cheap natural resources1.Abundance of cheap natural resources2.Large pools of labor2.Large pools of labor3.Largest domestic market in the world3.Largest domestic market in the world4.Capital, government support without 4.Capital, government support without

regulationregulation5.Rapid growth 1865-19145.Rapid growth 1865-1914

An Empire on RailsAn Empire on Rails

U.S. industrial economy based on U.S. industrial economy based on expansion of the railroadsexpansion of the railroads

Steamships made Atlantic crossings twice Steamships made Atlantic crossings twice as fastas fast

The telegraph and telephone transformed The telegraph and telephone transformed communicationscommunications

The RRs …The RRs …

transform American lifetransform American lifeend rural isolationend rural isolationmake mass production, consumption make mass production, consumption

possiblepossible lead to organization of modern corporation lead to organization of modern corporation

Building the EmpireBuilding the Empire

1865-1916--U.S. lays over 200,000 miles 1865-1916--U.S. lays over 200,000 miles of track costing billions of dollarsof track costing billions of dollars

Expenses met by government at all levelsExpenses met by government at all levels Federal railroad grants prompt corruptionFederal railroad grants prompt corruption

Federal Land Grants to Railroads Federal Land Grants to Railroads as of 1871as of 1871

Railroad Construction, 1830-1920Railroad Construction, 1830-1920

Linking the Nation Linking the Nation via Trunk Linesvia Trunk Lines

No integrated rail system before Civil War No integrated rail system before Civil War After 1860 construction and consolidation of After 1860 construction and consolidation of

trunk lines proceeds rapidly trunk lines proceeds rapidly Rail transportation becomes safe, fast, Rail transportation becomes safe, fast,

reliablereliable

An Industrial EmpireAn Industrial Empire

Bessemer process (first inexpensive Bessemer process (first inexpensive industrial process for mass-production of for mass-production of steel from molten iron) of refining steel from molten iron) of refining steel permits mass production permits mass production

Use of steel changes agriculture, Use of steel changes agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, architecturemanufacturing, transportation, architecture

The Business of InventionThe Business of Invention

Late 19th-century: an Age of InventionLate 19th-century: an Age of Invention telegraph, camera, processed foods, telegraph, camera, processed foods,

telephone, phonograph, incandescent lamptelephone, phonograph, incandescent lamp

The SellersThe Sellers

Advertising becomes commonAdvertising becomes common New ways of selling include chain store, New ways of selling include chain store,

department store, brand name, mail-order department store, brand name, mail-order Americans become a community of Americans become a community of

consumersconsumers

The Wage EarnersThe Wage Earners

The labor of millions of men and women The labor of millions of men and women built the new built the new industrial society industrial society (?)(?)

1875-1900 real wages rose, working 1875-1900 real wages rose, working conditions improved, and workers’ conditions improved, and workers’ national influence increasednational influence increased

Health and educational services Health and educational services expanded benefiting workersexpanded benefiting workers

Working Men, Working Women, Working Men, Working Women, Working Children (1/4)Working Children (1/4)

Chronically low wagesChronically low wages average wages $400-500 per yearaverage wages $400-500 per year salary required for decent living $600 per yearsalary required for decent living $600 per year

Working Men, Working Women, Working Men, Working Women, Working Children (2/4)Working Children (2/4)

Composition of the labor force by 1900Composition of the labor force by 1900 20% women 20% women 10% of girls employed, 20% of boys 10% of girls employed, 20% of boys

Working childrenWorking children ““child labor” means under 14child labor” means under 14 all children poorly paidall children poorly paid girls receive much lower wage than boysgirls receive much lower wage than boys

Working Men, Working Women, Working Men, Working Women, Working Children (3/4)Working Children (3/4)

Working women’s characteristicsWorking women’s characteristics most young and singlemost young and single 25% of married African American women work in 25% of married African American women work in

19001900

Working women’s jobsWorking women’s jobs many move into clerical positionsmany move into clerical positions a few occupy professional positionsa few occupy professional positions

Working women’s earnings unequal to men’sWorking women’s earnings unequal to men’s

Working Men, Working Women, Working Men, Working Women, Working Children (4/4)Working Children (4/4)

Discriminatory wage structureDiscriminatory wage structure adults earn more than childrenadults earn more than children men earn nearly twice as much as womenmen earn nearly twice as much as women whites earn more than blacks or Asianswhites earn more than blacks or Asians Protestants earn more than Catholics or JewsProtestants earn more than Catholics or Jews black workers earn less at every level and skillblack workers earn less at every level and skill

Chinese suffer periodic discriminationChinese suffer periodic discrimination 1879—California constitution forbids corporations to 1879—California constitution forbids corporations to

hire Chinesehire Chinese 1882—Federal Chinese Exclusion Act prohibits 1882—Federal Chinese Exclusion Act prohibits

Chinese immigration for 10 yearsChinese immigration for 10 years

Culture of WorkCulture of Work

Factory work habits demand adjustments Factory work habits demand adjustments for immigrants, rural folk for immigrants, rural folk

Many adjust well enough to advanceMany adjust well enough to advance Many more see children advance to better Many more see children advance to better

jobsjobs

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

Early labor unions like fraternal ordersEarly labor unions like fraternal orders 1886--Samuel Gompers founds American 1886--Samuel Gompers founds American

Federation of Labor (A.F.L.)Federation of Labor (A.F.L.) A.F.L. seeks practical improvements for A.F.L. seeks practical improvements for

wages, working conditionswages, working conditions focus on skilled workersfocus on skilled workers ignores women, African Americansignores women, African Americans

Labor UnrestLabor Unrest

Crossed purposesCrossed purposesemployees seek to humanize the factory employees seek to humanize the factory employers try to apply strict lawsemployers try to apply strict laws

An era of strikesAn era of strikes1877--rail strikes nearly shut down system1877--rail strikes nearly shut down system1880-1900--23,000 strikes1880-1900--23,000 strikes

1886--Chicago Haymarket incident 1886--Chicago Haymarket incident prompts fears of anarchist uprisingprompts fears of anarchist uprising

The Haymarket Incident The Haymarket Incident

The The Haymarket affairHaymarket affair was a demonstration that took was a demonstration that took place on May 4, 1886, in Chicago. It began as a rally in place on May 4, 1886, in Chicago. It began as a rally in support of striking workers. An unknown person threw a support of striking workers. An unknown person threw a bomb at the police. Gunfire followed, resulting in the bomb at the police. Gunfire followed, resulting in the deaths of eight police officers and an unknown number deaths of eight police officers and an unknown number of civilians. of civilians.

Industrialization’s Benefits and CostsIndustrialization’s Benefits and Costs

Benefits of rapid industrializationBenefits of rapid industrialization rise in national power and wealth rise in national power and wealth improving standard of livingimproving standard of living

Human cost of industrializationHuman cost of industrializationexploitationexploitationsocial unrestsocial unrestgrowing disparity between rich and poorgrowing disparity between rich and poor increasing power of giant corporationsincreasing power of giant corporations