CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONI.1 The Background of the Study.Thegloryof Nazi regimeinits erainfluencedthegrowthof newfascistmovementin somebigcountries such asGermany, Britainandevenin the UnitedStates of America. The term NeoNazi began widely !nown in United States after theBritish S!inhead movement s"read overseas. The term NeoNazi means as the newform of fascism. As it e#"lained in $i!i"edia% &the term of NeoNazism is used torefer to any social or "olitical movement see!ing to revive Nazism or a racist form offascism, and which "ostdated the Second $orld $ar '$i!i"edia% ())*+.NeoNazi movement ado"ted the e#act idea with an allegiance to Adolf ,itler.The insignia of Nazi Germany e#treme lac! of tolerance features of s"ecificGermany-sThird Reich1, Anti Semitism(, racismand #eno"hobia beside otherelements such as nationalism, militarism and homo"hobia. These grou"s above oftendrewmembershi"of "eo"lewhoblamedthemas society-s"roblem, suchas the. Third /eich is the named that ,itler gave to the Nazi regime in Germany between .011 and .0*2.(AntiSemitismis"olitical, social, andeconomicagitationandactivitiesdirectedagainst 3ews. Theterm is now used to denote s"eech and behavior that is derogatory to "eo"le of 3ewish origin, whetheror not they are religious..disintegrationofnational unityandcultureandmulticultural frictiononnonwhiteimmigrant and 3ewish world cons"iracy1.4ntheUnitedStates, in.00)s, theNeoNazi becamewell organized. Theirmembers were usually youth "eo"le that can easily identified by the style and theirtattoos, which indicated their hatred to other races. 4n .00)s, the American NeoNazibegantodisturbAmericansociety. Theyattac!edthe immigrants andnonwhite"eo"le.4nitsmovement, NeoNazi broughtitsownfeaturesthattheyusedastheirown identity, li!e the style of the head, clothes, taste and !ind of music. Then, thosefeatures influenced some of American youth. 4n another case, it became a trend.5rom the e#"lanation above, the writer is interested in studying the influenceof NeoNazi movement to youth life. That is why the writer writes her thesis entitle%The 4nfluence of NeoNazi 6ovement to American 7outh life in .00)s.I. The Ident!f!cat!on of the Pro"#e$.13ewish $orld 8ons"iracy state that the 3ews will concord the world, its declare in the &9rotocols of:lders of ;ion(% (*+. Byusing the =ualitative method, the data that the writer collects is in the form of words or"icturesratherthannumbers. 6oreover, theresult ofthestudycontains=uotationfrom data to illustrate and substantiate the "resentation 'Bogdan, .0>(% (>+. The samestatement also mentioned in Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif: dari pengertiansampai penulisan laporan written by C/. Afrizal, 6A '())2% .*+%&6etode"enelitian!ualitatif di!ata!ansebuahmetode "enelitian dengan data yang di!um"ul!an beru"a!ata!ata, gambar dan bu!an ang!aang!a,.< 'Bualitative research method is a research methodwherethedatathat collectsisintheformofwordsor"ictures rather than numbers...+C/.Afrizal 6A alsostatedthat byusingthe=ualitativemethod, wecouldeasilyanalyze condition, event, character andrelationshi"amongthembyusinglibrary research. '())2%(>+*4n "resenting the analysis, the writer uses the descri"tive methods, attem"t to"resent the "henomena in detail and hel" the writer to analyze the "roblem obAectivelybased on the data and information from the sources. CHAPTER IIRE,IE- O. RE)ATED STUDIES.1 Re'!e/0 on Re#ated Stud!e0.24n doing this thesis, the writer also analyze wor! and studies that to NeoNazi.The first is a Aournal from one of 8zech /e"ublic News"a"er , DThe New 9resence-entitled%TheEvolutionof Neo-Nais inthe!echRepu"lic#, writtenby8yrus9hilbric! and 3essica $a!eman that e#"lains the history and the characteristic of NeoNazi in 8zech /e"ublic. This Aournal also and analyze the NeoNazi loyalty and whyit occurs in 8zech /e"ublic. 4n this Aournal, the writers also mention about how "olicein8zech/e"ublichandlethesegrou"andwhat "eo"leshoulddoto"revent thisgrou"s. This Aournal will also hel" the writer in her analysis ' 9hilbric!% ())*+.The second is a "a"er in D9atterns of 9reAudice 6agazine, Eol. 1>, No. .,by5abian Eirchow, a sociologist at the 5achhochscule Fiel,lecturing the far right,itsideology, recruitment strategies and organizational develo"ment, entitledThe$roupusculariation of Neo-Naismin $erman%: the case of the &'itons"(roNorddeutschland'Eirchow% ())*+.4n this "a"er analyzes the develo"ment,organization structure and movement of German NeoNazi from its emerge in the eraof"ost$orld$ar44.This"a"erfocusonanalyzingoneofthebiggest NeoNaziorganization in Germany. This organization was motored by A!itonsbGroNorddeutschland. This "a"er consists manyinformationthat later neededbythewriter.The third is a Aournalby Cavid 6ichaels, entitled Neo-Nai Terrorism) in thisAournal he gives us some !ind of re"orts about some violence incidents that caused byHthe NeoNazi that ha""ened in British, Germany and America. 4n this Aournal he alsoe#"lained far right movement li!e NeoNazi has turn into terrorism that caused manyviolence incidents. This Aournal e#"lains how the organization li!e NeoNazimovement had s"read in many big counties all over the world. This Aournal also hel"sthewriter toseehowtheNeoNazi movement contributes violencetoAmericansociety.The fourth is a "a"er by :ric Ilsen, entitled *+hite Po,er* music targets teen'Ilsen% ())2+.4n this "a"er, Ilsen e#"lains about the NeoNazi music and how themusicbecamewidelys"readandgainedattentionofyouth"eo"lein AmericaandGermany. 4n this "a"er, Ilsen e#"lains that there has been music for racists since theeighteenthcentury. The/acist musicconsistsofracist lyricsthat admit thewhitesu"remacyandunderestimatecolored"eo"le. Ilsenalsolearnedabout anu"andcoming leader of neoNazi music and recording com"any to record and labeled theNeoNazi music. This "a"er will hel"the writer to e#"lain that NeoNazi alsoinfluence American youth music. The last is a boo! by ,arun 7ahya *, entitled%Men%ing'ap Ta"ir -asisme. 4nthis boo!, 7ahyae#"lainabout thebac!groundof thereoccur of fascismin()th8entury that became the maAor cause of racism in many countries including America.The NeoNazi as one of the e#am"le of American racism became the maAor focus in* ,arun 7ahya is a famous 6oslem researcher that research world "henomena with science and Foran.?this boo!. This boo! discusses about the reoccurance of fascism and its dangers to theworld. 5irstly, how racism still e#ists in :uro"e, and then focus on the develo"ment ofNeoNazi organizations. 5inally, the identification of the ideology behind this"henomenon and the hidden agenda in the rising of racism.Thisboo!describesthedevelo"ment ofNeoNazi, sinceit e#isteduntil itbecomes well organize in .00)s. This boo! also gives com"lete information about theincident that caused by the NeoNazi and the activities of NeoNazi-s organization.Unli!e with the writer thesis, this boo! sees the "roblem in religion "ers"ective.. Re'!e/0 on Re#ated Theory.4nanalyzingthisthesis, thewriter usesthe"ers"ectiveofcultural studies.According to S. ,all in hisboo! The+or' ofRepresentation% culturalstudiesis adiscursive formation means a formation of ideas, images and "ractices which include>thewaytotal!about, theformofbehaviorand!nowledgethat associatedwithato"ic, social activity or certain institutional area of society. ',all% .00?% >*+.Cealing with the to"ic, of the influence of NeoNazi movement, the writer willsee the idea of NeoNazi and com"are it with the original Nazi-s ideology and howthis NeoNazi-s !nowledge and behavior develo" in "articular society, that the writermention here is the American youth.4n order to conduct this thesis, the writer uses the Subculture theory, stated by9rof. 6. Bra!e. The subculture theory is a systematic way to analyze gang, grou" orsubculture activity and behavior 'Thrasher% .0(?% *H+. 4n this case, subculture meansas the distinctive culture within a culture, so its norm and values differ from maAorityculture but not necessarily re"resent a culture deemed deviant by the maAority'$i!i"edia% ())*+. So, the NeoNazi movement is an e#am"le of a grou" movementthat develo"ed became one of American youth subculture where the NeoNazidevelo"s their own music, style and activity that "articular with youth, as it stated by8hris Bar!er in his boo! &8ultural Studies% Teori dan 9ra!ti! '()))% *1(+%&Sub!ultursub!ultur ana! muda diciri!an dengan"er!embangan gayagaya tertentu. Ci sini terAadi"engorganisasian a!tif berbagai benda dengan a!tifitas dansi!a"si!a" melalui caracara ber"a!aian, musi!, ritual danAargonJ semboyan.< '7outh subcultures are characterized by thedevelo"ment of some s"ecific styles.4n this case, there is an0active organizing over activities and attitudes through way ofdress, music, ritual and Aargon.+ According to 9rof. 6. Bra!e, the Subculture Theory state that% &a subculturee#istedwherethereissomeformoforganizedrecognizedconstellationofvalues,behavior andactionwhichisres"ondedtoasdifferingfromthe"revailingset ofnorms., German defeated bythe Alliance 'American, British and /ussia+ and forced to sign the &EersaillesTreatment22+. 4n his boo!, Mein Kampf14, ,itler describes racial"urity as an Diron law of Nature- where the Nazi believed that biological "urity is the!ey toracialgreatnessand fear ofintermarriage would"ollutethe"ure racetheirNation ',itler% .0?1+. Ither similarities state that NeoNazism also ,owever, among those similarities there are also some differences that statethe line between them. The NeoNazis concern were mostly about the immigration ontheir country that later caused unem"loyment. The NeoNazi do not have the highly"riority of Nationalism.Beside that the bac!ground of German Nazi and AmericanNeoNazi emerge are different. ,istorically, theNeoNazi emergedin Americain.02)Ns, whileracismstillbecame the unsolved "roblem in America and the world was still coming to terms withthe,olocaust andfighting8old$ar 8ommunism. At that time, GeorgeMincoln/oc!well, born 6arch 0, .0.> in Bloomington, 4llinois, formed American Nazi 9arty'AN9+. ,e brought the ideas of white male racial su"eriority and the im"lied right to"ower over all othersideas and their underlying rationale were the basis of ,itlerNs.) 6ein Fam"f is ,itler famous boo!, he used it as the bible of Nazi- fascism that contained many ofhis basic ideas. ,itler believed that history was the record of struggles among races. ,e held that thesu"erior Aryan race, centered in Germany, would be the final victor and would rule the world..HNational Socialism'Nazi+. GeorgeMincoln/oc!well combineNazi ideologywith8hristian thought where one of the foundational beliefs of 8hristianity is that 3ews arethe Lseeds of Satan,L and cons"ired to eradicate LGodNs chosen "eo"le,L the Aryans.8hristian 4dentity holds that one of the historically recent means that 3ews did this hasbeen by "er"etrating the lie of the ,olocaust 'Schamalz% .000% *>+. 5rom the late .02)Ns until .0H?, /oc!well became the seminal force of "ost$orld$ar 44 National Socialism'Nazism+ inAmerica andtheoriginator of theL,olocaust CenialL movement.4n .0H?, /oc!well was assassinated by a disgruntled"artymember inthe "ar!inglot of the local Maundromat.This movement laterins"ired the growing of various NeoNazi organizations in America li!e% the NationalSocialist $hite 9eo"leNs 9arty'NS$99+,Aryan Nations,Aryan Brotherhood,NationalAllianceNational Socialist 6ovement 'NS6>>+,$hite Aryan/esistanceand many others 'Schamalz% .000% H*+.Mater on.0>)s, NaziS!inhead a""eared onthe streets of America. Thismovementoriginally from the United Fingdom, which is the revival of the s!inheadsubculture.., which had originally died out in .0?(, came as a sort of bac!lash againstthecommercializationof"un!.('6arshall% ())2%H*+. TheNaziS!inheadinvested..S!inhead subculture is one of a grou" of young white men with closelycro""ed or shaven hair,characterized by e#treme rightwing views and aggressive behavior..(9un!s are youthmovement of the late .0?)s, characterizedbyloudaggressive roc!music,confrontational attitudes, body "iercing, and unconventional hairstyles, ma!eu", and clothing .?their music, style, andculturetoAmericanyouthandothers AmericanNeoNaziorganizations. As the result of this, the mainstream media started to label the wholes!inhead style as the NeoNazi. 4n late .0>)s, the NeoNazi grou" and organizationhas become well organized and res"onsible for many violence actions.1ource: Klan,acth) the Nation Magaine) Page 56-147. 8ul% 19th 36:rd) 1;;4.The "icture above is "roduce bythe Flanwatch 9roAect of the Southern9overty Maw 8enter 'S. 9. M. 8+ in 6ontgomery, Alabama.The Flanwatch 9roAectdiscovered that the NeoNazi grou"s have s"read and the number of the members haveincreasinglyover years andhavereachhugenumbers about .).)))u"to().))).>members all over America, beside that the NeoNazi grou"s has had their own recordcom"any, TEshows, wee!lymagazineandofficial sitetohel"thems"readtheir"ro"aganda. 6oreover, the "icture above shows the s"reading of the NeoNazi grou"sand other white su"remacist grou"s that also have same goal, share same ideas andcoo"erate with the NeoNazi grou"s. Those grou"s are%Flu Flu# Flan.1, this grou"has been &Nazified< which means that they began have same goals, share same ideasand mutually coo"erate each others. 9osse 8omitatus, a decentralized,antistate andlargely rural movement which also a""ears as American 5reemen Associations, whoseadherents believe that all government shouldbe rootedat thecountrylevel andcoo"eratedwithanyhigher authorityis wrong. The8hristian4dentitymovementwhich is an Aryan religious denomination descended which holds that &chosen"eo"le< of the Bible are white AngloSa#on, that 3ews are descended from Satan andthat all nonwhite are &"reAdamic< or lower s"ecies thanwhite. The 8hristian4dentity movement is also !nown as the religious movement that oftenindistinguishable from a "olitical one..1 Flu Flu# Flan is a secret terrorist organization that originated in the Southern states during the "eriodof /econstruction following the American 8ivil $ar '.>H..>H2+ and was reactivated on a wider geogra"hic basis in the ()th century..0CHAPTER (ANA)3SIS.(. 1.The Background of Neo1Na4! E$erge !n A$er!ca.According to the writer "ers"ective and analysis, the bac!grounds of the NeoNazi emerge in America defied into two maAor causes. The first is American racismthat has been conserved in American life until now. The second is American liberalismfor every citizen to form any organization that they thin! as their way of life. As we !now, the NeoNazis ho"e to build a global movement, and rely on thiscentral element of racism to create a doctrine of white su"remacy for all over "laceswithsubstantial "o"ulationsofwhite"eo"leli!eUnitedStates.$hilein America,racism began since the early colonial time, when the African Blac! "eo"le forcedlybrought to America to become slave. After the abolishment of slavery in .>H), theunsatisfaction of white "eo"le that refused to life side by side with the Blac!American made them still have to life in racism. 4n .0H)s, the 8ivil /ight 6ovementera was the conse=uences of the segregation "olicy, 3im 8row System, to se"arate theblac! and white "eo"le in every of life and to achieve su"remacy over blac!s. This()"olicy made blac!, as the secondclass citizens, cannot share school, restaurant, seat inthe bus or others "ublic facilities in America, mostly southern America. :ven the 8ivil/ight 6ovement had ended with the abolishment of 3im 8row "olicy, Blac!s right forvote and e=ual right for Blac!s, racism until now still e#ists in United States ':ncarta%())2+.Actually, racism began from the religion conflict where the 8hristian beliefsstate that the 3ews are res"onsible to the cruelest sin on earth, and later the conce"t ofslaverydetermineblac!"eo"leintothesecondrace'5redric!son% ())1% H?+. Theconce"t of racism where the sinful 3ews and the Blac! as the second race cannot liveside by side with the $hite as the su"erior race ado"ted by the NeoNazism. 4n the eraof NeoNazi emerging, the American "eo"le were still faced on racism conflict and theconce"t that brought by the NeoNazi was suitable for some white American "eo"leand made them easy to acce"t NeoNazi. The American liberalism and freedom of s"eech also another factor of NeoNazi emerges in United State. The American society had live in conce"t of democracysince their inde"endent on 3uly *, .??H. 4n America and other counties, democracy is"olitical system in which the "eo"le of a country rule through any form of governmenttheychoose to establish '8incotta% .02)% ##+. 4nmodern democracies, su"remeauthority is e#ercised for the most "art by re"resentatives elected by "o"ular suffrage.Cemocracyallowed "eo"le to have freedomtos"ea! or tocreate any!indof(.organization. 4n America, thisconce"t !nownas!ivil li"ertiesisusedtorefertoguarantees of freedom of s"eech, "ress, or religionK to due "rocess of lawK and to otherlimitations on the "ower of the state to restrain or dictate the actions of individuals':ncarta% ())H+. This conce"t of liberty and freedom of s"eech seem to overla""ingand interacting for some of American citizen. 6oreover li!e it had been discuss in "revious cha"ter, the NeoNazi had gainhuge number of member on its organization and had also develo" official netsites,magazine, TEshows, etcthat caneasilyconsumebythe"ublic. AndbecauseofAmerican conce"t of liberty some of those "rograms that NeoNazi used to s"readtheir movement became legal 'Nation 6agazine% Manger% >(% .00)+.(. . The Inf#uence of Neo1Na4! +o'e$ent to A$er!can 3outh !n 15560.Since one definition of subculture is% Lsubcultures are meaning systems, modesof e#"ression or life styles develo"ed by grou"s in subordinate structural "ositions inres"onsetodominant meaningsystems, andwhichreflect their attem"t tosolvestructuralcontradictions rising fromthewidersocietalconte#tL 'Bra!e%())2+. Thewriter sees the NeoNazi subculture also create modes of e#"ression or life styles giveinfluencethe Americanyouthsociety.Theseinfluenceswerein, therisingofnewstyle, the emerging of hate music and the formation of violence behavior which finally((result a newideologyfor the American youth thatwastheNeoNazism. 6oreoverthere were cause and effect relationshi" between the changes of American youth andthe develo"ment of the NeoNazi in .00)s.(. . 1. The R!0!ng of ne/ 0ty#e.9eo"le-s"ersonalities canreflect fromtheir a""earanceof fashion. :ach"erson has their own characteristics in the fashion to symbolize who they are. NeoNazi subculture has its own style to identified them among others grou" or gang. Themost significant style of the NeoNazis is baldhead. Beside that the NeoNazis hastheir own style in clothing which mostly influence by the British S!inhead '6arshall%())2% 1?+. Those styles are%brandedbuttonu" or "olo shirts, tailored suits to eventssuchassoul dancesors!aconcerts, favourtonicsuits'also!nownasshar!s!insuits+, sonamedfortheshinymaterial, 6A.ty"e5light 3ac!ets'"o"ularbrandsinclude$arrior andAl"ha+ inblac!or sagegreenK bluedenimAac!ets 'Mevi or$rangler+K,arrington Aac!etsK 6on!ey Aac!etsK8rombiestyle overcoatsK shee"s!in1J*lengthcoatsKCon!eyAac!ets, 6en%BlueMeviNsor$ranglerAeans, straightlegwith rolled cuffs 'turnu"s+ to show off the boots, often with the seam cut off and sewnto give a neater, flatter turnu", and L"ro"erlyL fittedK Sta9rest flatfronted slac!s andother trousersK bleachers 'Aeans s"lattered with household bleach to resemble(1camouflagetrousers+, andthemost im"ortant isBoots, originallyregular armyorwor!boots, and also Trilby hatsK "or! "ie hatsK scally ca"s,Lflat ca"sL or a driverNs ca"s'$i!i"edia% ())H+.This style seems not related to their ideology or activity. This style is one ofBritishs!inheadinfluencetoNeoNazi, that laterfoundthat in Americathisstylebelong or identified a NeoNazi. (. . . The E$erge of Hate $u0!c. Alongwiththedevelo"ment ofNeoNazi movement, the,atemusichasbeen instrumental in the formation of the NeoNazi subculture. The ,ate music gavethe maAor contributiontoinfluence andtoattractthe Americanyouthintotheirmovement.Aswe!now,most oftheyoung"eo"lehadgreat attractiontomusic,moreover the NeoNazi used the ,ate music to gain and maintain their membershi".Additionally, hate music also has become an im"ortant source of income for the NeoNazis. 6ostly, they receive a substantial amount or even a maAority of their fundingfrom distributing hate music, "romoting hate music concerts, and selling accessoriesand clothing. Significant "ortions of these materials distributed in :uro"e, even incountries where they may be illegal.(*Iriginally, the ,ate music came from the British S!inhead grou" where aBritish singer 4an Stuart Conaldson transformed himself and his band,1're,driver,into e#"licit"romotersof racismand whitesu"remacyandlater !now asthe,atemusic. This music ra"idly began increased its hold among young racists around theworld. $hen 4an Stuart Conaldson died in an auto accident in .001, he became anicon of ,ate music in both British and America. The 9un! /oc!, street "un!, garage roc!, roc!abilly, and "sychedelic roc!mostly affected the genre of this music '$i!i"edia% ())H+. ,ate music fans refer theirmusic in different ways. They differentiated hate music into many subgenres that laterinfluence and blend into each other, and change over time. There areK Rac!0t O! is anoffshoot of "un! music that originated in the .0?)s and became heavily associatedwiththeemergingNeoNazi subculture'6arshall% .>*+.Hatecoreisessentiallyaracist version of hardcore "un!, a musical subgenre that emerged in the U.S in theearly .0>)s.Some hardcore "un! musicians later merged the hate music with heavymetal music to create thrash or s"eed metal.Nat!ona# Soc!a#!0t B#ack +eta# +u0!c7NSB+89 A racist version of blac! 'or death+ metal music,itself descending fromheavymetal andhardcore"un!.Nat!ona#!0t .o#k+u0!c9Sometimes !nownasfol!ish music or national socialist fol! music, this term refers to songs and music thathear!en bac! to a mythical, often Aryan, Germanic, or otherwise nationalistic "ast.4nsuch music, racism is often im"lied rather than e#"licit, which is one reason why it is(2more "o"ular in some :uro"ean countries such as Germany, where e#"licitly whitesu"remacist lyrics may be illegal.4n .00)s, many of ,ate music bands have e#isted, such as 3ew Slaughter'Iregon+,Angry Aryans 'Cetroit+,6a#/esist,Aggressive 5orce'8alifornia+,6a#/esist, Aggressive 5orce '8alifornia+ and many others. Beside that, the labeling andrecord com"anies also ta!e "art in the develo"ment of ,ate music in America. Thoselabelingandrecordcom"anies are%ResistanceRecords, Thefirst trulysignificantracist music distributor to arise in the U.S, founded in .001, based in 6ichigan andsold as many as 2),))) 8Cs a yearK Panerfaust Records, started in .00> by Anthony9ier"ont and former /esistance em"loyee :ric Cavidson, the com"any has strong tiesto American NeoNazi. 9anzerfaust created s"ecial com"ilation 8C of ,ate music thattheyofferedfor salefor Aust "ennies, intendingthat NeoNazis wouldbuylargenumbersofthe8Canddistributethemtochildrenat schools, concerts, andothervenues 'htt"%JJwww.adl.org+5or the American youth, music is the most im"ortant as"ect of their livesand the most "henomenal media to e#"ress youth feeling, thoughts and idea. Sincethe genre of ,ate music is related to "un!, roc! and hard core which are li!ed by theyouth mostly in .00)s, the ,ate music became easily acce"ted by the American youth.(H(. . %. The .or$at!on of '!o#ence "eha'!or.The violence behavior or !nownasAnarchists believe that the highestattainment of humanity is the freedom of individuals to e#"ress them, unhindered byany form of re"ression or control from without ':ncarta ())H+. 5acts state that sinceits e#istence the NeoNazi had been res"onsible for many violence action toward theblac!s, 3ews and others nonwhite immigrants in America.5or e#am"le li!eCavid6ichaelsmentionedin his"a"erentitledNeo-NaiTerrorism)thatinthis "a"er hegive li!e a re"ort about some violence incidents by the NeoNazi%&P.three bombs e#"loded in s"ring .000, targeting theca"ital-s blac!, Asian and gay communities, the threat of neoNazi terrorism finally seemed to have become a reality. P.5arfrombeing a loner as he was initially "ortrayed, Cavid8o"elandissim"lyanother demonstrationof thedirect linebetweentheincitementfilled, hatedrivenideology ofthefarright, andthe!indofmurderousviolenceseeninlastyear.