the influence of livestock products (lp) on nutrition during the first 1000 days
TRANSCRIPT
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The influence of livestock products (LP) on nutrition during the first 1000 days
Delia Grace, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Silvia Alonso, Mats Lannerstad, Mishal Khan
One Health Colloquium: Sustainable livestock and disease control - exploring the links to climate change, improving human nutrition and
the refugee crisis, London, 31 May – 1 June 2016
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Overview
• Why livestock products (LP) and the first 1000 days?• LP and nutrition: biology• LP and nutrition: current importance• Empirical evidence on LP and livestock interventions • LP risk: foodborne disease• LP constraints: environmental impacts• Study conclusions • Reflections for future research & policy agenda
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Why livestock products and the first 1,000 days?
• Stunting - a grave and persistent problem• First 1,000 days key to growth & cognitive
development• Many attempts to address systemically
• Nutrition specific • Nutrition sensitive
• Livestock products (LP) • High potential• High risk
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LP and nutrition: biology
LP nutritional benefits• Preferred, palatable• Nutritionally dense• Nutritionally rich: high biological
value protein, vitamins, minerals
LP nutritional risks• Associated with excessive calorie and
excessive animal fat consumption• Associated with non communicable
disease
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The double burden: hunger & obesity
• 2.1 billion people are overweight or obese
• Two thirds of obese people live in poor countries
• No country has had significant decreases in obesity in the last 33 years
Underweight females Overweight females
Ethiopia
Nigeria
South Africa
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Interactions are complex
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Overview
• LP and nutrition in the first 1000 days: biology• LP and nutrition: current role• Empirical evidence on LP • LP risk: Foodborne disease• LP constraints: Environmental impacts• Conclusions
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LP a minor part of developing country diets
Africa
Southern Asia
South east Asia
China
Europe
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
LivestockFish CerealsPulsesTree nutsVegetablesFruitsOilsStarch rootsSugars
Food types (gram per capita per day)
Europeans eats five times as much LP as Africans
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But LP an important source of protein in developing country diets
Africa
Southern Asia
South east Asia
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LivestockAquaticPulsescereals
Protein (grams per capita per day)
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And LP the major source of high quality protein
Africa
Southern Asia
South east Asia
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
LivestockAquaticPulses
Protein (grams per capita per day)
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Livestock trending up, fish slower, pulses down
19611964
19671970
19731976
19791982
19851988
19911994
19972000
20032006
20090
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
LivestockAquaticPulses
Prot
ein
(gra
ms p
er ca
pita
per
day
)
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Drivers of LP consumption trending up
19811990
19962002
20082011
201550
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Not extremely poor (%)
Retail price for meat in China vs GDP Retail
price meatGDP
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,0000
102030405060708090
100
GDP in $ 2012
Mea
t con
sum
ption
kg
per
capi
ta p
er y
ear
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Infants 0-6 months: too much LP!Recommended level = 0
Dairy Meat, fish, poultry
Eggs Dairy Meat, fish, poultry
Eggs Dairy Meat, fish, poultry
Eggs
Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia South East Asia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35Infants (%) fed LP in last 24
hours
DHS surveys
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Infants 6-18 months: not enough LP!Recommended level = 100%
DHS surveys
Infants (%) fed LP in last 24 hours
Dairy Meat, fish,
poultry
Eggs Dairy Meat, fish,
poultry
Eggs Dairy Meat, fish,
poultry
Eggs
Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia South East Asia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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Overview
• LP and nutrition in the first 1000 days: biology• LP and nutrition: current role• Empirical evidence on LP • LP risk: Foodborne disease• LP constraints: Environmental impacts• Conclusions
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Systematic literature review
Research question: Do interventions that increase consumption of livestock-derived foods (meat and derived products, milk and dairy products and eggs) during the first 1000 days (children 0-2 years or pregnant and lactating women) improve nutrition outcomes in LMIC
• Eligibility criteria for literature search• Interventions during the first 1,000 days with LP supplementation and a
control group • South and Southeast Asian and African countries• Non fortified, non-mixed LP interventions
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PRISMA Flow chart for paper selection (SR)
1679 records identified through databaseafter removal of duplicates
PubMed, CabDirect, Cochrane libraries
ABSTRACTIDENTIFICATION
SCREENING
68 abstracts identified for considerationDouble blind screening
of abstracts (4 reviewers)
47 Full text articles obtained to assess eligibility
37 excluded for not meeting eligibility
criteria
PAPER OBTENTION
INCLUSION/DATA EXTRACTION Double data extraction
(4 reviewers)Ongoing process
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Narrative literature review
Research question: Do livestock interventions improve nutrition in the first 1,000 days?
• Eligibility criteria for literature search• Type of articles: reviews (systematic, scoping, narrative,….), including
interventions with nutrition outcomes during the first 1,000 days• In South and Southeast Asian and African countries since 2005
• Search in PubMed and CabDirect library databases. • 268 titles/abstracts identified in the search • Double blind screening of titles/abstracts finalised (2 reviewers): 15
documents for assessment
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Initial results
• Lack of experimental evidence (trials) on the nutritional impact of LP consumption in LMIC, and particularly during the first 1,000 days
• Some specific studies are being conducted at present e.g. a multicentre study on meat consumption that might provide interesting results from toddlers
• The impact on nutrition of agriculture (livestock) interventions and the relevant impact pathways are still poorly understood, mostly due to the lack of evidence from specifically, well-designed projects.
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Overview
• LP and nutrition in the first 1000 days: biology• LP and nutrition: current role• Empirical evidence on LP • LP risk: Foodborne disease• LP constraints: Environmental impacts• Conclusions
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Causes of foodborne disease
Microbes Helminths Aflatoxins Other toxins0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
Burden in developing countries in DALYs per year
zoonosesnon zoonoses
Havelaar et al., 2015
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Foodborne disease and the first 1,000 days
Havelaar et al., 2015
Bact
eria
Para
site
Viru
s
Aflat
oxin
Prot
ozoa
Chem
ical
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Older (>5 yrs)Infants (<5 years)
Heal
th b
urde
n (D
ALY
S m
illio
n pe
r yea
r)
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LP most often implicated in FBD
UK
Netherlands
India
Vietnam
USA
China
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Animal source foodProduceOther
Foods causing illnesses
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LP, safety and nutrition in the first 1,000 days
• Diarrhoea a risk factor for stunting – perhaps 10-20%?• Ingestion of faecal material on food or in the environment may
contribute to environmental enteropathy leading to stunting• Associations between aflatoxins and stunting• Regulations aimed to improve food safety may decrease the
availability and accessibility of foods for infants• Food scares decrease consumption for all
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Overview
• LP and nutrition in the first 1000 days: biology• LP and nutrition: current role• Empirical evidence on LP • LP risk: Foodborne disease• LP constraints: Environmental impacts• Conclusions
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Meat higher environmental cost than pulses; chicken lower or comparable
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Difficulty
Job loss
More GHG
Worse animal welfare
Pandemics
NCD
More in-tensive
Beef free
No LP
Comprehensive sustainability
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Meeting infants needs for protein is compatible with large reductions in LP
If infants (6-24 months) got all their protein needs from meat they would need just 0.6% of the world’s meat production each year; if from milk
they would need 3% of the world’s production
Meat Milk Eggs0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Infants needWorld produces
Wor
ld p
rodu
ction
(%)
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‘Goldilocks solution’
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Conclusions
·LP have an important role in nutrition but are under-evidenced – “livestock chill”
·Drivers of LP consumption more powerful than drivers of LP restriction
·Infants are eating too much and too little LP
·FBD has a health burden equivalent to malaria, HIV/AIDs or TB: infants are worst affected
·FBD harms nutrition through direct (disease) and indirect (disease control) pathways
·Meat has a higher environmental cost than pulses; poultry is lower or comparable
·Sustainability depends on product and scope
· When making policy for diets, first 1000 days should be privileged
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Future research and policy agenda
• Livestock inherently complex and contradictory – assessment and interventions require sophisticated multi-sectoral approaches that are rarely available
• People reliably consume more LP when available and affordable: reducing and shifting consumption more challenging
• Nutrition-specific, and agriculture for nutrition interventions have successes but limitations. Focus shifting to livestock value chains and market-driven approaches
• Women manage 1,000 day consumption but gender has yet to be harnessed as a transformative force
• Overcoming externalities and negative perceptions can unleash the nutritional power of livestock products
• Many studies but little evidence: need to invest in high quality research to answer important questions
• Ask the audience?
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