the ingenieur vol 47 sept 2010

7/28/2019 The Ingenieur Vol 47 Sept 2010

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Green Township Policy Initiatives

Landscape : The Economic Value

Innovations in Energy Efcient &

Exergy Efcient Designs

PahangSelangor Raw Water

Transer Project

propertydevelopment


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BUYERS LAB

2009 PICK

Canon Inc.

imagePROGRAF

iPF755


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c o n t e n t s

4 Presidents Message

Editors Note

6 Announcement

COVER FEATURE

7 Green Tonship Policy Initiatives

15 Landscape: The Economic Value

20 Liveable and Sustainable

Housing Development

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

26 Innovations in Energy Ecient &

Exergy Ecient Designs

ENGINEERING & LAw

Contingent Payment 32

The Continuing Saga

FEATURE

Integrated water Resources 36

Management in Malaysia

FEATURE

Pahang Selangor 42

Ra water Transer Project

ENGINEERING FEATURES

An Old Faithul Bridge in Sg 54

Lembing, Pahang

ex-mining ton

ENGINEERING NOSTALGIA

Kajang Ton in 1960s 55

v o l 4 7 S e p t - n o v 2 0 1 0

Cover photo courtesy o Mr. Zainal Arifn Baseri

rom Perbadanan Putrajaya


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KDN PP11720/04/2011(029445)ISSN 0128-4347

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSIA

(BEM) 2009/2010

PresidentYBhg. DatoSri Ir. Dr. Judin Abdul Karim

SecretaryIr. Ruslan Abdul Aziz

RegistrarIr. Hizamul-Din Ab. Rahman

MembersYBhg Tan Sri Pro. Ir. Dr. Mohd Zulkii bin Tan Sri Mohd GhazaliYBhg DatoIr. Hj. Ahmad Husaini bin SulaimanYBhg. DatoIr. Abdul Rashid MaidinYBhg. DatoIr. Dr. Johari bin BasriYBhg. Datuk Dr. Ir. Abdul Rahim Hj. HashimYBhg. DatoPro. Ir. Dr. Chuah Hean TeikYBhg. Brig. Jen. DatoPahlaan Ir. Abdul Nasser bin AhmadYBhg. Datuk Ar. Dr. Amer Hamzah Mohd YunusIr. Mohd Rousdin bin HassanIr. John AnthonyIr. wong Siu HiengPro. Ir. Ishak Abdul Rahman

Ir. Tan Yean ChinIr. Chong Pick EngIr. DatoDr. Lee Teang ShuiDatoJaaar bin Shahidan

EDITORIAL BOARD

AdvisorYBhg. DatoSri Ir. Dr. Judin Abdul Karim

SecretaryIr. Ruslan Abdul Aziz

ChairmanYBhg. DatoIr. Abdul Rashid bin Maidin

EditorIr. Fong Tian Yong

MembersPro. Ir. Dr. K.S. KannanIr. Chan Boon TeikIr. Prem KumarIr. Ishak Abdul RahmanMr Zamani bin ZakariahIr. Mohd Rasid bin OsmanIr. Dr. Zuhairi Abdul HamidIr. Ali Askar bin Sher Mohamad

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The Ingenieur is published by the Board o Engineers Malaysia(Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia) and is distributed ree o charge toregistered Proessional Engineers.

The statements and opinions expressed in this publication arethose o the riters.

BEM invites all registered engineers to contribute articles orsend their vies and comments to the olloing address:

Communication & IT Dept.Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia,

Tingkat 17, Ibu Pejabat JKR,Jalan Sultan Salahuddin,50580 Kuala Lumpur.

Tel: 03-2698 0590 Fax: 03-2692 5017E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]: http://.bem.org.my

AdvertisingAdvertisement Form is on page 56

P r e s i d e n t s m e s s a g e

Property development remains one o the key driving orcesin generating domestic demand and growth o the economy.Te property sectors contribution to economic growth alsohas a multiplying eect as it involves a signicant number odownstream sub-sectors players ranging rom proessionals,contractors, material suppliers, transporters to tradesmen.

arly, any contraction in the property development will have cascading adversein the engineering circle.

roperty development in Malaysia has matured to some extent. Te industry is nor satised with providing shelter or human habitation. Developers are marketingproperties on innovative designs, green technologies, eco -riendly environment,y architecture and interior decoration, energy ecient xtures and acilities, andrsal design that caters to Disabled Persons and the elderly. Many o these requireand imagination rom engineers. It is imperative that engineers keep up with the

and technologies to stay relevant in the shiing market.Te unolding New Economic Model, 10th Malaysia Plan and Greater Kuala

pur Plan have again placed emphasis on property development. While thertunity may sound promising or local engineers, I wish to remind them o thertance o proessionalism in discharging their duties and responsibilities. Public

ption and image o local engineers will have a bearing on their standing inty. Tis will be even more signicant when the ser vice sector is liberalized withinSEAN region by 2012.

Sri Ir. Dr Judin bin Abdul Karimdentd o Engineers Malaysia

e d i t o r s n o t e

Te property industry seems to respond well to theGovernments National Green echnology Policy with moredevelopers launching green townships and eco -parks. Consumerstoo include Green echnology as one o the items on theirchecklists or premium housing scheme.

Details on policy and good practices towards greents in property development are well narrated in the article on Green ownshipy Initiatives in Malaysia. Te essence o landscaping or property development is

er described in Landscaping in Property Development by a landscape architect.aper on R&D Innovations in Energy Eciency & Energy Ecient Designsghts two viable energy ecient technologies that have market potential in this

t eld.In the engineering eature section, the photos highlight an old wooden bridgengai Lembing, Pahang, an ex-mining town that is still servicing villagers on botho the river.Readers are encouraged to contribute engineering eature photos that are unique

nteresting.

y reading!

ng ian Yongr


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F e a t U r e Con t I nU e d t H e I n G e n I e U r v o l 4 7 S e p t e m B e r - n o v e m B e r 2 0 1 0a n n o U n c e m e n t s

Correction

Igiu v 46, Ju-Augus 2010

Gaiig A Gba Fh

W pl h yp p 14 whh h saJ

Hl s Bh pu 16 ml w

pl Jh. th u hul b 1600 ml.

BEM FACEBOOKThe Board o Engineers Malaysia has launched itsocial acebook. Ho to nd us on Facebook?

Simple. Just visit http://.bem.org.my ; ClickFind us on Facebook (right pane o BEM eb site).

You may also sign in to .acebook.com andsearch or Board o Engineers Malaysia.

Pindaan Skala Gaji Perunding Di Lampiran H Dalam Manual Perolehan

Perkhidmatan Perunding Edisi 2006

Mulai 1 Ogos 2010, Pekeliling LJM No. 2/1992 bertajuk BEM/MOF Dialogue Update On SomeAspects O Remuneration For Engineering Consultancy Services For Government Projectsadalah dibatalkan.

Skala Gaji Perunding hendaklah menggunapakai Surat Arahan Perbendaharaan bilangan S/K.KEw/PK/P/1100/000000/165/23 JLD 6 SK 2(2) bertarikh 15 April 2010 bertajuk Pindaan SkalaGaji Perunding Di Lampiran H Dalam Manual Perolehan Perkhidmatan Perunding Edisi 2006.

Sila layari laman eb LJM di http://.bem.org.my/v3/circulars_link.html untuk PindaanSkala Gaji Perunding Di Lampiran H Dalam Manual Perolehan Perkhidmatan Perunding Edisi

2006.

2011 RENEWAL NOTICE [Proessional Engineers, Accredited Checkers, Temporary Engineers,Engineering Consultancy Practice (ECP)]

Due Date or 2011 Renewal o Registration: 31st January 2011* Expiry Date or 2010 Registration: 31st December 2010 *

Engineering Consultancy Practice (ECP)

The 2011 Reneal Form and Notice are currently available in BEM eb site.

To donload the notice and orm, please visit: http://.bem.org.my/v3/donloads.html

(or http://.bem.org.my | menu Nes & Event - click BC, MDP, SP, PN - 2011 RENEwALNOTICE)

c o v e r F e a t U r e

Te concept o environmentalsustainability was rst brought to

widespread public attention in 1972embodied in the book Te Limits toGrowth. Te report basically concludedthat the growth o the human population,

and an increase in prosperity, wouldcause an ecological collapse within 50

years. Tis was ollowed by the BruntlandReport in 1987 and the Rio Declarationin 1992 which had spurred strategiesor action towards achieving sustainabledevelopment and consequential initiativesin sustainable communities, greendevelopment and green cities to adaptto environmental degradation, climatechange and a carbon constrained uture.

Green TownshipPolicy Initiatives

Malaysia continuously supports initiatives in implementing

sustainable urban development strategies including green

growth and green urbanism. Initiatives towards developing

green townships in Malaysia in related policies have

been ormulated at various levels o development plans

including planning guidelines that support green urbanism.

Development plans in Malaysia have long recognized the need

or green strategy by way o conservation, promoting green

networks in urban neighbourhoods, promoting walkability

and sustainable public transport. Currently, this has been

value-added by design dimensions related to energy eciency

towards a low carbon society. The role o the community is

instrumental in supporting green cities initiatives.

By Dr Dahlia Rosly and Nor Zaliza

Mohd Puzi,

Research and Development Division

Federal Department of Town and

Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia(This paper was published in Habitat

Magazine, Second Edition 2010,

Ministry of Housing and Local

Government)

GREEN AND HE SUSAINABLECIIES AGENDA

Cities are actively making changes to becomemore sustainable, oen aiming to promotedevelopment that is contained within itsecological carrying capacity, a development

which is socially just and economicallyinclusive. Te concept o sustainabledevelopment was consequently extendedinto green development, synonymous togreen urbanism. Green urbanism presentsundamental opportunities to shape citiesto be more sustainable, bringing aboutmajor liestyle changes such as walking,cycling and reduction o consumptioncommunities, with provisions to boostrenewable energy, energy eciency and


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t H e I n G e n I e U r v o l 4 7 S e p t e m B e r - n o v e m B e r 2 0 1 0

Tey emphasize a high quality o lieand the creation o highly liveableneighbourhoods and communities.

From these criteria, a Green townshipcan be conceived as an integrated

planned habitat that gives emphasisto the protection, use and recycling onatural resources, besides promoting

public health, saety and general welareo urban people. Key characteristicso uture Green Cities is that they are

waste ree, transport ecient withwidely available public transportation,walkable and cycle-riendly, whollyenergy independent with minimal carbonoutput including reduction o ossil-uel

use, adopt sustainable building practices,promote green space and parks aslungs o the cities and clean air quality,implement energy-ecient initiativesand develop well-organized mixed-useneighbourhoods that combine living,

working and shopping.

Instrumental to green urbanism is thecommunity network and cohesion,green consciousness and commitment.Te neighbourhood as a basic modulein developing green cities becomesthe ront line to incorporate eortsin designs and activities to reducegreenhouse gas emissions while meetinga host o other community goals. As thequality o peoples homes is infuencedby the spaces around them, there is anincreasing recognition that well-designed,

well-managed green spaces by and inbetween housing are crucial to makingneighbourhoods liveable, and contributeto peoples quality o lie. Green elementssuch as the network o green spaces and

corridors, tree-lined streets, signicantprivate landscaping (including greenroos) or even small scal e local communityagriculture are examples o good greenapplications. Tus, buildings in theneighbourhood are oen green withexcellent environmental perormance;area-wide green inrastructure is common

place, rom low-impact storm watermanagement to district energy systems.Most important in planning a green

neighbourhood is creating the vision,giving policy directions and guidelinesthat describe all aspects necessary o a

green neighbourhood towards achievingits set o goals. Making a commitment toneighbourhood designs that will supporta low-emission liestyle or all residents,

would involve the widest possible rangeo stakeholders and community supportto set up and maintain internal systemsto ensure continued improvementsand renements as the plan is beingimplemented.

POLICIES RELAED OHE PLANNING OF GREENOWNSHIPS IN MALAYSIA

Te Malaysian Government has beencontinually promoting environmentalstewardship in all development

plans. Since the 8th Malaysia Plan(2001-2005), the incorporation oenvironmental consideration into

planning and development has beenintensied. Consequently, the sustainableuse o energy has been identied in

the 9th Malaysia Plan, highlightingstrategies or using energy ecientlythrough the promotion o greater use orenewable energy or power generationby industries and intensiying energyecient initiatives in the industrial,transport and commercial sectors as wellas applications in Government buildings.Te 10th Malaysia Plan reinorces and

places urther emphasis on the use orenewable energy and on increasing

energy eciency. Various measures suchas relevant guidelines, standards and laws

would be introduced to ensure ecient

use o energy and to reduce greenhousegas emission.

In tandem with the Malaysia Plans andother national policies, the Ministryo Housing and Local Governmento Malaysia through its Departmento own and Country Planning, hadtranslated these into spatial orm throughthe National Physical Plan (NPP) and theNational Urbanisation Policy (NUP).

National Physical Plan (NPPFirst approved by the National PhysicalPlanning Council in 2005, the goal othe National Physical Plan (NPP) isto establish an ecient, equitable andsustainable national spatial rameworkto guide the overall development o thecountry towards achieving developednation status by 2020. Te NPP is preparedin accordance with the provisions o theown and Country Planning Act 1976(Act 172). Selected policies supportingthe green urbanism concept and initiatives

are summarized as ollows:

ransit oriented development(OD2) concept as the basis o urbanland use planning to ensure viabilityo public transport, supportedby walkways linkages to promoteconnectivity and to reduce emissions

Urban settlements to be serviced byan integrated network o solid-waste

c o v e r F e a t U r e Cont I nU e d

environmental restoration. Among eaturesare high-perormance green buildings(extended spatially into high-perormancegreen townships) with investments in

public transport and other sustainabletransport measures, and research into newtechnologies. Indeed, it is the cities thathold the greatest hope or achieving a moresustainable uture o our planet. By 2030,over 60% o the worlds population (4.9billion out o 8.1 billion people) will livein cities. (UN-Habitat 2001). Tus anyeective agenda to reduce the impacts oclimate change and other environmentalchallenges must necessarily include cities asa key element.

Tough there are many earlier historicreerences to the garden city, theimplementation o green elementin modern physical planning can betraced to Sir Ebenezer Howard in 1898through his concept o the garden city.Tese were well-planned, sel-contained,communities surrounded by green belts,containing careully balanced areas oresidences, agriculture and industries.

With environmental issues on theoreront, development is increasinglyocusing on green elements to directlyor indirectly reduce green house gases

(GHG). Tus, the garden city concept hasbeen expanded and enhanced to resolveenvironmental challenges as well. In its

wider interpretation, green developmenthas been described as a land use planningconcept that includes considerationo community-wide implications odevelopment, as well as site-specic greenbuilding concepts1. Tis involves city

planning and environmental planning,urban design, architecture and community

building. Sustainable neighbourhoodswould then become the basic module ingreen urban planning, orming green citiesand green regions.

CHARACERISICS OFGREEN CIIES AND GREEN

NEIGHBOURHOODS

Beatley, . (2000), described cities thatexempliy green urbanism, characterizedas ollows:

Tey strive to live their ecologicallimits, undamentally reducetheir ecological ootprints, andacknowledge their connection withand impacts on other cities and

communities and the larger planet; Tey are designed or and unction in

ways analogous to nature; Tey strive to achieve a circular

rather than a linear metabolism,which matures and develops positivesymbiotic relationships with andbetween its hinterland (whether

that be regional, national, orinternational); Tey strive towards local and

regional sel-suciency and takeull advantage o nurturing local/regional ood production, economy,

power production, and many otheractivities that sustain and supporttheir population;

Tey acilitate (and encourage) moresustainable, healthul liestyles; and

Green elements such as the network o green

spaces and corridors, tree-lined streets,

signifcant private landscaping or even

small scale local community agriculture are

examples o good green applications.

1source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Green_development 2ransit oriented development is a development that clusters around a transit station in order to support public transportusage through optimum threshold and ridership.

Green urbanism presents undamental opportunities to shape cities to be more sustainable

Green space and parks are lungs o the cities...


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t H e I n G e n I e U r v o l 4 7 S e p t e m B e r - n o v e m B e r 2 0 1 0

green township implementation.Among these are:

PlanningGuidelinesforOpenSpaceandRecreationFacilities

Tis guideline rst prepared in 1997had aimed to guide local authorities anddevelopers to provide adequate openspaces at various levels o hierarchies,locations, sizes and acilities. It alsohighlights the requirement to provide aminimum o 10% o usable open spacesor all types o developments. Tisguideline is being reviewed by the FederalDepartment o own and CountryPlanning.

Planning Guideline for Roof TopGardensWith rising concerns to reduce carbonootprint, the green roo becomes anadaptation measure in a changing climate.Te Federal Department o ownand Country Planning has draed thePlanning Guidelines or Roo op Gardenin 1997 and is currently being reviewedand updated. Originally conceived as parto the open space planning in the urbanareas to ully utilize idle spaces, rooopsare now providing opportunities not onlyin beautication but in energy saving,insulation and air quality improvementand or reducing the eects o urban heatisland. Tere are successul examples oroo top gardens in shopping malls. Tesegardens adopt recycling technologies suchas chilled water irrigation sourced romthe shopping centres air conditioningsystem to grow temperate plants and arainwater harvesting system or generalirrigation. As an example, plants can begrown on a soil-mix based on granulated

horticultural carbon.

e Circular om the Secretary-General, Ministry of Housing andLocal Government on Rain WaterHarvestingSystem,1999(SPAH)

Forward looking, the Cabinet had, in1998, instructed the Ministry o Housingand Local Government to promote theuse o rainwater. Tis was prior to theormulation o the Policy on Climatein Malaysia. Subsequently, the Ministry

o Housing and Local Government hadproduced a Circular in 1999 to instruct

local authorities to install a Rain WaterHarvesting System (SPAH, SistemPenuaian Air Hujan) in buildings.A success story in implementingthe rainwater harvesting system, theMunicipality o Sandakan, Sabah, hadimposed a planning requirement indevelopment applications to provide arainwater storage tanks or new residentialbuilding commencing June 2001. Eachtank is able to store maximum o 400gallons o rainwater. Further guidelineshad been prepared to support this circular.

RESEARCH INIIAIVES

Low Carbon City ResearchGreen Urbanism being the current buzz-

word had rendered numerous interestsrom various Government Ministries,Institutes o Higher Learning and LocalAuthorities into various research aspectsand pilot projects. Te Federal o ownand Country Planning Department

(FCPD) had identied the Low CarbonCity concept as one o its researchinitiatives since the 9th Malaysia Plan andhad produced related guidelines includingone on Sustainable ransportation inLanduse Development in 2007.In a wider context, FCPD is currentlycollaborating with a research team romKyoto University Japan and Universityechnology o Malaysia (UM) toconduct research on Low Carbon City.Te Iskandar Development in Johor has


disposal and/or recovery acilities.Waste generation management willbe promoted including recyclingo waste, solid waste collection anddisposal in accordance with theNational Solid Waste Master Plan.

Strategic assets, electricity generation

plants and distribution mains shall besuitably located to provide a reliableand ecient supply o power toconsumers. Renewable energy suchas energy rom solar, wind, waveand biomass are to be promotedto complement traditional powergeneration sources.

National Urbanization PolicyIn addition to the National Physical Plan

which demonstrated physical planningcommitment to support green urbanism,green urbanism has also been refectedin the Malaysias National UrbanisationPolicy (NUP) approved by the Cabineton August 8, 2006. Te NUP guidesand co-ordinates the planning and urbandevelopment in Malaysia incorporatingkey areas such as urban growth limit,compact cities, urban regeneration,utilization o open spaces, solid wastegeneration / containment, sustainabletransport, energy eciency and renewableenergy. Te National Urbanization Policy

emphasizes the ollowing:1. Optimal and balanced landuse

planning emphasis in urban develop-ment, hence all development shallbe compatible with the surroundinglanduses and concentrated withinthe urban growth limit so as to createa compact city

2. Encouragement o re-developmentprogrammes or browneld areas andpromotion o urban regeneration

3. Adequate provision o open space

the impact o urban heat islands andto ensure that urban development

will take into account reduction oair, noise and water pollution

9. Use o innovative technology inurban planning, development andurban services management aimingto reduce the production o waste,

promote the construction o greenbuildings and encourage the use oecient energy and renewable energy

Indeed, the urban planning ora hadconceived ways to promote greenurbanism since the mid 1990s and was

ormalized in the National UrbanizationPolicy during the early period o the 9thMalaysia Plan. Subsequently, initiativesin the National Green echnology Policy(NGP) serve as a support to ollow-through the green growth agenda.

Planning Guidelines and CircularsIn addition to policy directions and

prescriptions in the National PhysicalPlan and National Urbanization Policy,there are other initiatives to encourage

and recreational areas to meet therequirement o the population, con-sequently promoting the contiguousand integrated development o greenareas in urban centres to reduce car-bon emission

4. Develop an integrated, ecient anduser-riendly public transportationsystem including environmentalriendly vehicles, bicycle lanes, and

pedestrian network or ecientconnectivity and to reduce the levelo air pollution

5. Eective and sustainable solid wasteand toxic management systems

to eect solid waste reduction,ull utilization o bio-degradablematerials and encourage recycling

programmes or the community6. Strategies related to sucient

housing and aordability, taking intoaccount the needs o various groupso society including the disabled andsenior citizens

7. Environmental conservation andimproving the urban quality o lie,

8. Encourage development that reduces

The Iskandar Development in Johor has

been selected as a pilot and tagged as Low

Carbon City 2025, Sustainable Iskandar

Malaysia.

A backyard rainwater harvesting system in

Sandakan

been selected as a pilot and tagged asLow Carbon City 2025, SustainableIskandar Malaysia. Tis study researchesthe easibility o developing IskandarMalaysia into a low carbon city. Temethods involved developing the currentinventory o GHG emissions o IskandarMalaysia; and quantiying the socialeconomic activity level in 2025 basedon Iskandar Malaysia ComprehensiveDevelopment Plans 2025. Initial ndingshad shown that the GHG emissions oIskandar Malaysia will increase 3.6 timeshigher than o the level at 2005 withoutmitigation measures, and by adoptingthe mitigation options, emissions can bereduced by approximately 60% by 2025.

OHER NAIONAL POLICIES

Te National Green echnology Policy(NGP July 2009Te NGP is one o the most current

platorms supporting green growth.It introduces and proposes the im-

plementation o innovative economicinstruments, as well as the establishmento eective scal and nancial mechanismsto support the growth o green industries.Te NGP is held by our pillars namelyenergy, environment, economy and social;

with our key areas ocusing on energy,building, water & waste management andtransportation. Tese areas are expected to

promote oreign direct investments (FDI)in green technology to oster domesticdirect investments (DDIs) and localindustry participation.

Implications on green cities have beenidentied through two strategic thrusts

in the NGP. Te rst thrust ocuseson providing a conducive environmentor green technology development withmeasures to strengthen the understandingo local players in Green echnologyindustries and their value chain.Tis would include technology andinrastructure support required or energyecient neighbourhoods and cities.Similar to economic strategies adoptedby many countries, the NGP acilitatesand inuses unds into sustainability-

Green areas in urban centres reduce carbon emission


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oriented projects simultaneously greeningthe economy. Te second thrust promoteseducation and inormation disseminationthrough comprehensive roll - out

programmes to increase public awarenesson Green echnology.

Malaysian Budget 2010

Te topic o green growth continuedwhen the Prime Minister, during his2010 Budget speech in October 2009,announced that Malaysia will developgreen technologies and encouragedevelopment o green buildings. Tedevelopment o green technology wouldbe translated by developing Putrajayaand Cyberjaya as pioneer townships ingreen technology and as a showcase orthe development o other townships.Tese green townships would promote

well-connected neighbourhoods, reducecarbon ootprint through environment-riendly initiatives including greenbuildings and using resources eciently.Tese townships should also be wellmanaged, inclusive, equitable andostering a sense o community within athriving and vibrant economy.

Green rating tools have also beenmentioned, highlighting the GreenBuilding Index (GBI), where buildings

ocus on increasing the eciency oresource use (energy, water, and materials)while reducing building impact onhuman health and the environmentduring the buildings liecycle. Tis can beachieved through better sitting, design,construction, operation and maintenanceo buildings. Te ramework or this greenrating system or single buildings can beurther extended to a neighbourhoodor township level to create a green ratingsystem or townships and neighbourhoods.

Te National Policy on Climate ChangeTe National Steering Committee onClimate Change (NSCCC) serves as thenational ocal point or external nancialand technical assistance or climate change

programme. Te NSCCC also ormulatesand implements climate change policiesincluding mitigation o GHG emissionsand adaptation to climate change. Toughdebates and discourses on climate changehad taken place prior to the ormulation othe NGP, the submission o this Policyhad preceded the submission o NationalClimate Change Policy to the Cabinet inNovember 2009. Tis policy will driveeorts to reduce emissions and contributeto the larger agenda o reducing climatechange impacts.

Te Blueprint comprises ve principles,

ten strategic thrusts and 43 key actions,all ocusing on mitigation, adaptationmeasures and capacity building. InDecember 2009, at the COP-15, the PrimeMinister had announced that Malaysia

will adopt a voluntary national reductionup to 40% in terms o GDP emissionintensity by year 2020. Te Ministry oNatural Resources and Environment(NRE) is currently nalizing the road mapor Malaysia to achieve the national targetreduction o GHG emission by 2020.

Green technology vendors play an

important role in shaping green cities but

the bottom line is that green urbanism is

community-led.

PUBLIC AWARENESS AND GREENCONSCIOUSNESS

One o the keys to successul greening o acity is the commitment o the communityin realizing their green objectives.Fundamental to community commitmentis awareness, more so, green consciousnesstowards shared community goals.Oen an uphill climb, communication,

partnership and sharing betweenall members o the community areinstrumental in the creation o successulgreen cities. Promoting an area-widegreen liestyle such as recycling, wastereduction, working on urban communityagricultural plots or community gardens,or even participating in a composting

programme or eco-estival or example,are green community activities thatrequire collective synergy.

Other green liestyle changes that wouldbe driven by community rapport are

walking, cycling, and initiatives relatedto the use o household and communitygreen technology. Green technology

vendors play an important role inshaping green cities but the bottom lineis that green urbanism is community-led.Tough green networking is maturingin Europe through the social media and

internet portals, Malaysia is new in theseeorts. However, long existing platormscan be used, such as Local Agenda 21and thus ar some activities on greeningsuch as recycling have been realizedthrough Malaysias Local Agenda 21under the Ministry o Housing and LocalGovernment

At the local authority level, GreenCities Network could create public-

private partnership, with local


Putrajaya a pioneer green township


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Many things are encompassed in ourunderstanding o the word landscape. Itis a matter not only o beauty, aestheticappreciation o nature and architecture,but the whole ecology o an area, thehistory o its occupation and use by

people; geological structure o the land,its soils, animals and its vegetation; andthe pattern o human activity both

past and present. Landscape is describedas the environment we experience inthe interaction o natural resources and

peoples needs. Landscape contributes tosociety in many ways Among benets thatare widely accepted are: -

Eperiencing beauty and source oinspiration.Many people have seen thelandscape they grew up in disappear.Many children o today will share thatexperience. It is experienced as theloss o a shared past. Tis aspect playsan important role in experiencing theidentity o a district, city or country.Landscape has been a source o

inspiration or artists rom practicallyevery discipline: composer, lmdirectors, poets, writers, painters,

photographers and designers. Manyartistic expressions are connected

with the landscape. Tis all makesthe landscape a thoroughly alturas

phenomena. Since landscape ismaniested in the work o so manydierent artists; it emphasizes thedeeper values in society. Landscape isthus a vehicle o values.

Conserving nature and biologicaldiversity. Landscape conserves natureand biological diversity through theeco-system along with vegetation,fora and auna that have evolvedthrough human intervention. Naturallandscape is known to be repositorieso biological richness.

Conserving human history inbuilding and activities by impressinghuman history in monuments,buildings and activities. It willcontinue to provide living spaces andlivelihood or the population to evolvein harmony with the environment.

Oering source o recreation andtourism. Public use and enjoyment areimportant contribution o landscapetowards physical and mental health.A well managed landscape area or

park will integrate recreation withconservation, leading to a wide rangeo experiences walking, climbing,

caving, cycling, gliding, photography,party, nature study or simply enjoyingthe beautiul area created.

ECONOMIC VALUE PROVIDED BYLANDSCAPE

In line with current approach o propertydevelopment which gives emphasis tolandscape and environment, and putsculture and landscape as assets to drive

a citys distinctiveness, appropriatemechanisms need to be ollowed inorder to establish the market value o a

property.

Natural and man-made landscapesprovide a wealth o goods and s ervices inthe economy such as: aesthetic views with beautiful trees

and lake landscape, opportunities for physical exercises

that include brisk walking and jogging recreational activities including

picnicking carbonsequestrationandcarbonsinkSome o these benets are deriveddirectly while others are obtainedindirectly. In other cases, the benetsare obtained without making any actualexpenditure. Te mere presence and

protection o the landscape trees maygenerate emotional satisaction. Tereis also a time dimension to the benetsderived. In most cases people acquirethese benets in the current period, but

there are also circumstances where theyderive satisaction rom the knowledgethat protecting a landscape area nowcould ensure that uture generations alsohave the opportunity to use it.

Te categories o economic value include:

DirectUsevalueTese are the values that accrue romdirect human use o a natural landscape,and can be either extractive or non-

Landscape: TheEconomic ValueBy Puan Hajah Rotina b. Mohd Daik, Jabatan Landskap Negara

authorities developing a community-based stewardship programme withcommunity helping community wherebycommunities share experiences, volunteerand help each other in creating greenenvironments.

CONCLUSION HE WAYFORWARD

Global warming and world climate changehad impacted peoples lie in varyingdegrees. Sustainable development and thegreening o living habitat has increasinglybecome a prominent agenda globally.It is estimated that around 50% 3 o the

worlds population now lives in cities and

urban areas and increasingly so in years tocome. Tese large communities provideboth challenges and opportunities orenvironment-conscious urban makers to

make cities more sustainable, particularlyat the township level. Tis would involvemaking a commitment to townshipdesigns that will support a low emissionliestyle or all residents; involving the

widest possible range o stakeholders ingreen growth with green inrastructureserving as a backbone to support energyeciency and renewable energy withinthe water and energy systems. Tus anintegrated approach linking all dimensiono sustainability is instrumental. Onthe economic ront, green developmentdirectly nurtures green economy. Inusingunds into sustainability-oriented projectsis one way to green the economy, as hasbeen highlighted by the NGP.

Long-term visions in spatial planningto secure progressively green townshipand regions or sustainable utures calls

or a continuous improvement in thedevelopment plan making process toconsciously include green urbanism.Te Ministry o Housing and LocalGovernment through the FDCPhas, since the mid-1990s supportedgreen urbanism through its policiesand guidelines. Likewise the collectivesupport o local authorities, developers,

planners and architects, and relatedagencies in the public and private sectorsin the conception and realization o greentownship is instrumental. With visionsand policies in place, green urbanismis at best community-driven withcommunity support and consciousnessoen supported by an eective social

networking media and under the auspiceso good green leadership.

REFERENCES

1. Beatley imothy (2000), Green Urbanism: Learning From European Cities, Island Press.2. Bristol Accord (2005), Conclusions o Ministerial Inormal On Sustainable Communities in Europe UK Presidency,

Crown.3. Federal Department o own and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (2006), National Urbanisation Policy.4. Federal Department o own and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (2005), National Physical Plan.5. Federal Department o own And Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (1997), Planning Guideline on Open Spaces

and Recreational Areas.6. Federal Department o own And Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (1997), Planning Guideline or Roo op

Gardens.

7. Federal Department o own and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia (2006), Planning Guideline or EnvironmentalSensitive Areas and its surrounding areas (Dra).8. Ministr y o Energ y, Green echnology & Water KeHA, (2010), National Green echnolog y Policy.9. Malaysian Institute o Architects - PAM (2009) Green Building Index (GBI)10. Prime Minister Department (2001), Eighth Malaysia Plan 2001 200511. Prime Minister Department (2006), Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006 201012. Putrajaya and Cyberjaya on environs-riendly ast track. Wednesday January 27, 2010, the Star Online13. Te Speech on enth Malaysia Pla n 2011 2015 by Prime Minister o Malaysi a, Dato Sri Mohd Najib Bin un Haji

Abdul Razak, June 10, 2010 in the Dewan Rakyat.14. Universiti eknologi Malaysia, Kyoto University, Okayama University and Ritsumeikan University (2009), Low-Carbon

City 2025: Sustainable Iskandar Malaysia.15. Wikipedia Dictionary, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_development, download on February, 2010.

3AccordingtoCentralintelligentAgency(CIA),USA https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-actbook/elds/2212.html?countryName

=World&countryCode=xx&regionCode=ocx:

urbanpopulation:50.5% o total population (2010)

rateofurbanization:1.85% annual rate o change (2010-15 est.)

tenlargesturbanagglomerations:okyo (Japan) 36,669,000; Delhi (India) 22,157,000; Sao Paulo (Brazil) 20,262,000; Mumbai (India)

20,041,000; Mexico City (Mexico) 19,460,000; New York-Newark (US) 19,425,000; Shanghai (China) 16,575,000; Kolkata (India)

15,552,000; Dhaka (Bangladesh) 14,648,000; Karachi (Pakistan) 13,125,000 (2009)



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F e a t U r e Con t I nU e d t H e I n G e n I e U r v o l 4 7 S e p t e m B e r - n o v e m B e r 2 0 1 0c o v e r F e a t U r e Cont I nU e d

water purication, nutrient recycling,carbon sequestration and micro-climatestabilisation, all o which indirectly helpsupport or protect economic activity andhuman welare nearby the park.

OptionvalueInstitutions may want to conserve naturallandscape areas so that uture generationsalso have the chance to enjoy them.Tis is the option value. Individuals orinstitutions may also want to conservenature i they believe there is potential

value in doing so. Local authorities,or example, may conserve beautiullandscape areas o high biodiversity andnatural eatures now in an attempt to

establish new parks in the uture. Tis isan action which is a orm o option value.Tese option values arise because o theuncertainty o uture supplies o greenlandscape areas with clean water bodies.

Non-UsevalueTe above three categories capture thebenets o actually using the landscapearea, either now or in the uture. But

people also derive value rom naturesimply by knowing that it exists. Tisexistence value captures peoples desire tosee environmental and natural landscapesconserved, even though they neverintend to use them. For example, people

pay money to conservation org anisationsto protect charismatic biodiversityspecies, although they may never see or

visit them. Tis is part o the altruisticvalue that some p eople have on uniquelandscapes.

able 1.1 presents illustrations oeconomic values computed or a range o

goods and services provided by landscapeareas overseas, classied according to thedierent categories o economic value.

CASE SUDIES AROUND HEWORLD

JapanStudies show that there are relativeincreases in property value inareas composed o good landscapeenvironment. In Japan, data rom okyoand Kitakyushus large and mediumsized metropolitan areas were used toevaluate 200300 transacted vacant sites,designated or residential development.Te results o principal componentanalysis and hedonic regression analysissuggested that the compatibility othe buildings and the greenery o theneighbourhood were distinctively

perceived; and these actors signicantlyinfuenced land prices or both cities.Te outcomes indicate that programmesshould be provided to motivate residentsto preserve or create landscape amenityco-operatively, and justiy planning

policies to encourage neighbourhood-based co-operation or landscapeimprovement.1

NetherlandsAn attractive environment is likelyto infuence house prices. Houses in

attractive settings will have an addedvalue over similar, less avourablylocated houses. Tis eect is intuitivelyelt, but does it always occur? Whichenvironmental actors make a locationan attractive place to live in? A studyin Netherlands explored the eect odierent environmental actors onhouse prices. Te research using thehedonic pricing method to analyse3,000 house transactions, in eight townsin the Netherlands, were studied toestimate the eect o environmentalattributes on transaction prices. Someo the most salient results show that thelargest increases in house prices due toenvironmental actors (up to 28%) or

houses with a garden acing water, whichis connected to a sizeable lake.

It demonstrate that a pleasant view canlead to a considerable increase in house

price, particula rly i the house overlookswater (810%) or open space (612%).Observation revealed that house price

varies by landscape type. Attractivelandscape types were able to attract a

premium o 512% over less attractiveenvironmental settings.2 Natural settinghelps to boost property value.

extractive. Examples o the ormerinclude the use o the landscape areaby the local community or timber andnon-timber orest products like root,shoots, bark, leaves, fower, ruit ormushroom picking without destroyingthe trees. Te extracted product maybe sold commercially or used orsubsistence purposes. Non-extractivedirect use values include the amenity

and recreational benets individualsreceive rom visiting areas o outstandingnatural beauty, as well as the research andeducational values people derive romstudying biologically diverse and uniquelandscapes. IndirectUsevalueTese are the ecological unctionsand services o natural resources and

landscapes that indirectly providesupport and protection to people andeconomic activity. For example, the

watershed protection unctions oa landscape area can help to controlerosion and sedimentation in riversand drains, and hence the foodingo productive land downstream. Teenvironment also provides a myriad oother ecological services such as air and

Table 1.1: Examples of economic value derived for a range of environmental goods and services

1Xiaolu Gao, and Yasushi Asami, Institute o Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academyo Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, ChinabCenter or Spatial Inormation Science, University o okyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan2Te value o trees, water and open space as reected by house prices in the Netherlands

Joke Luttik Alterra, Green World Research, P.O. Box 125, 6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands

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Natural setting helps to boost property value.


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F e a t U r e Con t I nU e d t H e I n G e n I e U r v o l 4 7 S e p t e m B e r - n o v e m B e r 2 0 1 0

UnitedStatesofAmericaA survey o the sales o 844 single amilyresidential properties in Athens, GeorgiaU.S.A., indicated that landscaping withtrees was associated with 3.5%4.5%increase in sales prices. During the 19781980 study period, the average house soldor about US$38,100 (in 1978 constantdollars) and had ve trees in its ront

yard. Te average sales price increasedue to trees was between US$1,475 andUS$1750 (US$2,869 and US$3,073 in1985 dollars) and was largely due to treesin the intermediate and large size classes,regardless o species. Tis increase in

property value resulted in an estimatedincrease o US$100,000 (1978 dollars)

in the citys property tax revenues.3

Te hedonic price model was used tosimultaneously estimate the eects ostreet trees on the sales price and thetime-on-market (OM) o houses inPortland, Oregon. On average, streettrees add US$8,870 to sales price andreduce OM by 1.7 days. In addition, it

was ound that the benets o street treesspill over to neighbouring houses.4

CONRIBUION OF AMENIYREES IN MALAYSIA

In Malaysia, the value o a standing tree inaman asik aiping has been estimatedby using Tyer ree Valuation method

which was designed to value trees in pub-lic parks or urban setting. Te calculated

value is assessed based on the contributiono trees to landscape, and the extent it isappreciated by the public due to its im-

portance to the environment and humancommunity. A survey done by Jabatan

Landskap Negara and Universiti PutraMalaysia on the value o the sampled ame-nity trees in aman asik aiping revealedthat Samanes saman (Hujan-hujan) treesaged around 130 years were valued be-tween RM1,649,288 to RM2,084,699 pertree. Greater eort should be encouragedor all parties to plan and execute develop-

which eventually will progress topromoting research and developmentrelated to landscape.

FOSERING LANDSCAPE ASPAR OF MALAYSIAN LIFESYLE

Malaysian landscape should refect its

present climate and character as Malaysiais renowned or her unique tropicalcharacter, abundant with an assortmento landscape resources. Te distinctive

physical appearances; namely rainorests,topographical and geological ormation,rivers, and vegetations should be wiselycarved along with development. Te key

ment project that willenhance the quality oMalaysian landscapeby preserving ournatural resources, pro-tecting natural topog-raphy and creatinggreen areas by plant-ing trees with greateroliage.BUILDINGA VIBRANGARDENNAION

Te aspiration o

making Malaysia aBeautiul GardenNation has been

progressing well sincethe vision was putorward in the late1990s. Tis visionneeds to be supportedby drastic changesin the mindset oour society towardslandscape. Strategiesor the Governmentto build a more

vibrant and liveablenation are as ollows:-

actions to promote Malaysias unique

landscape character and value include:-

a) ReectingLocalClimateandTropicalCharacter

Malaysian landscape should refect thepresent climate and character as Malaysiais renowned or her unique tropicalcharacter with distinctive rainorests,rivers, and plants. Tere is also an urgentneed to ensure the uniqueness is creativelyused or a quality living environment.

b) RespectingNatureandEnvironmento respect nature and environment , the reis a need to emphasize the Spirit o Placeor the Genius Loci in every developmentto avoid estrangement. Furthermore,the natural local species should also behighlighted together with the placesculture and history to create a distinctivecomposition. Materials and componentsselected should suit the climate, habitatand ones needs.

c) Conservingnaturallandscapethroughcreativedesignofpropertydevelopment

Practice natural conservation and bio-diversity in order to thwart and controlany indiscriminate acts o destruction oexisting hills and topographical orma-tion as well as natural settings. A constantand proper consideration should be takenin all physical developments to ensurethat natural and landscape resources are

3Inuence o trees on residential property values in Athens, Georgia (U.S.A.): A survey based on actual sales pricesL.M. Anderson and H.K. Cordell USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,Carlton Street, Athens GA 30602, U.S.A.4Landscape and Urban Planning Journal


Rows o heritage trees in Taiping, Perak

Promote and improve Malaysianlandscape development parallel to theGarden Nation Vision, with sucientand unctional Green Inrastructurethat benet people.

Conserve and pre se rve p reciousnatural resources to ensure theseunique national assets are in sae

hands. Ensure that landscape i s taken as

a undamental requirement in allprogrammes and projects.

Reviewthelegislationandmonitoringprocedures or matters related tolandscape.

Strengthen the landscape industry

saeguarded. Weshould also protectnatural landscapeand biodiversityin development otownships and in-rastructure.

d)PromotingGreenDevelopment

Moving orwardto achieve WorldHealth Organisa-

tion Standards o 16m o green space per

person, greater eort is need to promotegreen development. Utilization o creativelandscape approach such as creatingroo top garden, vertical landscape andincreased density o green spaces ought tobe put into eect.

e) ApplyingDesigntoFollowFunctionApplying Design to Follow Function

principle is undeniably suitable orspaces especially in the cities. A goodlandscape development should have aunctional, creative and attractive designthat benet the user besides providingcomort and a s ecured living environment.Such a principle will not only createdistinctive Malaysian landscape identityand character, but will also benet andmeet the needs o every level o users.

In addition, optimizing the usage oindigenous materials is also essential toensure its sustainability.

f) Creatinglushopenspace,recreationareaandGreenCorridor

One o the most crucial actions to reducethe elements o hardcape in a de velopment.As what we are witnessing today, too muchusage o hardcape elements is proven tointensiy heat and cause discomort tothe user. Hard-suraced materials usedare unlikely to absorb heat. More greenarea, lush open spaces and seamless greencorridors need to be created.

g) Creatingdedicatedandpermanent

landscapereservebytheroadside,highwaysandrivercorridors

In order to create avenue o scenicbeauty trees in Malaysia, a dedicated and

permanent landscape reserve by roadside,highways and river corridors need to bedeveloped. Tese will eventually orm anintegrated green network in urban areas.

h) AdoptingManagementPracticesIn landscape and parks developments,

properly managed and maintained areassupported by a well equipped organisationis vital in creating sustainable development.Proessional curator and park managersin every park are essential to manage the

park and to carry out park inventories andhabitat identication works with otherrelated experts.

Archway o trees enhances the entry point to development

Trees and landscape enhance the value and eel o a place


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Housing provision normallylags behindthe rapid growth o urban population.I houses are available, they are beyondthe aordability o most low-income

population in rapidly growing urbancentres. Te impact o urbanisation onour living environment depends verymuch on the management o urbanchange by local Government and other

Liveable AndSustainable HousingDevelopment

Sustainable housing development ensures that no one is

let out in the development process and it addresses socio-

economic and environmental issues. Liveable housing

emphasises human comort, sense o place, saety, community

spirit and neighbourhood. Residential satisaction is an

important indicator o liveable housing conditions, which

aects individuals quality o lie. The actors that determine

residential satisaction are essential inputs in monitoring the

success o housing policies. This paper discusses some aspects

o urban development activities that have implications on

sustainable housing development and an evaluation o

residential satisaction in private low-cost housing projects in

selected states.

parties involved in the developmentprocess.Tere are always risks to the environmentin housing development as it is a complex

process, which involves many players.Amongst them, the key players are thedevelopers and planners. Te role odevelopers is to conceive and produce

the developments or others to use.Tey seek to satisy public needs and getreasonable economic returns rom thedevelopment. On the other hand, therole o Government is to ensure the builtenvironment created by the development

process will eventually enhance theliving environment and economic wellbeing o society. Tey seek to strike

By Proessor Abdul Ghani Salleh, School o Housing, Building and Planning,Universiti Sains Malaysia

a balance between urban economicgrowth and physical growth throughland use development policy, whichconstitutes the core o sustainable urbandevelopment.

Tere is a positive relationship betweenhousing development and economicgrowth. Housing is one o the mainaspects o urban development, whichare directly linked to the economy. Aslong as housing programmes contributeto the distribution o wealth, theycontribute to the long-term economicsuccess o development as well-housed

population generates labour orce o ahigh level o productivity. Tus, housing

contributes not only to economicgrowth but also social equity. Liveablehousing emphasises human comort,sense o place, saety, communityspirit and neighbourhood. Residentialsatisaction is an important indicatoro liveable housing condition, whichaects individuals quality o lie. Teactors, which determine satisaction,are essential inputs in monitoringthe success o housing policies. Tus,urban development activities that haveimplications on liveable and sustainablehousing development need to bemonitored to assist in the ormulationand revision o housing policies.

HOUSING DEVELOPMEN:ISSUES AND PROBLEMSDo the orces o economic growth havestronger infuence than the social andenvironmental considerations in housingdevelopment or to what extent does our

housing system incorporate elements osustainable development in Malaysia?No comprehensive study has so arbeen done to address these questions.Nevertheless, we may able to evaluateand make some propositions regardingthe current housing situation based onthe ollowing observations. Sustainabledevelopment ensures that no one isle out in the development process.Tis explains sustainable cities as citiesor all. Te basic objective o urban

development is to meet human needsand achieve equity and social justice.No one should be marginalised in thedevelopment process. However, many ous eel that housing development tendsto benet the privileged ew rather thanthe poor and deprived. What is wrong

with our housing system or where is themissing link in the sustainable housingdevelopment process?

Over consumption o housingTe current housing system encourages

people to buy bigger houses. For civilservants, they could do so throughsecond housing loans and increasedloan limits as implemented in 2001.Te consumption o housing shouldbe based on needs rather than wants.Over consumption o housing leadsto environmental deterioration. Tegrowth o residential development

in the urban periphery suburbanresidential development is a result o theincrease o population in higher incomecategory. Tis is a normal trend o urbandevelopment in which suburban growthattracts the rich leaving the poor in thecentral areas o the city. Resort, hill and

waterront developments are becomingpopular lately in our country. A studyby Ghani (1997) indicates that resortdevelopment is attractive mainly tothose with proessional and management

backgrounds. Teir purpose o acquiringthese properties is to have better livingenvironment, or amily reasons, weekendretreats and investment.

Squatter settlementsLarge cities in developing countriesare characterised by rapid urbanisationand urban growth that oen results inmultiplication o squatter colonies inthe urban ringes. Malaysian cities areno exception. Tere are many reasonsthat can explain the above phenomena.Urban-rural migration is oen citedto be the main cause or the rapidurban growth. Te pull actors areassociated with more job opportunities

created by industrialisation, betterurban community acilities and betterurban living environment. Most o themigrants are in the low-income segmento the urban population who are noteasily accessible to the ormal low costhousing sector. Furthermore, the supplyo low cost housing cannot cope withthe increasing number o migrants to thecities. Te only opportunity that is opento them to nd their homes in the squattersettlements that are rather ast and cheapto build. Teir living environment isdeplorable with inadequate sanitation,drainage, waste collection and insecurityo tenure.

Te price o low-cost housing has beenxed by the Government at RM25,000or some time until its revision in 1998.Te current price o the low-cost housingis between RM25,000 and RM42,000depending on location. Not long aerthat in 2000, the price o low-mediumcost housing increased rom RM42,000-

RM60,000 to RM45,000-RM70,000,and will inevitably push low-cost housing

price limits higher. High land cost wasquoted to be the major actor or theincrease. Are we building these housesbased on their needs or wants? I we useaordability as a means to deliver housesor low-income groups, we may not beable to meet their basic housing needs,not to mention the housing quality asthere is no such thing as a good qualitylow-cost housing. Tey will eventually

c o v e r F e a t U r e

Squatter issues

Housing development

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be marginalised in squatter colonies.Squatter eviction is not the solutionas the number o low-cost housingunits available is not only insucientbut also may not meet their needs. Teaordability problems among low incomehousing will inevitably require theGovernment to look seriously into socialrented housing sector or a solution. Tesector should not only target the poorbut also a wider range o the society.Moral considerations should be takeninto account in housing the poor. Tecurrent trend is that most o the low andmedium income groups are housed in

private rented sector, which is describedby Harloe (1994) as paying more or less

space and poor quality house.

Smart partnershipsTe extent o smart partnership between

private and public sectors in housingdevelopment depends very much onGovernment policy. Currently, localauthorities are concerned with regulations,controls and limitations, unnecessarilycomplicated, and some times unrelatedto the real needs o public and privatesectors. Lack o communication betweenthe players in the development processand delays are common problems. Strictdevelopment control will not onlyslow down urban development but alsoeliminate development potential andscare investors. Planning as set out inAgenda 21, should be decentralised,

participatory, responsive, accountable,realistic and imaginative (ipple, 1996).Tere is a need or local authoritiesto build their capacity or sustainabledevelopment.

Lack o open spaceLastly, provision o public, open space

within each residential neighbourhood tomeet the needs o dierent groups seldomgets much attention. As a result, there islittle provision or such space in urbanareas and most land sites are developedor other urban activities. Tere may belittle pressures rom upper income groupsto address this issue as their purchasing

power allows them exclusive access tosuch resources. However, the poor should

not be deprived o their basic needs.

MONIORING PROCESS

One o the most important changes inthe last three decades has been the moveaway rom assessing the quantitativedimensions o housing decits orbacklogs within nations to whether

people can nd accommodationthat meets their needs and priorities(UNCHS, 1996). Teir needs and

priorities are assured in sustainabledevelopment. Tus, sustainable hous-ing is not just an ideal, it is a necessity.Tereore, it must be planned,implemented through action plans andmonitored through a system that willassist in the ormulation and revision o

policies.

Housing indicatorsHousing indicator, a tool or monitoring,can assist in evaluation o housingconditions, identication o housingissues and problems, and ormation orational housing issues. Better housingquality and living environment willonly be achieved through rationalhousing policies. Te system canmake comparisons in various aspectso housing between time periods and

locations. Te indicators need not beperect, they need not tell every thingabout housing sector. Tey are indirectmeasures o housing perormance andearly indications o the presence ohousing problems that require treatment.Good indicators can only evolve overtime. Local Government is a powerulbody in generating local economies andsustainable housing environments. Itcan manage and control stakeholders inthe sustainable development process sothat environmental resources and urbanservices are distributed equitably orthe present and uture generations. Weneed to monitor housing perormance toensure housing market works smoothly

and to signal i it is not, and to allocatepublic resources equitably.

A global survey o housing indicatorshas been conducted since 1990 as a joint

programme o the United Nations Centreor Human Settlements (UNCHS) andthe World Bank. Te objectives o thesurvey were to create a comprehensivebasic set o indicators or the housingsector, to establish analytical relationshipamong these indicators and to providetools to measure the perormance o thehousing sector. Locally, an initial eorttowards establishing comprehensive setso housing indicators has already started.Federal Department o own andCountry Plannning, Ministry o Housingand Local Government o Malaysia, hascarried out a study o urban indicators in

which housing is one o the sectors.

Study in Kuantan, Batu Pahat,George own, Pasir Mas andKuching

In the study, ve towns were selectedto orm a sample. Tey are Kuantan,Batu Pahat, George own, Pasir Masand Kuching. Preliminary results otwo housing indicators, namely housing

price to income ratio and foor space perperson, indicate we are in the middleo the extreme values compared tothat o the other countries includedin UNCHS Global Data Base Survey(Ghani, 2001). For instance, the average

value o 2.24 or the house price to

income ratio is relatively low comparedto Hanoi 10.4, Jakarta 9.9, Paris 4.3 andRio de Janeiro 2.4. Te value does notindicate the level o development ourban centres and cities, but it is relatedto the housing policy. Te lower valuesindicate that housing policies enable theGovernment to provide a large amounto aordable housing or the people.Similarly, the average value o 18.6 orthe foor space per person is relativelymoderate compared to Hanoi 5.19,

Jakarta 15.04, Rio de Janeiro 18.6 andParis 30. Te values correlate with thelevel o development o urban centresand cities. Tese are some examples o

what housing indicator system can do to

monitor housing development process.A time series data o housing indicatorsare needed to determine the presence o

problems and to generate a pattern orelationships between indictors. So, thestudy is a starting point or a long-term

process o housing indicat or programmein the country.

Residential satisaction in Penangand erengganu

Another tool or monitoring isresidential satisaction. In a study onresidential satisaction in private low-cost housing in Penang and erengganu,the variables that aect residentialsatisaction were categorized in threemain groups, dwelling units, services bythe developers, neighbourhood acilitiesand environment (Abdul Ghani, 2008).Te level o satisaction was calculated bythe average satisaction o the residents.Tere were 32 indicators within thesethree groups.

Te residents in both states were generallysatised with dwelling units, services bydevelopers and neighbourhood acilitiesand environment. However, the levelso satisaction varied according to someindicators and housing estates. Teresidents were particularly dissatised asshown by some indicators. For the studyin Penang, there were 10 indicators thatthe residents elt unsatised while there

were 13 indicators in erengganu. Temain unsatised indicators were related

to the neighbourhood acilities andenvironment, such as public transport,community hall, parking lot andacilities or the handicapped. Besidesthat, the residents in both states eltthat they had problems with saety andtheir dwelling units regarding diningroom area, kitchen and clotheslineacilities. Tus, house quality, buildingdesign and educational acilities in theneighbourhood determine residentialsatisaction in private low-cost housingin Penang while saety inrastructure,educational and health acilities in theneighbourhood determine residentialsatisaction in private low-cost housingin erengganu.

Despite having reasonable level oresidential satisaction, many residentsin both states wanted to move out romtheir houses. Te main reasons given byresidents in Penang were to own a more

comortable house and to get a biggerhouse. However, the main reasons givenby the residents in erengganu were dueto ar distance to work place and schooland to own a more comortable housethan the present one because o many

problems. Te problems were foods,leaks, poor quality building materials,

poor public transport and communityacilities, and saety and neighbourhood

problems. Generally, the residents olow-cost housing projects developed by

private housing developers expressed theirdissatisaction with certain attributeso dwelling units, services by developersand neighbourhood acilities as discussedabove. Tese problems aected theirliving environment and quality o lie.In order to ensure that housing is not

just a house but a home in liveableneighbourhood, the Government shouldmonitor low-cost housing programmesdeveloped by private developers to ensurethat residents rom low-income groupare housed in a liveable environment. As

we are aware, simply providing housesdoes not measure the success o housing

programmes and policies. Tus, justmeeting the target o housing units orcertain time period is not sucient eortto achieve the goal o housing policy.Te suitability o living environment,services and related acilities to theneeds o residents is essential or housing

programmes to be successul.

CONCLUSION

A sustainable living environment canbe only achieved i development andenvironmental issues and problems aregiven equal emphasis in urban development.Basic human needs must be ullled,

with living standards improved andecosystems sustained eectively. Tereore,as a sustainable development strategy, a


Need or open spaces

Large housing estate

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F e a t U r e Cont I nU e d

greater integration o social, economic andenvironmental considerations is neededin planning and development o housingsector.

Housing development is a complex process,which involves many players and every one isliterally aected by the changes in propertymarket. In order to sustain the growth ohousing development, every player in thehousing industry needs to assess and reviewits position, and appropriate actions shouldbe taken to achieve sustainable housingdevelopment. Government policies shouldremove barriers to decision making processand uncertainties in the development.Encouragement and incentives should be

given to the developers to promote andrevitalise the industry. Smart partnershipbetween private sector and public sectorshould be encouraged in the developmento aordable housing. Te eorts othe private and public sectors should be

geared to overcome the current problemsaced by both parties in the development

process and to stimulate the growth olocal urban economy. When the economicstandard o the people increases, demandor housing will naturally increase and pushdevelopment orward.

As a sustainable development strategy,long-term public interest rather than short-term private interest should be given moreconsideration. Eorts should also be madeto monitor housing perormance by using

various monitoring tools. It would assistthe Government in the ormulation andrevision o the housing policies, whichgenerate liveable and sustainable housing

development.Reerences

1. Abdul Ghani Salleh (2008)Neighbourhood actors in private low-

cost housing in Malaysia, HabitatInternational 32 (4): 485-493.

2. Ghani Salleh (2001) KajianPenerapan Konsep Mampan DalamPerancangan (A Study o SustainableConcept in Planning, Urban Indicators Housing Sector), echnical Report.

3. Ghani Salleh (1997) A marketstudy o proposed resort townshipdevelopment in Seberang Perai, Pulau

Pinang, School o Housing, Buildingand Planning, USM, Penang.

4. Harloe, M. (1994) Social housing past, present and uture, HousingStudies, 9 (3): 407-416.

5. ipple, A. G. (1996) Housingextensions as sustainable development,

Cities, 20(3): 367-376.6. UNCHS (1996) An UrbanizingWorld: Global Report on HumanSettlements 1996, Oxord: OxordUniversity Press/ UNCHS.


DIVERSE

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With its oil and gas reserves predicted to last or only another 3

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national growth.

There is a general agreement that i economic growth proceeds a

predicted rates, there could be a generation defcit by 2018.

Malaysia is part o a region that is recovering rom the recession at

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17/33


temperatures are conditioned, both o which are costlymeasures and diminish the appeal or renewable energyresources. Furthermore, conventional HVAC systemsdepend upon ossil uels even when heat pumps are used,as heat pumps depend on electric power generally suppliedrom conventional power plants using ossil uels anddelivered at low transmission eciency. HVAC systems arerated only with respect to their thermal eciencies, whichneglects the overall energy, environment, and economicrelationships. Current HVAC systems generally rely onhigh-exergy ossil uels or comort unctions, when theyshould only require low-grade heat or cold.

Tis mismatch destroys most o the exergy. Exergy oany fow or resource is the total amount o useul workthat is available, and a HVAC system wastes most o that.Tereore, it is no surprise that their exergy eciency is less

than 10% (Rosen and Dincer 1996; Kilkis 2004).

It is unortunate that this problem, which has been knownor a relatively long time, has not yet been addressed: thebuilding sector, with a dominant share in annual energyuse, has very low exergy eciency or energy utilization andcontinues to be responsible or environmental degradation,mainly in terms o CO2 emissions. On the other hand, thethermal eciency o HVAC systems has reached a goodsaturation point, well above 90% on average, except orthermal energy, transport and distribution losses.

Tere are examples o such systems already in the market,such as thermally activated building components usedor foor heating systems or waterborne systems whereheating or cooling pipes are placed into the concreteslab construction. Another is the airborne hollow coredeck system where tempered air rst circulates inside theconstruction walls, thereby heating or cooling the roomsbeore being released as resh supply air to the rooms(Johannesson 2004).

Further research is needed to explore new or not commonlyused exergy resources or incorporation into the builtenvironment, such as the ground (e.g. using ground coolness

or cooling), water (e.g. using ground, sea or riverwater as acooling source), sky (e.g. using the radiation to a clear sky atnight or cooling), or others.

Wide application o low exergy heat ing and cool ing systemsin buildings will create a building stock which will be ableto adapt the use o sustainable energy sources, when desired.

Without this abilit y, the transer towards a sus tainable buil tenvironment will be delayed or decades.

For temperate climate applications, exergy-ecientproducts such as those or geo-thermal heating are quite

well established . Tere are many more examples one maynd listed in the above extracted seminar paper.

As or tropical climatic applications, thus ar theapplications are limited to hot water heaters and morerecently solar thermal cooling. Tere is much more to betaken advantage o. Harvesting renewable solar energy(or electricity) through photovoltaic is merely limiting tothe energy eciency angle. However, harnessing solar (e.g.evacuated tube technology) is many times more energy (andexergy) ecient by means o bypassing the need to convertinto electricity to then produce cooling. Te application osolar absorption cooling is an excellent prospect or tropicalclimate applications. R&D innovations in energy derivedrom renewable energy and suited to local climatic needs

is the key or Malaysian industry. For the built industry,harvesting solar energy to produce exergy-ecient productsrather than merely energy-ecient products is denitely thedirection to go.

wo specic energy technology opportunities are describedbelow.

Solar Termal Cooling (SC

Rather than merely ollowing the global trend o harnessingsolar energy to produce photovoltaic that is limited in their

Exergy-ecient products and services will be the uturetrend. Te ollowing extract rom the American Societyo Heating, Rerigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE) will provide an initial insight to this topic orbetter understanding:

Exergy Analysis or Sustainable Buildings is concerned withall exergy aspects o energy and power utilizati on o systemsand equipment or comort and service, assessment o theirimpact on the environment, and development o analysistechniques, methodologies and solution or environmentally

saer, sustainable low- exergy buildi ngs.

Existing building heating, ventilating and air-conditioning(HVAC) and plumbing systems and equipment have already

achieved high thermal eciencie s as dened by the rstlaw o thermodynamics. According to the second law o thermodynamics however, there is a need to increase currentlylow exergy eciencies primarily because existing systems andbuildings demand high-exergy sources.

In this res pect, Inte rnational Energy A gency (IE A) Annex 37recognized exergy-ecient buildings and development o low-exergy systems and equipment to be the most important need

or sustainable developme nt and environment. Currently,

there is a lack o inormation about the importance andrelevance o the subject matter, in particular or greenbuildings and or sustainable development.

Tis G will raise the exergy awareness among engineersand provide the undamental inormation and tools or theimplementation o exergy-ecient designs and development oconsistent exergy related methodologies. Tis G will establish

a robust road map or a comprehensive set o scientic andtechnical steps or environmentally saer building technology

and HVAC systems and acilitate the new A SHRA E theme o Engineering or Su stainability.

Innovations in Energy Ecient &Exergy Ecient Designs

By Ir. Chen Tiam Leong

Editors note: Tis paper was presented at the International Green echnology and Purchasing Conerence,Kuala Lumpur October 15-16, 2010.

eg efcic ply u l y p h

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f h h ly y f pu.

ExERGY EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN

Exergy is a qualitative measure o the useul work potentialavailable or a given amount o energy source. For example,low-temperature waste heat is a low-exergy resource becauseonly low temperature and limited applications such asdomestic water service can be realized. On the otherhand, natural gas is a high-exergy resource because severaldierent useul applications such as electricity generationcan be realized.

Existing HVAC systems are not directly compatiblewith low-exergy renewable and waste energy resourcesunless either the equipment is oversized and/or resource

r e s e a r c H & d e v e L o P m e n t

Solar panels

Creativecommons@D

ukeEnergy


18/33


19/33

F e a t U r e Cont I nU e d

REFERENCE

ASHRAEKilkis2004 TLChenvariouspublicationssince2005

eciency, solar evacuated tube technology with over 80%eciency should be a better choice.

Whilst residential roos are reely a vailable or photovoltaic,similarly roos o industrial and low-rise commercialbuildings (one to three storey/s are ar more productive orsolar air-conditioning applications. In this respect, Malaysiashould nurture this particular industry that today has only ahandul o SME activity.

SmallCo-generationCoolingElectricitySystem

An excellent exergy-ecient product would be the smallco-generation system using LPG/LNG to produce cooling

via an absorption cycle and then harnessing its hydrogenby-product or a uel cell to produce electricity to the grid.

Japan has already produced (since 20 05 see illustrat ions

below) packaged hot water heaters using NG connected touel cell to produce electricity. Producing cooling throughthis same concept has not yet materialized, althoughsuggested by Ir. L Chen back in 2005.

With clean energy gas available in Malaysia or the next30 years or more, this small co-generation system cancommand a substantial market with easible applicationsin high-rise residential buildings, service apartments andeven hotels. Te new trend o shop lot oce buildings alsoconstitutes very suitable applications.

CONCLUSION

R&D in any eld is normally costly and limited inexecution. Tereore, R&D innovations into EnergyEcient & Exergy Ecient designs and products need tobe well thought o, lest we descend into a herd mentalityapproach, more so or Malaysia i we aspire to leaprogover others as a late bloomer. As such, we should not becontented to jump on the bandwagon created by others, butrather examine our own niche market.

A classic case would be that o BIPV (building integrated

photo voltaic) where we risk resigning to be ollowers i wepour our R&D resources in this area. Instead, we shouldcombine the already developed and available photovoltaictechnology with our climatic requirements to R&D onSolar Termal Cooling, to take advantage o our ideal

weather application and our t ypes o built environment.

Tis paper has merely highlighted two very viable exergyecient technologies to refect the enormous market

potential and opportunities in this inant eld and isstrictly representative o the view o the author.

Finally, apart rom R&D innovations into marketableproducts, R&D innovations t o improve on desig n concepts(which unortunately are usually not patentable or dicultto do so) should not be ignored. One potential area (again

suitable or our climatic application) would be the optimalbehaviour o active (airfow) acades.

r e s e a r c H & d e v e L o P m e n t ( C o n t I n U e d )

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Residential Fuel Cell Co-generation System

Hydrogen

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20/33

t H e I n G e n I e U r v o l 4 7 S e p t e m B e r - n o v e m B e r 2 0 1 0e n g i n e e r i n g & L a W

claimed by the deendant was onlydue and payable upon receipt o such

payment by the deendant rom theemployer, because the expressionprogress payment in clause 13.01covers nal payment.

Te main issue beore the Court oAppeal or its determination was onthe true construction o clause 13.01,

particularly progress payment andwhether the nal payment claimedby the plainti ell within the ambito progress payment Clause 13.01

which read:

13.0 Progress Payment / InterimPayment

13.01Notwithstanding the provisiono Clause 27 pertaining tonominated sub-contractor and

payment or works executed,it is hereby agreed that in theevent o any interim certicatewhich includes, or nominated

sub-contract works, the paymentin respect o any work, 75%material or goods comprised inthe sub-contract shall be madeto the sub-contractor within 14days aer receipt by the MainContractor o payment certied

as due in the Interim Certicateom the Client i.e. Messrs, Ng

Chee Yee Sdn. Bhd.

DECISION OF HE COUR

Te Court o Appeal in a majoritydecision dismissed the plaintisappeal with costs; the judgmento the court being delivered by hisLordship Low Hop Bing JCA7.Aer reerring to the plainti s andthe deendants contentions and therelevant case-law cited, he said8:

Reverting to the instant appeal, inordinary parlance, progress payment

portrays any payment according toprogress i.e. the orward movemento the works. Progress paymentclearly includes a payment at any

stage, om the rst stage, to the seco ndstage, culminating in the nal stagei.e. the nal payment. Upon thetrue construction o clause 13.01, in

particular the expression progresspayment, we are o the view that it issuciently wide to include the nalpayment claimed by the plaintif, inwhich case, the plaintif is only entitledto payment aer the deendant has

been paid by the employer. Hence, weare unable to sustain the submissionpresented or the plaintif.

Concurring with the ormer, hisLordship Abdul Malik Ishak JCA, ina similar vein held in avour with thedeendants; the salient points o his

judgment being summarized below.

1. Te eect o a pay-when-paidclause will be entirely a mattero construction, requiringclear and unambiguous

words, and requiring careulconsideration o whether, ona true construction, the clauseaects the right to paymentor only the time or payment 9.Te words generally are tobe understood in their plainand literal meaning. Tis iso course, always subject toadmissible evidence being

adduced to show that thewords are to be understood insome technical or special sense.

2. Tere was no necessity toadduce any evidence tointerpret clause 13.01 becausethe words appearing in theclause are rather plain and they

clearly preclude the deendantrom paying immediately to the

plainti unless the deendantreceives payment rom theemployer.

3. In construing a writtencontract, the proessed objecto the court was to discoverthe mutual intention o the

parties10. Te int

the ingenieur vol 47 sept 2010

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