T h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n in c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y h a s b e e n t o r a i s e t h e l e v e l o f t h e s o c i a l c h a r a c t e r o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d i t s a n t a g o n i s m " i w i t h t h e c a p i t a l i s t f o r m o f a p p r o p r i a t i o n . I t h a s e x a c e r b a t e d - -a n d d e e p e n e d t h e g e n e r a l c r i s i s o f i m p e r i a l i s m , a d d e d t o t h e u n e m p l o y m e n t , r a i s e d t h e l e v e l o f c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n , in t h i s w a y i n f l u e n c i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c t i v e f a c t o r s f o r t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n , b u t it c a n n e v e r r e p l a c e t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n . -

K A R L M A R X W A S A G R E A T S C I E N T I S T . H E M A D E O R I G I N A L D I S C O ­V E R I E S I N A L L F I E L D S O F S C I E N C E H E S T U D I E D , B U T T H E G R E A T E S T C H A N G E A N D T H E M O S T P R O F O U N D R E V O L U T I O N W H I C H H E B R O U G H T A B O U T W I T H T H E C R E A T I O N O F T H E N E W P H I L O S O P H Y O F T H E P R O ­L E T A R I A T I S B E Y O N D C O M P A R I S O N W I T H A N Y O T H E R D I S C O V E R Y I N T H E W H O L E H I S T O R Y O F H U M A N T H O U G H T A N D S C I E N C E .

M A R X V A L U E D S C I E N C E H I G H L Y A S A R E V O L U T I O N A R Y F O R C E , B E C A U S E I T H A S A L W A Y S S E R V E D M A N K I N D T O I N C R E A S E I T S P O W E R O V E R N A T U R E A N D H A S S E R V E D A S A K E E N W E A P O N I N T H E S T R U G ­G L E W I T H T H E I D E O L O G Y O F T H E R E A C T I O N A R Y C L A S S E S O F S O C I E T Y I N S T E R N B A T T L E S W I T H T H E M Y S T I C I S M A N D I D E A L I S M W H I C H T H E Y H A V E P R O P A G A T E D . T H E T R U T H R E V E A L E D B Y S C I E N C E H A S S E R V E D A S A P O W E R F U L S U P P O R T F O R T H E B I R T H A N D C O N S O L I D A T I O N O F M A T E R I A L I S M . T H E S T R U G G L E W H I C H S C I E N C E H A S W A G E D S I N C E I T S I N F A N C Y W I T H T H E R E L I G I O U S M Y S T I C I S M O F T H E M I D D L E A G E S , T H E S T E R N C L A S H E S O F T H E M A T E R I A L I S T C O N C L U S I O N S W H I C H D E R I V E F R O M M O D E R N S C I E N T I F I C D I S C O V E R I E S , W I T H T H E P H I L O S O P H I C A L I D E A L I S M , W H I C H I S T H E W O R L D O U T L O O K O F T H E R E A C ­T I O N A R Y C L A S S E S A N D G R O W S L I K E A P A R A S I T E O N T H E H E A L T H Y B O D Y O F T H E H U M A N K N O W L E D G E , A R E R E C O G N I Z E D H I S T O R I C A L F A C T S . S C I E N T I F I C K N O W L E D G E H A S A L W A Y S S E R V E D T H E E M A N ­C I P A T I O N O F T H E E N E R G I E S O F T H E M A S S E S A N D T H E R E V O L U T I O N A R Y F O R C E S O F S O C I E T Y , H A S O P E N E D T H E P E R S P E C T I V E T O T H E M A N D A R O U S E D T H E I R F A I T H I N T H E F U T U R E .

T h e h i s t o r i c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e m i d - t h a t t h e w o r l d a s a w h o l e m u s t b e d i e o f t h e l a s t c e n t u r y p l a c e d b e f o r e s c i e n t i f i c t h e o r e t i c a l t h i n k i n g t h e t a s k

K R I S T A Q A N G J E L I - D o c e n t , h e a d of t h e d e p a r t m e n t o f p h i l o s o p h y a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of T i r a n a

c o n c e i v e d a c c o r d i n g t o i t s r e a l c o n ­t e n t a n d t h e a d e q u a t e i m a g e o f i t m u s t i n s p i r e t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e m o s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y c l a s s i n h i s t o r y , t o t h e h e r o i c s t r u g g l e f o r t h e t r u e a n d c o m ­

p l e t e e m a n c i p a t i o n o f s o c i e t y . B y d i s ­c o v e r i n g t h e s e l a w s K a r l M a r x a r r i v e d a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t « t h e h e a d o f t h i s e m a n c i p a t i o n i s p h i l o s o p h y , t h e p r o l e t a r i a t i t s h e a r t * .

1 K A R L M A R X ON T H E D I A L E C T I C A L I N T E R A C T I O N O F S C I E N C E A N D P H I L O S O P H Y

M a r x a n d E n g e l s p r o v e d t h a t i n t h e p r o c e s s o f t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t t h e i n d i ­v i d u a l s c i e n c e s a r e b a s e d o n a g i v e n i d e o l o g i c a l o u t l o o k . " ' L e t t h e s c i e n t i s t s s a y w h a t t h e y l i k e , p h i l o s o p h y d o m i ­n a t e s t h e m , " ' w r o t e E n g e l s . F r o m t h i s s t a n d - p o i n t M a r x a n d E n g e l s c r i t i c i z e d t h e a b s u r d p r e t e n s i o n s o f p o s i t i v d s t p h i ­l o s o p h y a b o u t t h e a l l e g e d ^ a b s o l u t e i n d e p e n d e n c e - o f i n d i v i d u a l s c i e n c e s f r o m p h i l o s o p h y , a n d t h a t a l l e g e d l y « every s c i e n c e i t . s e l f i s p h i l o s o p h y * . T h e y a d v a n c e d b e y o n d p o s i t i v i s m j u s t a s t h e y h a d e a r l i e r a d v a n c e d b e y o n d t h e o t h e r e x t r e m e — t h e s o - c a l l e d «ph i losophy o f n a t u r e , * w h i c h c o n ­s i d e r e d p h i l o s o p h y a s < < t h e s c i e n c e o f s c i e n c e s . *

I t w a s n o t i d l e c u r i o s i t y w h i c h i n s ­p i r e d IVTarx t o fo l low t h e s u c c e s s e s in t h e f ie ld of n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s c a r e ­fu l ly a n d steip b y s t e p . T h i s i n t e r e s t o n h is p a r t w a s l i n k e d w i t h a v e r y i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n — w i t h t h e t r a n s ­f o r m a t i o n of p h i l o s o p h y i n t o a t r u e s c i ence . F o r t h i s t h e l i m i t a t i o n s of t h e e x i s t i n g p h i l o s o p h y h a d t o b e o v e r ­c o m e a n d , i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , i d e a l i s m h a d to b e c r i t i c i z e d b e c a u s e , i n M a r x ' s w o r d s , i t r e d u c e s t h e w o r l d to a b s t r a c t l og i ca l c a t e g o r i e s , s e e k s t h e e s s e n c e of n a t u r e o u t s i d e n a t u r e a n d t h e e s s e n c e of m a n o u t s i d e m a n , a n d s e e k s t h e o b j e c t of p h i l o s o p h y w h e r e i t d o e s n o t l i e — o u t s i d e t h e r e a l w o r l d . I t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o go b e y o n d t h e i d e a l i s t d i a l e c t i c a l m e t h o d s of H e ­gel a n d c r i t i c i z e t h e m e t a p h y s i c s a n d m e c h a n i c i s m of t h e e a r l y m a t e r i a l i s m , . «Hitherto,» w r i t e s M a r x i n t h e G e r ­m a n - F r e n c h a n n u a l in 1844, «the p h i ­l o s o p h e r s h a d t h e s o l u t i o n to a l l m y s ­t e r i e s o n t h e i r d e s k a n d t h e fool ish a n d u n i n i t i a t e d had o n l y to open their m o u t h s to i m b i b e t h e tasly m o r s e l s of a b s o l u t e s c i e n c e r e a d y cooked. G e n u i n e p h i l o s o p h y , ^ s a i d M a r x , -"Cannot a n d m u s t n o t b e a n a b s o l u t e s c i e n c e w h i c h c l a i m s t o solve a i l t h e m y s t e r i e s , b u t m u s t b e a s c i e n c e i n t h e s e r i e s of o t h e r s c i e n -

M a r x a n d E n g e l s a p p r e c i a t e d t h e deve i lopmen t of s c i e n c e s a n d t h e g r e a t d i s c o v e r i e s in s c i e n c e a s o n e of t h e s e m o t i v e fo rces w h i c h a d v a n c e m a t e r i a l ­ist p h i l o s o p h i c a l t h i n k i n g a n d w h i c h i m p e l t h i s t h i n k i n g t o r i s e t o w a r d s a h i g h e r a n d m o r e cons i s t en t ; f o r m , t o w a r d s d i a l e c t i c a l m a t e r i a l i s m .

B a s i n g h i m s e l f o n t h e n e w d i s c o v e ­r ies of t h e n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s , M a r x

a n d E n g e l s d e a l t w i t h m a t t e r , m o ­t i o n , s p a c e , t i m e a n d m a n y o t h e r p r o ­b l e m s f r o m t h e d i a l e c t i c a l m a t e r i a l i s t s t a n d - p o i n t a n d w e r e a b l e t o r i s e a b o v e ' t h e i n e v i t a b l e l i m i t a t i o n s of n a t u r a l s c i e n t i f i c k n o w l e d g e of t h a t t i m e . I t is an u n d e n i a b l e f a c t t h a t not o n l y at t h e t i m e w h e n o u r Class ics J i v e d , b u t a l s o l a t e r , to t h i s v e r y d a y , t h e d e -v e i o p m e m t of n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s i s f u r ­t h e r Mvang e v i d e n c e w h i c h is b r i l -l ianBly conliiTning t h e d i a l e c t i c a l m a ­t e r i a l i s t v i e w s of Mai-x a n d E n g e l s a b o u t t h e w o r l d . S u c h c o n c l u s i o n s of t n e M a r x i s t p h i l o s o p h y a s t h o s e a b o u t the i n e x h a u s t a b i l i t y of t h e a t o m i n d e p t h a n d b r e a d t h a n d m a t t e r i n g e ­n e r a l , t h e c o n c e p t of inf ini i ty a s a p r o ­c e s s w h i c h c o n t a i n s q u a l i t a t i v e l e a p s , a n d of m o v e m e n t a s t h e m o d e of e x i s t e n c e of m a t t e r , f i n d c o n f i n n a t i o n t o d a y i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of modern n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s . T h e n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s today c o n f i r m o n c e a g a i n t h e u n i ­v e r s a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e l a w of o p p o -s i t e s , of t h e l a w of t h e r e c i p r o c a l t r a n s i t i o n of q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a n g e s i n t o q u a l i t a t i v e c h a n g e s , of t h e l a w of t h e n e g a t i o n of t h e n e g a t i o n , of c a t e g o ­r i e s of m a t e r i a l i s t d i a l e c t i c s , of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l iprinciiples of t h e t h e o r y of cognii ' t ion, e t c . w o r k e d o u t b y M a r x and E n g e l s . T h i s d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e s c i e n c e s h a s shown that they are c o n s i s t e n t l y f o l l o w i n g a ^ddalectical m a t e r i a l i s t c o u r s e . T h a t i s w h y ^ . . . w e c l a r i f y m a t e r i a l i s m a n d d i a l e c t i c s t h r o u g h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d p r o g r e s s of s c i e n c e s , s a y s C o m r a d e E n v e r H o x h a .

T h e great m e r i t of t h e f o u n d e r s of o u r p h i l o s o p h y is t h a t t h e y p r o v e d w i t h t h e o r e t i c a l a r g u m e n t t h e u n i t y of t h i s p h i l o s o p h y w i t h t h e n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s a n d r e a l i z e d i t i n p r a c t i c e

in t h e i r o w n s c i e n t i f i c a c t i v i t y . P r o ­c e e d i n g f r o m t h e u n i v e r s a l p r i n c i ­p l e s of d i a l e c t i c a l m a t e r i a l i s m , t h e y m a d e a p h i l o s o p h i c a l s y n t h e s i s of t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s of n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s w i t h t h e a i m of e f l abo ra t i ng t h e d i a l e c t i c a l m a t e r i a l i s t p i c t u r e of t h e w o r l d a n d d i s c l o s i n g t h e d i a l e c t i c s of n a t u r e . In h i s w o r k s , E n g e l s d e v o t e d g r e a t a t ­t e n t i o n to t h e p h i l o s o i p h i c a l s y n t h e s i s of t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s of p h y s i c s , c h e ­m i s t r y , b i o l o g y a n d o t h e r n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s . W h i l e M a r x d i s p l a y e d Sipe-c i a l i n t e r e s t i n t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l p r o ­b l e m s of m a t h e m a t i c s , n o t t o m e n ­t i o n t h a t c o n c e r n t h e y b o t h d i s p l a y e d t o s u m u p , s y n t h e s i z e a n d d r a w s c i e n ­t i f i c c o n c l u s i o n s f r o m t h e d e v e l o p ­m e n t of poJi i t ical , e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l l i fe . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , p o i n t s o u t C o m ­r a d e E n v e r H o x h a , «...the w o r k of M a r x i s t h e s u m m a t i o n of s c i e n c e , t h e q u i n t e s s e n c e of s c i e n c e , i t is t h e p r o ­f o u n d e l a b o r a t i o n of h u m a n t h i n k i n g a n d a c t i v i t y t h r o u g h t h e c e n t u r i e s . . . " ' '

M a r x a n d E n g e l s a n a l y s e d t h e d e ­v e l o p m e n t of n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s u p t o t h a t ; t ime i n t h e l i g h t of m a t e r i a l i s t d i a l e c t i c s a n d s u m m e d u p a n d c o r ­r e c t l y i n t e r p r e t e d t h e r e s u l t s w h i c h t h e y b r o u g h t . T h u s , t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w h i c h t h e y m a d e of t h e m a i n f o r m s of m o v e m e n t , a n d i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h i s , t h e i r c la-ss i f ica t ion of n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s a n d t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n i n b r o a d o u t l i n e o n t h e b a s i s of t h e M a r x i s t m e t h o d o l o g y of t h e c o r r e c t r o a d of d e ­v e l o p m e n t of t h e s e s c i e n c e s , a r e w e l l -k n o w n . N o less i m p o r t a n t is t h e t r e a t ­m e n t a n d s o l u t i o n b y M a r x a n d E n g e l s of a s e r i e s of spec i f i c p r o b l e m s in t h e f i e ld of t h e s e s c i e n c e s w h i c h t h e l i m i t a t i o n s of t h e p r e v a i l i n g w o r l d o u t l o o k h a d l ed i n t o a n i m p a s s e a s ,

36 • 1 (74), . 1984 ALBANIA TODAY for examiple, the problem of two masses in mechanical motion, the es­sence of electricity, the essence of hfe, the concept about labour, etc.

The great classics assisted the de­velopment of natural .sciences, also, by smashing the «shackles> of idealist interpretations of discoveries in the field of these sciences. Thus, with scientific argument they exposed such openly fideisitic conclusions as the so-called «theory of the thermal death of the universe^, or the alleged exis­tence of < the world of spirits in the fourth dimension^, ^physiological idealism^ and ^social Darwinism>->, which extended the laws which ope­rate in the world of animals to hu­man society. They showed that me­chanical materialism left such gaps in which reactionary idealist ideas were easily introduced.

Through their work Marx and Engels gave a resolute reply to all those who attempted to «hase them-5elves» on the natural sciences for the purpose of -"refuting dialectical materialisim^. In this connection they proved that the natural sciences did not negate dialectical materialism, but on the contrary, completely confirmed it. Moreover, they showed that the re­sults of the natural sciences could be understood correctly and summed up theoretically only on the basis of materialist dialectics. They showed that all efforts which were made to stretch the sciences of nature to fit the procrustian bed of idealism and metaiphysics, had a definite class con­tent. Applying the principle of par t i ­sanship, they discovered the direct connection between philosophical reac­tion in the ranks of naturalists and poUtics and the class struggle, de­monstrating which were the social forces whose interests were served not merely by openly preaching obs­curantism and idealism, but also by the slightest devialtion from dialecti­

cal materialism. In this connection Karl Marx writes, -"The absolute in­terest of the ruling classes requires the perpetuation of absurdity. After all, why are the wordy sychophants paid? To boast in science with things about which..., generally, it is impermissible even to think ?» ''

In our days, too, the unity of ma­terialist philosophy with the natural sciences is essential and very useful. The theory of diailectical imateriaiHsm cannot be developed fruitfully, with­out being based on the achievements of physics, chemistry and biology, just as the naturalist scientists are unable to synthesize the process and results of the rapid development of science correctly from the theoretical stand­point if they are not guided in their world outlook by the philosophy of dialectical materialism. -"Without a sound philosophical backing, neither the natural sciences nor materialism can cope with the struggle against the pressure which the bourgeois ideas and outlook exert,>> wrote Lenin. -«This pressure can be withstood successfully when you are a conscious partisan of that philosophy which Karl Marx created.»

Whereas the Marxist philosophy has achieved a close connection with scientific thinking, present-day bour­geois philosophy has proclaimed its open hostility to it. And it could not be otherwise. A positive or nega­tive stand towards science is determi­ned by the s tand towards t he truth. Present-day bourgeois philosophy is trying in refined ways to distort the true dialectical material ist significan­ce of the contemporary scientific ma­terial. Many bourgeois philosophers are quite uninhibited in their efforts to reinforce their views with the baggage of science, indeed, they do not hesitate -«to modemize>> these views with new data from scientific knowledge. They make great efforts

to ensure that new discoveries are interpreted in the spirit of idealism, regardless of whether it presents it­self in <<reali&t», <<naturalist» or other forms. AU trends vigorously propa­gate agnosticism. This ancient ghost, which has long been out of date, is employed against the healthy de­velopment of modem sciences, but is nothing but an expression of the fear and distrust of those social for­ces which see no future for them­selves. Today agnosticism goes much further than that of Kant, to the denial of the existence of the exter­nal world and the transformation of scientific laws into a bunch of vo-luntarist oipinions. Irrationalism and intuitivism have gone openly on the offensive against the materialist con­clusions which emerged from the de­velopment of sciences. Fearing the revolutionary content of modern scien­ces bourgeois philosophy wants to divide the -"spheres of influence^ with science through neo-positivist compro­mises, which advocate the separation of sciences from philosophy, leav­ing sciences in a blind ally, at the mercy of idealism. There are many bourgeois philosophers who, in order to strip science and philosophy of their t rue values, try to transform them into mythology and to make mythology the foundation of science and philosophy. The chorus of screams from the abyss of present-day ideal­ist philosophy in utter cacophony yells; the discoveries of modern scien­ces must not be taken into consi­deration for the philosophical inter­pretation of the world! Science needs no kind of philosophy. Its close allies, religious mysticism and sipiritualism, are «celebrating>>- the age of unifi­cation with bourgeois philosophic thinking and drawing it more deeply into the mire of anti-science. In such a situation the philosophical revolu­tion of Marx which, amongst other

ALBANIA TODAY 1 (74), 1984 • 37 things, ensured the close alliance of dialectical materialist philosophy with the development of individual natural and social sciences, becomes even more imiportant.

Karl Marx regarded science as a weapon of theoretical knowledge which precedes social development. In his work «Critique of Political Eco-nomy», he writes, «Unlike the other architects, science... erects several sto­ries of a building, still without having laid its f o u n d a t i o n s . L i k e every other science, the Marxist philosophy has many examples of such foresight in the field of natural sciences. For instance, the prediction of Marx and Engels that the future development of natural sciences would concentrate mainly on the creation and develop­ment of interimediary disciplines has now become a reality in today's cybernetics, bionics, informatics, bio­physics, etc. Likewise, Engels's fore­cast that physics wouW fall into a crisis if it continued to think meta­physically during the solution of its problems became a reality at the be­ginning of our century. The deve­lopment of modern physics has iproved the idea advanced by the classics that infijaiity in the structural organi­zation of the matter, of space and time, must be conceived in the spirit of a gradual quantitative process which indudes qualitative leaps at given nodal points, etc.

Like cognition and practice, the development of sciences is ceaseless, too. More and more each day man is discovering the secrets and laws of nature. This development has not threatened and cannot threaten, let alone overturn, the fundamental the­ses of dialectical and historical ma­terialism. On the contrary, their qua­lity is enriched and deepened. Any claim to the contrary, by old or fa­shionable philosophical currents, about these problems has fallen to the

ground. It is a deception with de-j finite class aims in order to open] the doors to idealism and fideism and to throw mud at the philosophy of Marx, which is perpetually new.

In our days, reaction has mobilized all its most sinister forces and has gone on the attack against the whole scientific philosophy of the proleta­riat which Karl Marx created. A great deal is being said and wri t ­ten about it. Marx's works are being studied and interpreted in the uni ­versities, colleges, academies, and se­minaries of the capitalist countries including those of the Catholic Church. All this is being done to falsify and distort the philosophy of Marxism, to adapt it to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Such fashionable trends as pragmatism, existentiaJism, freud-ism, structuralism or anthropologism, strive to devalue the Marx's philo­sophy and to find ways to unite and blend their idealist, irrationalist, and voluntarfst views with the Marxist philosophy, with the aim of «break-ing its rigid bounds^ and making it acceptable to them. The current of existentialism describes Marx's phi­losophy as if it were still in its swaddling clothes and had just be­gun to develop. Therefore, it needs to be nur tured with existentialist ideas. First of all, however, conti­nue the existentialists, historical ma­terialism must be separated from dia­lectical materialism, because the lat­ter, with its acceptance of objective reality and determinism, hinders pre­cise knowledge of the social reality. For them, historical materialism as­sumes real value only if it is, ac­cording to them, amalgamated with existentialist anthropology. Meanwhile, neo-positivism regards Karl Marx's philosophy as a -"metaphysical^^ doc­trine which has brought nothing new to science since he <operates» with apriori truths, as his predecessors did.

Today the followers of pragmatism regard Marx's philosophy as a va­riant of their idealist philosophy, dis­torting the concept of practice as the unity of acting and transforming man with nature, by absolutiziing its sub­jective factor. They oppose the meth­ods of individual sciences to the ma­terialist dialectical methods and make everj ' effort to reject it allegedly as a remnant of Hegelian philosophy. The neo-Freudists consider it essen­tial to suplement and amalgamate the ideas of Freud with those of Marx. The representatives of structuralism, anthropologism, etc. proceed on a si­milar course. There are also more than a few lackeys of the bourgeoisie equipped with diplomas, like the neo-Tomisits, who treat the Marx's philo­sophy as a dogma, as mythology. It is in this arssenal of bourgeois philo­sophy that the philosophers of various revisionist currents find their ideo­logical nutr iment to revise the phi­losophical materialism of Marx. Among the revisionist philosophical currents of the Eurocommunists, whom Comrade Enver Hoxha calls revision­ists «with the gloves off»-, it is fa­shionable to oppose one part of Marx­ism to other parts, to oppose Lenin to Marx, etc. By -"digging"- into the works of Marx and employing mis­representations and sophisms, they want to prove that the «reai>' Marx, the «humanist» Marx, is the Marx of the early works and not of those works in which he advocates the class struggle, the historical mission of the proletariat , the necessity for the overthrow of capitalism and establish­ment of the dictatorship of the pro­letariat. There are many attempts to try to -«prove» that Marx based all his doctrine on Hegel's philosophy, that he did not go beyond the bounds of that philosophy, and especially, the Hegelian idea of alienation. They transform Marx into a successor of

38 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY either Hegel or Feuerbach, in order to deny and reject that change he made in philosophicaJ thinking.

In the second half of the 20th cen­tury, official Soviet revisionist philo­sophy, also, has gone on the attack against the Marx's doctrine. The So­viet revisionist philosophers, faithful to their cunning tactics, try to con­ceal the character of this attack to present it as a natural thing, which is in conformity wdth the creative cha­racter of the Marxist-Leninist philo­sophy.

The main objective of the attack which the Soviet revisionists make on dialectical historical matemalism is to deny the universal character of its fundamental theses. Initially, they launched this attack on a few uni­versal theses. According to them, the development of individual sciences, especially the development of the na­tural sciences, is allegedly raising the need for amendment of these now «obsolete» theses- In fact, the deve­lopment of natural sciences, especially from the mididJe of this century, began i O raise a series of acute problems in connection with the concept of velocity, space, time, physical reality etc. It turned out that new facts accumulated could not be explained in the framework of the existing na­tural-science concepts about cause, space, time, etc. which meant that now the latter had become absolute and had to be superseded and re­placed with new concepts. But the process of dating and replacement affected only the physical, mathema­tical, etc. concepts, that is, the na­tural-science concepts about these pro­blems, and not at all the respective dialectical materialist categories. By equating the philosophical concept with concrete natural-science con­cepts the Soviet revisionists try to carry over this process of «dating», artificially, to the field of philoso­

phical categories in order to -"provide scientific backings for their rejecting and revising of these categories. The thing that strikes the eye immediately when one reads revisionist philoso­phical l i terature is the open advocacy of the need which is allegedly im­posed by the development of modern sciences and the demands of social practice to discuss and question a number of the fundamental theses of dialectical materialism. Soviet re­visionist philosophy distorts the ins­tructions given by V.I.Lenin, that for the achievement of the alliance of materialist philosophy with the na­tural sciences, materialist dialectics must be developed all-sidedly. The Soviet revisionists have set to work with unrestrained zest to carry out their so-called creative development of philosophy. The powerful weapon of dialectics, which Marx discovered through the study of nature, society and in particular, of political eco­nomy, and the awakening of the proletariat and the peoples and their going over to revolution, the Soviet revisionists have turned into a sterile, abstract, speculative and subjective theory, divorced from the objective dialectics of the natural and social reality. Amongst the Soviet revision­ist philosophers there are some who say that the dialectics which Marx and Lenin could not create complete­ly must be created 'on the basis of ^contemporary science"-.

According to various Soviet revi­sionist philosophers the classics were allegedly unable to work out a series of fundamental problems of dialec­tical materialist philosophy, and these are being studied for the first t ime in the Soviet revisionist philosophy of today. Among these problems they des­cribe the questions of the creation of the general theory of development as the more important constituent par t and the essence of the dialectics; the

question of the elaboration of a com­plete general theory of cognition of dialectical materialism down to the question of the construction of dia­lectics as system. Such statements a re in flagrant opposition to the historical truth, because the fact is tha t even Hegel's dialectics, despite its idealist essence, constitutes a synthesis of dialectical categories and laws, and Marx's dialectics, which marked a turning-point and a culmination in dialectical materialist thinking even more so.

This ever more hostile stand towards problems of Marx's philosophy, not to mention other things, brings out the real t ru th about the propaganda cla­mour which the Soviet revisionists have set up and which has become particularly loud now, in the context of the 100th anniversary of the death of Marx. They can use mountains of paper and rivers of ink, as they are doing, to express their loyalty to Marx's doctrine, but the diatx)lical aim of such an unrestrained propaganda is to put Marx in the museum, to pre­sent the colossal theoretical and prac­tical work of this titan as simply a historical phenomenon which is alle­gedly outdated and without value to­day.

2. KARL MARX ON THE ROLE OF THE TECHNICAL-SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN THE LIFE OF SOCIETY

Following the development of tech­nical and natural sciences attentively, Marx pointed out that this develop­ment could no longer take place ex­cept in the context of the technical-scientific revolution. He conceived this process as a necessary historical phe­nomenon at a given stage of the de­velopment of society. Science has a l -

ALBANIA TODAY 1 (74), 1984 • 39

vvay-s e x e r t e d a n i n f l u e n c e o n t h e d e ­v e l o p m e n t o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d h a s b e e n c l o s e l y l i n k e d w i t h i t . B u t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f l a r g e - s c a l e i n d u s t r y , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c d i s c o v e ­r i e s b e c o m e s i n d i s p e n s a b l e . «The p r i n ­c i p l e o f m a c h i n e p r o d u c t i o n , w h i c h s e e l c s t o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h a r i s e i n t h i s w a y b y m e a n s o f t h e u s e o f m e c h a n i c s , c h e m i s t r y , e t c . i n a w o r d , t h e n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s , b e c o m e s t h e d e t e r m i n i n g i p r i n c i p l e e v e r y w h e r e , • ' ' ^ s a i d I V I a r x . T o d a y l a r g e - s c a l e i n d u s t r y h a s p u t a c o l o s s a l a m o u n t o f n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l u n d e r i n t e n s i v e t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s i n g . T h i s h a s m a d e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e s p e c t r u m o f t h e p r o b l e m s d e a l t w i t h b y s c i e n c e i n d i s p e n s a b l e , h a s b r o u g h t t h e n e e d f o r t h e b i r t h o f n e w s c i e n t i f i c I c n o w l e d g e , a n d t h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e m o s t p r o f o u n d l a w s o f n a t u r e . T h e n e e d t o f i n d n e w s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y , t h e n e c e s s i t y o f r e p l a c i n g t h e s t r e n g t h o f m a n w i t h m a c h i n e r y a n d a u t o m a t i o n , a l s o d i c t a t e t h e s e t h i n g s . I n h i s w o r k ^ C a p i t a l " - , M a r x g i v e s a b r i l l i a n t p r e s e n t a t i o n a l s o o f t h o s e f u n d a m e n t a l f e a t u r e s w h i c h c h a r a c ­t e r i z e t h e e s s e n c e o f t h e t e c h n i c a l -s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n . F o r M a r x t e c h ­n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c p r o g r e s s h a s t h e f e a ­t u r e s o f a r e v o l u t i o n b e c a u s e i t i s n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o i s o l a t e d s p h e r e s o f m a ­t e r i a l p r o d u c t i o n , b u t h a s s w e p t t h e m i n t o i t s m a e l s t r o m , b o t h t h r o u g h a p ­p l y i n g i t i n t h e m o s t v a r i e d f i e l d s o f p r o d u c t i o n w h i c h h a v e b e e n c o n s t a n t ­l y e x t e n d e d a n d t h r o u g h t h e i n f l u e n ­c e w h i c h t h e s e a d v a n c e s e x e r t o n o n e a n o t h e r . T h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s w h i c h o c c u r i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t e c h n i c a l -s c i e n t i f i c p r o g r e s s a r e p r o f o u n d l y r e ­v o l u t i o n a r y . T h e o l d m e t h o d s o f p r o ­d u c t i o n , t h e o l d t e c h n o l o g y , a r e o v e r ­t u r n e d a n d r e p l a c e d w i t h t h e n e w e s t , m o s t a d v a n c e d o n e s . I n t h i s f r a m e ­w o r k , n e w s c i e n t i f i c k n o w l e d g e e m e r ­g e s a n d c o n s t i t u t e s a r e v o l u t i o n a r y d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a d v a n c e , a q u a l i t a ­t i v e l e a p o f s c i e n c e i t s e l f . T h a n k s t o

t h e p r o g r e s s o f i n d u s t r y , p o i n t e d o u t M a r x , t h e m e a n s o f l a b o u r u n d e r g o c o n t i n u a l r e v o l u t i o n s , t h e r e f o r e t h e y a r e n o t r e p l a c e d w i t h t h e i r p r e v i o u s f o r m s , b u t w i t h t h e r e v o l u t i o n i z e d f o r m s . F o r M a r x t h i s p r o g r a m h a s t h e c h a r a c t e r o f a r e v o l u t i o n i n s c i e n ­c e a n d t e c h n i q u e , a l s o , f r o m t h e s t a n d ­p o i n t o f t h e g r e a t l y a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e s o f q u a l i t a t i v e c h a n g e s w h i c h i t b r i n g s a o o u t i n p r o d u c t i o n . L i k e w i s e , t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e m a s s e s i n i t g i v e s t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c p r o g r e s s t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f a t r u e r e v o l u t i o n i n s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n i q u e .

F o r M a r x a n d E n g e l s t h e t e c h n i c a l -s c i e n t i i i c r e v o l u t i o n a l w a y s h a s a p r o f o u n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l c o n t e n t . I t i s a c o n c r e t e m a n i f e s ' t a t i o n o f t h e c l o s e a n d i n s e p a r a b l e d i a l e c t i c a l c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e . A n o t h e r M n u r i u a b i o n t h a t t h e o r y s e r v e s p r a c ­t i c e , g s a e r a l i z e s i t a n d m a k e s i t c o n s ­c i o u s a n d o p e n s t h e w a y t o t h e f u ­t u r e w h i l e d e v e l o p i n g i t s e l f i n b r e a d t h a n d d e p t h o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e n e e d s a n a r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e p r a c t i c e . E x ­p r e s s i n g t h i s d i a l e c t i c a l u n i t y , E n g e l s s a i d , « I f t e c h n i q u e d e p e n d s t o a l a r g e a e g r e e o n t h e l e v e l o f s c i e n c e , s c i e n c e a e p e n d s t o a l a r g e r d e g r e e o n t h e l e v e l a n d n e e d s o f t e c h n i q u e . W h e n a t e c h n i c a l n e e d a r i s e s f o r s o c i e t y , t h i s d r i v e s s c i e n c e f a r f o r w a r d t h a n t e n u n i v e r s i t i e s . " - ' T o d a y l a r g e - s c a l e i n ­d u s t r y h a s r e v o l u t i o n i z e d t h e l i n k s b e t w e e n s c i e n c e a n d p r a c t i c e i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e ­v o l u t i o n . I t h a s e x p a n d e d t h e s p h e r e o f t h e p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f s c i e n ­t i f i c d i s c o v e r i e s t o v e r y l a r g e p r o p o r ­t i o n s a n d h a s s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e a r s e ­n a l o f t h e t e c h n i c a l m e a n s i n t h e s e r ­v i c e o f s c i e n t i f i c k n o w l e d g e , h a s c o m ­b i n e d t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f n e w s c i e n t i f i c d i s c o v e r i e s w i t h t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o ­c e s s o f i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n , w h i l e i t h a s s h o r t e n e d t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d t o t u r n a t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c o v e r y i n t o a n a p p l i e d p r a c t i c e , e t c . I n t h e s e c o n d i ­

t i o n s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s c i e n c e a n d o f p r o d u c t i v e p r a c t i c e i s r e a l i z e d n o t o n l y o n t h e b a s i s o f a m o r e e x t e n s i v e a n d p r o f o u n d d i a l e c t i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m , b u t a l s o w i t h m o r e a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e s . «Under t h e i n f l u e n ­c e o f s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c p r o c e s s , ^ C o m r a d e E n v e r H o x h a t e a ­c h e s u s , - 4 h e m a t e r i a l a n d i n t e l l e c ­t u a l p o t e n t i a l o f s o c i e t y i n c r e a s e s a n d t h i s , f o r i t s p a r t , g i v e s a f r e s h s t i ­m u l u s t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s c i e n c e . ^ ^

K a r l M a r x m a d e a s c i e n t i f i c a n a ­l y s i s o f c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y . I n t h i s c o n ­t e x t , h e r e a c h e d t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t «...the s p e c i f i c l i m i t o f c a p i t a l i s t p r o ­d u c t i o n . . . i s n o t a t a l l a n a b s o l u t e f o r m o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r o d u c t i v e f o r c e s . . . , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , a t a g i v e n m o m e n t , i t c o m e s i n t o c o n f l i c t w i t h t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t . ' - ' - ' T h i s s c i e n t i f i c c o n c l u s i o n , a m p l y s u p p o r t e d b y e v i ­d e n c e i n t h e b r i l l i a n t w o r k " C a p i t a l - - , r e m a i n s c o m p l e t e l y v a l i d t o r e f u t e t h e p r e a c h i n g s o f b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i ­s i o n i s t i d e o l o g i s t s w h o s p r e a d t h e i d e a t h a t c a p i t a l i s m a n d t h e p r o g r e s s o f s c i e n c e a r e a l l e g e d l y ^ s y n o n y m o u s - . I n r e a l i t y , i n b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n ­i s t s o c i e t y t h e g e n e r a l c r i s i s o f c a ­p i t a l i s m c a n n o t b u t i n h i b i t t h e d e v e ­l o p m e n t o f s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n i q u e . T h e e x i s t e n c e o f m o n o p o l i e s , t h e e c o n o m i c c r i s e s , t h e m i l i t a r i z a t i o n o f t h e l i f e o f t h o s e c o u n t r i e s a n d m a n y o t h e r s o c i a l f a c t o r s , w h i c h a r e e r o d i n g t h e w o r l d o f c a p i t a l t o d a y , e x e r t a d i ­r e c t i n f l u e n c e , e i t h e r t o i n h i b i t o r t o b r i n g a b o u t a o n e - s i d e d a n d c o n t r a ­d i c t o r y d e v e l o p m e n t o f s c i e n c e , t e c h ­n i q u e a n d t e c h n o l o g y .

M a r x p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i n c a p i t a l i s t

s o c i e t y s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n i q u e a r e a n

a l i e n a t e d s o c i a l p r o d u c t . T h i s he l i n k s ,

f i r s t o f a U , w i t h t h e a l i e n a t i o n o f

t h e i r c o n t e n t a n d s o c i a l m i s s i o n . S c i e n ­

c e a n d t e c h n i q u e a r e s o c i a l f a c t o r s

w h i c h g i v e m a n k i n d a p o s s i b i l i t y t o

i n c r e a s e i t s d o m i n a t i o n o v e r n a t u r e

a n d s t e a d i l y i m p r o v e i t s l i f e . I n b o u r -

40 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t , s o c i e t y , h o w e v e r ,

s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n i q u e o p e r a t e w i t h i n

t h e l a w s o f c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y , a n d

t h e r e f o r e , a r e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t h e

o p p o s i t e o f t h e i r t r u e n a t u r e . T h e y

s e r v e t h e b o u r g e o i s i e t o i n c r e a s e t h e

l e v e l o i c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d t o

o p p r e s s t n e m a s s e s a n d t h e p e o p l e s

O i t n e w o r l d , i n e g r o w t h o f t h e a o s o -

l u i e a n d r e l a t i v e i m p o v e r i s h m e n t o f

t n e m a s s e s , t n e p r o n o u n c e d b a c k w a r d ­

n e s s 111 t n e i r t e c n n i c a l - s c i e n u f i c l e v e l ,

t n e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e w o r k e r i n t o

a Slave o f t n e m a c h i n e , t n e m a n u -

l a c t u r i n g o f m o d e r n w e a p o n s f o r t h e

m a s s e x t e m i i n a t i o n o f p e o p i e , t h e

v e r y r a p i d g r o w t h o f u n e m p l o y m e n t ,

e t c . , a r e t h e s o c i a l c o n s e q u e n c e s w h i c h

a c c o m p a n y t n e e v o l u t i o n o f s c i e n c e

a n a t e c n n i q u e i n t n e w o r i d o f c a p i ­

t a l a n a w m c n c o n s t i t u t e c o n c r e t e m a -

l u i e s t a t i o a s o f t h e i r a l i e n a t i o n .

r n e r e i s a v e r y c o n t e m p o r a r y r i n g

t o M a r x s w o r d s a b o u t t h e r o l e o f

S : C i e a c e a a a t e c n n i q u e i n c a p i t a l i s t -

r e v i s i o n i s t s o c i e t y . H e w r i t e s , «We

s e e l a a t t h e m a c n i n e s w n i c n n a v e a n

a s t o n i s n i n g p o w e r t o r e d u c e i n e t o i l

o f m a n a n d m a k e i t m o r e f r u i t f u l ,

b r i n g s t a r v a t i o n a n d e x h a u s t i o n . A i -

m o . s t a s t h o u g h b y s o m e e v i l s p e l l

t n e s o u r c e s o f w e a l t h w n i c h h a v e

b e e n d i s c o v e r e d i n r e c e n t t i m e s b e ­

c o m e s o u r c e s o f m i s e r y . I t i s a s

t h o u g h t h e p r i c e o f t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s

o f t e c h n i q u e i s m o r a l d e c l i n e . E v e n

t n e p u r e l i g h t o f s c i e n c e s e e m s a s

i f i t c a n b r i n g n o L i g h t e x c e p t o n

t h e d a r k b a c k g r o u n d o f i g n o r a n c e .

T h i s a n t a g o n i s m b e t w e e n m o d e r n i n ­

d u s t r y a n d s c i e n c e , o n t h e o n e h a n d ,

a n d t h e p r e s e n t m i s e r y a n d d e c l i n e ,

o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h i s a n t a g o n i s m

b e t w e e n t h e p r o d u c t i v e f o r c e s a n d t h e

s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s o f o u r e p o c h i s a n

i n e v i t a b l e a n d i n d i s p u t a b l e c o n c r e t e

f a c t . " - * " M a r x p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h i s

a n t a g o n i s m i s d o n e a w a y w i t h o n l y

b y t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n a n d s o ­

c i a l i s m .

K a r l M a r x p r o d u c e d s c i e n t i f i c e v i ­

d e n c e t o p r o v e t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r t h e

s o c i a l i s t r e v o l u t i o n . H e p o i n t e d o u t

t h a t a g i v e n n e w h i s t o r i c a l l e v e l o f

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e f o r ­

c e s d o e s n o t l e a d a u t o m a t i c a l l y t o t h e

c r e a t i o n o f a n e w s y s t e m o f r e l a t i o n s

o f p r o d u c t i o n , d o e s n o t g i v e r i s e a u t o ­

m a t i c a l l y t o a s o c i o - e c o n o m i c f o r m a ­

t i o n o f a h i g h e r l e v e l . I n t h i s c o n t e x t

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s c i e n c e a n d t e c h ­

n i q u e e x e r t s a n i n f l u e n c e o n t h e d e ­

v e l o p m e n t o f n e w p r o d u c t i v e f o r c e s ,

b u t c a n n o t i t s e l f o v e r t u r n t h e c a p i ­

t a l i s t r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n w i t h

w h i c h t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e e x p l o i t i n g

c l a s s e s a r e l i n k e d a n d w h i c h a r e d e ­

f e n d e d b y t h e b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t

s t a t e . T h i s r e q u i r e s t h e v i o l e n t p r o ­

l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n w h i c h s m a s h e s t h e

o l d s t a t e m a c h i n e a n d e s t a b l i s h e s t h e

d i c t a t o r s h i p o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t . T h e

i n f l u e n c e o f t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c

r e v o l u t i o n i n c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y h a s

b e e n t o r a i s e t h e l e v e l o f t h e s o c i a l

c h a r a c t e r o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d i t s a n t a ­

g o n i s m w i t h t h e c a p i t a l i s t f o r m o f

a p p r o p r i a t i o n . I t h a s e x a c e r b a t e d a n d

d e e p e n e d t h e g e n e r a l c r i s i s o f i m p e ­

r i a l i s m , a d d e d t o t h e u n e m p l o y m e n t ,

r a i s e d t h e l e v e l o f c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a ­

t i o n , i n t h i s w a y i n f l u e n c i n g t h e p r e ­

p a r a t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t i v e a n d s u b j e c ­

t i v e f a c t o r s f o r t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o ­

l u t i o n , b u t i t c a n n e v e r r e p l a c e t h e

p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n . T h e d e v e l o p ­

m e n t o f t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e ­

v o l u t i o n h a s n e v e r b r o u g h t a b o u t a n d

c a n n o t b r i n g a b o u t t h e o v e r t h r o w o f

c a p i t a l i s t r e l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n i n

a n y c o u n t r y , h a s n o t e l i m i n a t e d t h e

c a p i t a l i s t e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d t h e u l c e r s

o f b o u r g e o i s s o c i e t y , l e t a l o n e t h r e a t ­

e n t h e p o l i t i c a l d o m i n a t i o n o f t h e

b o u r g e o i s i e . H e n c e , t h e c l a i m s o f t h e

b o u r g e o i s a n d r e v i s i o n i s t i d e o l o g i s t s

a b o u t t h e a l l e g e d " r e p l a c e m e n t " - o f

t h e p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u t i o n b y t e c h n i ­

c a l - s c i e n t i f i c p r o g r e s s , a b o u t t h e t e c h ­

n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n w h i c h h a s

a l l e g e d l y " o v e r c o m e ^ t h e c l a s s a n t a ­

g o n i s m o f c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y , r e m o v e d

t h e p r o l e t a r i a t f r o m t h e s t a g e o f h i s ­

t o r y , a n d " b r o u g h t o u t > > t h e i n t e l l i ­

g e n t s i a i n t h e k e y r o l e , a r e q u i t e u n ­

founded. T h e s e s o - c a l l e d t h e o r i e s w h i c h

a r e p r e a c h e d b y a s e r i e s o f b o u r g e o i s

p h i l o s o p h e r s a n d p r o p a g a t e d b y t h e

Y u g o s l a v , S o v i e t , a n d E u r o c o m m u n i s t

r e v i s i o n i s t s w h o t r y t o p r e s e n t t h e m

a s " M a r x i s t s ' ' , h a v e n o t h i n g i n c o m ­

m o n w i t h t h e t h e o r y o f s o c i a l r e v o l u ­

t i o n W h i c h M a r x d i s c o v e r e d . A s C o m -

j a a e K n v e r H o x n a h a s p o i n t e d o u t ,

t o r i v i a r x i s m - L e n d n i s m «...the t e c h n i ­

c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n a n d t h e d e ­

v e l o p m e n t o i t e c h n o c r a c y , l i n k e d w i t n

i t , a o n o t a n d c a n n o t s a v e c a p i t a l i s m

o r m o d e r n r e v i s i o n i s m f r o m t h e i r

i u e v i t a o i e c o l l a p s e a n d d e s t r u c t i o n .

X n e y ( t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d t h e r e v i ­

s i o n i s t s ; c a n n o t a l t e r t h e o b j e c t i v e

l a w s O I s o c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t , f i r s t o f

a l l , t n e l a w o f t n e c l a s s s t r u g g l e a n d

t h e r e v o l u t i o n . T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f

s c i e n c e a n d t e c n n i q u e i n p r o d u c t i o n

o n a n e x t e n s i v e s c a l e , w h i c h t h e c a ­

p i t a l i s t m o n o p o l i e s o f t h e W e s t a n d

t n e n e w o o u r g e o i s i e o f t h e r e v i s i o n ­

i s t c o u n t r i e s a r e o b l i g e d t o d o o n

a c c o u n t o f t h e i n t e r n a l a n d i n t e r s t a t e

s a v a g e c o m p e t i t i o n , t o e n s u r e m a x i ­

m u m p r o f i t d o e s n o t s m o o t h o u t t h e

c l a s s e c o n o m i c c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n t h e

l e a s t . . . , d o e s n o t s a v e i t f r o m e v e r

m o r e d e s t r u c t i v e a n d i n c u r a b l e c r i ­

s i s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t m a k e s t h e

c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d c r i s e s m o r e a c u t e . . . ,

a n d i n t h e e n d , w h e n t h e s u b j e c t i v e

f a c t o r i s a t t h e n e c e s s a r y l e v e l , l e a d s

t o t h e t r i u m p h a n t s o c i a l i s t r e v o l u -

tion.»''

T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e t e c h n i c a l -

s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n i n c a p i t a l i s t s o ­

c i e t y i s n e v e r a n i m p a r t i a l d e v e l o p ­

m e n t o v e r r i d i n g c l a s s d i v i s i o n s . I t i s

d i r e c t e d b y t h e b o u r g e o i s i e a n d s e r v e s

t h e o p p r e s s i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n o f

t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d t h e w o r k i n g m a s ­

s e s . O f c o u r s e , i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f

ALBANIA TODAY r . 4 ^ ^ - m 4^- 1 (74), 1984 • 41

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n ­

t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n t h e n u m b e r s o f t h e

i n t e l l i g e n t s i a h a v e i n c r e a s e d , b u t t h e

n u m b e r s o f t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s a n d t h e

l e v e l o f e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h a t c l a s s b y

t h e c a p i t a l i s t s h a v e i n c r e a s e d t o e v e n

g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s

i n t e l l i g e n t s i a c a n n o t r e p l a c e t h e h i s ­

t o r i c m i s s i o n o f t h e p r o l e t a r i a t ; o r p l a y

a n y n e w h i s t o r i c a l r o l e . T h e r e a r e

b o u r g e o i s i d e o l o g i s t s w h o c l a i m t h a t

t h e m a i n m o t i v e f o r c e o f s o c i e t y l i e s

i n a g r o u p o f ^ - h u m a n i t a r i a n ^ s c i e n t ­

i s t s ' w h o w i l l - " d i r e c t ^ t h e t e c h n i c a l -

s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n t o < 4 h e b e n e f i t o f

manl<ind». B u t s u c h v i e w s a r e u t t e r l y

U t o p i a n a n d r e a c t i o n a r y , b e c a u s e t h e y

i g n o r e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m e a n s o f

p r o d u c t i o n i n b o u r g e o i s - r e v i s i o n i s t s o ­

c i e t y a r e i n t h e h a n d s o f c a p i t a l i s t s ,

t h a t t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d o t h e r s c i e n ­

t i f i c i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e f i n a n c e d b y t h e

c a p i t a l i s t t r u s t s a n d h a v e n o e c o n o ­

m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m

t h e m . M o r e o v e r , t h e t o p s t r a t a o f t h e

i n t e l l i g e n t s i a a r e v e r y c l o s e l y l i n k e d

w i t h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e f r o m b o t h t h e

m a t e r i a l a n d t h e i d e o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s .

T h e e x p e r i e n c e o f o u r c o u n t r y d e ­

m o n s t r a t e s t h e o p p o s i t e o f w h a t t h e

b o u r g e o i s i e a n d t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s c l a i m .

I t p r o v e s i n p r a c t i c e w h a t M a r x d e ­

m o n s t r a t e d i n t h e o r y , t h a t i t i s t h e

s o c i a l i s t r e v o l u t i o n w h i c h o p e n s t h e

w a y t o t h e c e a s e l e s s d e v e l o p m e n t a n d

p r o g r e s s o f s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n i q u e a n d

n o t v i c e - v e i ' s a . I n o u r c o u n t r y t h e

1 F. Engels, ^'The Bialectics of N o -ture», Tirana 1973, Alb. ed.

2 Enver Hoxha, ^<Reports and Spee­ches 1967-1968^', p. 359, Alb. ed.

3 Enver Hoxha, <<Reports and Speeches 1967-1968'-, p. 92, Alb. ed.

4 K. Marx-F. Engels, Selected Works, vol. 2, Tirana 1975, p. 497,. Alb. ed.

5 Karl Marx, ^'Critique of Political

c r e a t i o n o f l a r g e - s c a l e m o d e r n p r o d u c ­

t i o n a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t e c h n i c a l -

s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n a r e t h e w o r k o f

t h e P a r t y a n d s o c i a l i s m .

I n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e e x i s t e n c e

o f o u r s o c i a l i s t s o c i e t y a n d i n t h e

c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e c a ­

p i t a l i s t - b o u r g e o i s s o c i e t y , t h e t e c h n i ­

c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n t o d a y i s t a k ­

i n g p l a c e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n t w o d i a ­

m e t r i c a l o p p o s i t e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c f o r ­

m a t i o n s a n d i n t h i s w a y , m a n i f e s t s

i n e a c h o f t h e m c o m p l e t e l y o p ^ p o s i t e

s o o i a l c l a s s c o n t e n t . I n r e g a r d t o t h i s ,

C o m r a d e E n v e r H o x h a , d e f e n d i n g a n d

f u r t h e r d e v e l o p i n g M a r x ' s t e a c h i n g s

o n t h e t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n ,

h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e t e c h n i c a l -

s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n , l i k e e v e r y g e ­

n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n «.,.is g u i d e d b y p o ­

l i t i c s , f i r s t o f a l l . » i - T h e i d e o l o g i c a l

a n d p o l i t i c a l c l a s s c o n t e n t o f t h e t e c h ­

n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n w h i c h i s

t a k i n g p l a c e i n o u r c o u n t r y h a s d e ­

t e r m i n e d t h e r a p i d r a t e s o f i t s d e ­

v e l o p m e n t , t h e d i r e c t i o n s a n d e x t e n t

t o w h i c h i t i s s p r e a d . T h u s , t h e

t e c h n i c a l - s c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n i n o u r

c o u n t r y h a s i n f l u e n c e d t h e d e v e l o p ­

m e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e f o r c e s i n t h a t

d i r e c t i o n w h i c h h a s s e r v e d t h e c o m ­

p l e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s t s o c i e t y

o n t h e b a s i s o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e . I t s r e v o ­

l u t i o n a r y c l a s s e s s e n c e i s m a n i f e s t e d

a l s o i n t h e s o c i a l c o n s e q u e n c e s i t h a s

b r o u g h t t o o u r c o u n t r y . T h e y a r e

e x p r e s s e d i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f m o d e r n

Economy", Tirana 1977, p. 58, Alb. ed.

6 Karl Marx, ^'Capital", vol. 1, book.

2, p. 206, Alb. ed.

7 K. Marx-F. Engels, Selected W o r k s ,

vol. 2, p. 545, Alb. ed. t j v s T ; u'v^i

8 Enver Hoxha, <^Reports and Spee­

ches 1980-19Sl»,p. 171, Alb. ed. .

9 Karl Marx, ^Capital", vol. 3, book 1, p. 348, Alb. ed.

i n d u s t r y a n d t h e d e v e l o p e d s o c i a l i s t

a g r i c u l t u r e , i n t h e c e a s e l e s s r i s e o f

t h e w e l l - b e i n g o f t l i e w o r k i n g m a s ­

s e s t h e p e r f e c t i o n o f t h e s o c i a l i s t r e ­

l a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d t h e r i s e o f

t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f l a b o u r , i n t h e n a r ­

r o w i n g o f t h e m a i n s o c i a l d i s t i n c t i o n s ,

a s w e l l a s i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h ­

n i c a l a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l u p l i f t o f t h e

w o r k i n g m a s s e s . I n o u r c o u n t r y s c i e n ­

c e a n d t e c h n i q u e b e l o n g t o t h e

w o r k i n g m a s . s e s a n d h a v e b e e n p l a c e d

c o m p l e t e l y i n t h e i r s e r v i c e .

* * *

T o d a y w h e n w e c o m m e r r i o r a t e ttie

1 0 0 t h a n n i v e i - s a r y o f t h e d e a t h o f

K a r l M a r x , w e c a n n o t b u t f e e l t h a t

p r o f o u n d r e s p e c t a n d i n s p i r a t i o n w h i c h

t h e m a j e s t i c a n d i m m o r t a l r e v o l u ­

t i o n a r y w o r k o f t h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y

t h i n k e r o f g e n i u s a r o u s e s .

T h e « c i tade ls " o f t h e m y s t e r i e s o f

s c i e n c e f e l l b e f o r e t h e t i t a n i c m i n d

o f M a r x . W i t h a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d

b r e a d t h a n d d e p t h o f t h o u g h t , M a r x

s u c c e s s f u l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d t h e m i s s i o n

w i t h w h i e h t h e p r o l e t a r i a t a n d h i s t o r y

c h a r g e d h i m a n d i n d i c t a t e d t h e w a y

t o t h e o v e r t h r o w o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d

t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o c i a l i s t a n d c o m ­

m u n i s t s o c i e t y . « M a r x f o u g h t , w o r k e d

a n d t h o u g h t f o r u s , « " s a i d C o m r a d e

E n v e r H o x h a . H e r o s e a b o v e t h e c e n ­

t u r i e s a n d w o r k e d f o r t h e c e n t u r i e s .

10 K. Marx-F. Engels, Selected

Works, vol. 1, Tirana 1975, pp. 371-372,

Alb. ed.

11 Enver Hoxha, ' - R e p o r t s and Spee­

ches 1969-1970-, p. 144, Alb. ed.

12 Enver Hoxha, '^Reports and

Speeches 1967-1968", p. 256, Alb. ed.

13 Enver Hoxha, "Reports .'and

Speeches 1967-1968", p. 92, Alb. ed.