The internal structure of sentencesThe internal structure of sentences The basic pattern of the simple

English sentence will include the following:

(Adjunct) Subject Predicate (Object) (Complement) (Adjunct)

ASPOCAASPOCA

Fortunately we elected Ahmed Fortunately we elected Ahmed presidentpresident..

The buildingThe building collapsed. collapsed.

Subject Subject predicatepredicate

AdjunctAdjunct An Adjunct: it is a modifying form, word, or phrase

which depends on some other form, word, or phrase, especially an element of clause structure with adverbial function. It is a part of the sentence that may be omitted without making the sentence ungrammatical.

Adjunct is mobile in the sentence

SuddenlySuddenly the building collapsed. The building suddenlysuddenly collapsed. The building collapsed suddenlysuddenly. .

ComplementComplementComplements Complements function to express qualities or attributes of or function to express qualities or attributes of or

to identify the to identify the subjects or objects they modify

Different sentences may include a subject or object complement.

Mary is Mary is a nice teacher. a nice teacher. He became He became rich. rich.

Similar sentences include verbs like Similar sentences include verbs like be, become, seem, be, become, seem, appear, grow, turnappear, grow, turn. . These verbs take complements. These verbs take complements.

He is He is my teachermy teacher. . He seems He seems happyhappy All the previous complements are called All the previous complements are called subject subject

complementcomplement since since they provide information on the subjectthey provide information on the subject. .

Complement … cont’d Complement … cont’d Object complements Object complements provide information on provide information on

the object:the object:

We elected Sami We elected Sami president.president. We nominated Ahmed We nominated Ahmed chairman.chairman. I made her I made her happyhappy

ActivityActivity Decide the sentence pattern in

each of the following sentences (SVO, SO, SVC, etc):

1. The dog is running2. The man saw the dog 3. The car is ready 4. I gave Huda a book 5. We called John a fool

Grammaticality, acceptability and interpretability 1. 1. Grammatical:Grammatical: A piece of language is A piece of language is

“grammatical” if it does not break any of the “grammatical” if it does not break any of the rules of standard language. rules of standard language.

The young man bought the expensive car. The young man bought the expensive car. * The man young bought car expensive the* The man young bought car expensive the

2. 2. Acceptable:Acceptable: In certain constructions we In certain constructions we cannot accept three ore more consecutive cannot accept three ore more consecutive verbs in a sentence. verbs in a sentence.

The cat that the dog that man The cat that the dog that man hit chased diedhit chased died. .

Ambiguity Another type of unacceptability is referred to as Another type of unacceptability is referred to as

ambiguity.ambiguity. Ambiguity: Sentences can be interpreted in two Ambiguity: Sentences can be interpreted in two

different words:different words:

A- Structural ambiguity: A- Structural ambiguity: where a structure is where a structure is capable of more than one interpretation:capable of more than one interpretation:

VisitingVisiting relatives can be boring relatives can be boring Flying planesFlying planes can be dangerouscan be dangerous. . I cannot stand I cannot stand old men and womenold men and women. .

Ambiguity … cont’d B- Lexical ambiguity: B- Lexical ambiguity: when the ambiguity resides in the when the ambiguity resides in the

word. That is, ambiguity may be due to the meaning of word. That is, ambiguity may be due to the meaning of the lexical item.the lexical item.

The Qadi The Qadi marriedmarried my sister. my sister. She cannot She cannot bearbear children.children.

Ambiguous sentences can lead to problems in Ambiguous sentences can lead to problems in interpretation. In speech, ambiguity can be interpretation. In speech, ambiguity can be resolved by the situation or the context or resolved by the situation or the context or intonation and stress. However, in the written intonation and stress. However, in the written medium, it is often impossible to interpret the medium, it is often impossible to interpret the structures. structures.

Activity AA)- Give the two possible meanings of )- Give the two possible meanings of

each of the following sentences:each of the following sentences:

1.1. The lamb is too hot to eat. The lamb is too hot to eat.

2. Ali loves Huda more than Rania 2. Ali loves Huda more than Rania

3. He waited for me by the bank. 3. He waited for me by the bank.

4. The children drew five squares and triangles.4. The children drew five squares and triangles.

Interpretability 3- 3- InterpretabilityInterpretability does not depend directly does not depend directly

on grammaticality as in the case of non-on grammaticality as in the case of non-standard dialects. standard dialects.

He seen him yesterday. He seen him yesterday. She be a doctor.She be a doctor. He ain't here. He ain't here.

Interpretability However, sometimes interpretability is However, sometimes interpretability is

difficult when, for example, an inanimate difficult when, for example, an inanimate subject collocates with a verb that needs an subject collocates with a verb that needs an animate subject. animate subject.

Gentleness admired the view. Gentleness admired the view. Happiness broke his leg. Happiness broke his leg. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

Poetic license is an exception.Poetic license is an exception.

Types of Sentences Stative Sentences: Stative Sentences: they are sentences which they are sentences which

have verbs such as 'copula' be and other have verbs such as 'copula' be and other copula-like verbs (seem, become, remain, copula-like verbs (seem, become, remain, look, taste, etc). They are called stative or look, taste, etc). They are called stative or linking verbs because they link the subjects linking verbs because they link the subjects to their subject complements, e.g. to their subject complements, e.g.

Ali is a soldier Ali is a soldier Ali seems worried Ali seems worried Ali became a merchantAli became a merchant

Types of Sentences Arabic possesses similar linking verbs:Arabic possesses similar linking verbs:

جندي جندي علي علي قلٌق� علي ان قلٌق� يبدو علي ان يبدو تاجرا علي� تاجرا اصبح علي� اصبح

Types of Sentences Non-stative Sentences:Non-stative Sentences: they include verbs they include verbs

which designate actions or activities whether which designate actions or activities whether they are physical or mental. These verbs can they are physical or mental. These verbs can be transitive or intransitive be transitive or intransitive

Ali killed the snake Ali killed the snake Maha cleans her room every morning Maha cleans her room every morning The teacher gave the student a prize The teacher gave the student a prize

Nominal Sentences A nominal sentence A nominal sentence is a sentence that begins with a noun, is a sentence that begins with a noun,

e.g. Ahmed came to schoole.g. Ahmed came to school المدرسة الى جاء المدرسة أحمد الى جاء أحمد

All English sentences are nominal ones. All English sentences are nominal ones.

Besides NP's, nominal clauses can function as subjectsBesides NP's, nominal clauses can function as subjects

1.1. That-clause:That-clause: That he retired at this ageThat he retired at this age surprised us all. surprised us all.

2.2. Wh-clause:Wh-clause: Why he resigned Why he resigned is not clear to me. is not clear to me.

3.3. To-V clause:To-V clause: To travel by train To travel by train costs $50.costs $50.

4.4. V-ing clause:V-ing clause: Typing all these reports Typing all these reports costs a lot of costs a lot of

moneymoney

Nominal Sentences Arabic nominal sentence Arabic nominal sentence differs from the differs from the

English one in the suffix which is added to English one in the suffix which is added to the verb which is in agreement with respect the verb which is in agreement with respect to number, gender and person:to number, gender and person:

كتبتا كتبتا البنتان كتبا البنتان كتبا الولدان االوالد االوالد الولدان كتبواكتبوا

كتب الولد أكتب كتب أنا الولد أكتب أنايكتبون يكتبون الطالب الطالب

Verbal Sentences

2- 2- Verbal SentenceVerbal Sentence is a sentence that begins is a sentence that begins with a verb; Arabic uses this sentence with a verb; Arabic uses this sentence abundantly while English does not have this abundantly while English does not have this type of sentences.type of sentences.

دروسهم دروسهم كتبوا TheyThey ) )wrote their lessonswrote their lessons ( (كتبوا

Verbless Sentences 3- Verbless Sentence 3- Verbless Sentence is a sentence without a verb is a sentence without a verb

as in exclamations:as in exclamations: what a day! what a day! In Arabic a In Arabic a nominal sentence nominal sentence may contain a verb or may may contain a verb or may not:not:

مؤدب ولد مؤدب علي ولد بطالقة علي يتكلم بطالقة علي يتكلم علي Which nominal Arabic sentences are verbless? Which nominal Arabic sentences are verbless?

The sentence must refer to the present time. If The sentence must refer to the present time. If the time is non-present, a verb must be used to the time is non-present, a verb must be used to mark future or past time, e.g. mark future or past time, e.g.

نا ُه& نا الولد ُه& الولد الولد الولد كان ناكان ناُه& ُه&نا ُه& الولد نا سيكون ُه& الولد سيكون

Auxiliary Sentences 4- An auxiliary sentence 4- An auxiliary sentence is one that begins is one that begins

with an auxiliary. It is usually called a yes-no with an auxiliary. It is usually called a yes-no question, e.g. question, e.g.

Did he come yesterday? Did he come yesterday?

Such sentences exist in English, but not in Such sentences exist in English, but not in Arabic. Arabic.

Elements of the Arabic nominal Sentence

An Arabic nominal sentence An Arabic nominal sentence consists of a subject consists of a subject The subject .( The subject .(خبرخبر) and a predicate () and a predicate (مبتدأمبتدأ))must be a nominal element; the predicate must be a nominal element; the predicate may be sentential or non-sententialmay be sentential or non-sentential

1.1 1.1 The subject The subject المبتدأالمبتدأ

i. Noun: i. Noun: للجسم الرياضةالرياضة للجسم مفيدة مفيدة

ii. Pronoun: ii. Pronoun: غائب غائب ُهوُهو

iii. Verbal noun: iii. Verbal noun: مريح قولقول مريح الحقيقة الحقيقة

Elements of the Arabic nominal Sentence

1.2 The predicate 1.2 The predicate الخبرالخبر

i. Noun: i. Noun: العلمالعلم نورنور

ii. Adjective : ii. Adjective : مرتفعةمرتفعةاالسعار االسعار

iii. Prepositional phrase:iii. Prepositional phrase: الحمدالحمد للهلله

iv. Locative adverb: iv. Locative adverb: الجسر النهر النهر الجسر تحت تحت

v. Temporal adverb: v. Temporal adverb: االجتماعاالجتماع غداغدا

vi. Nominal sentence: vi. Nominal sentence: مريض محمد محمد مريض أبوه أبوه

vii. Verbal sentence: vii. Verbal sentence: حضر حضر الطبيب مبكرامبكراالطبيب

Elements of the Arabic Verbal Sentence A simple verbal sentence A simple verbal sentence may be described in may be described in

terms of four elements:terms of four elements:

1- Verb and Object: 1- Verb and Object: a verb is either intransitive a verb is either intransitive متعديمتعدي or transitive or transitive الزمالزم

intransitive: intransitive: الطفل الطفل نام نام

Transitive verbs can be:Transitive verbs can be:

monotransitive:monotransitive: الضيف علي الضيف استقبل علي استقبل

ditransitive: ditransitive: ُهدية الولد ُهدية أعطيت الولد أعطيت

Elements of the Arabic Verbal Sentence

2- Subject2- Subject الفاعلالفاعل : : the agent is eitherthe agent is either::

صريح - - صريح اسم الرئيس explicit noun explicit nounاسم الرئيس حضر حضر

or or

مستتر - - مستتر ضمير متأخرا implicit pronounimplicit pronoun ضمير متأخرا جاء جاء

3- Deputy Agent 3- Deputy Agent الفاعل الفاعل نائب in the passive in the passive نائبsentence the object of the corresponding sentence the object of the corresponding active sentence becomes a deputy agent. active sentence becomes a deputy agent.

جائزة جائزة الفائزالفائزأ&عطي أ&عطي

Elements of the Arabic Verbal Sentence

4- Adverbial 4- Adverbial الظرفالظرف :: An adverbial can be An adverbial can be realised by adverbs, prepositional phrases realised by adverbs, prepositional phrases and the circumstantial accusative and the circumstantial accusative الحالالحال

Adverb: Adverb: أمس أمس جاءجاء Prepositional Phrase: Prepositional Phrase: المدرسة المدرسة إلى إلى

ذُهبذُهب Circumstantial accusative: Circumstantial accusative: ا Aانائم Aرأيتهرأيته نائم

Types of mistakes by Arab learners: Types of mistakes by Arab learners:

1- Omission of be and have

- Ahmed in the house

- The book with me

2- Verb- subject instead of subject-verb order

- Reads the boy his lesson

- laughs the boy

3- Repetition of the subject as a pronoun

- The only son in the family he creates a lot of trouble.

- Students they are allowed to change their subjects.

Types of mistakes by Arab learners: Types of mistakes by Arab learners: 4- Lack of subject-verb agreement 4- Lack of subject-verb agreement

- There is no machines in the field- There is no machines in the field

- Men does not care about this. - Men does not care about this. - One of the problems are about pollution. - One of the problems are about pollution.

5- Negation5- Negation- - Not the man doctor Not the man doctor

- He does not gone- He does not gone- He not writes his homework. - He not writes his homework.

6- Questions6- Questions- can ride the children?- can ride the children?

- What her fate will be? - What her fate will be? - How the students are studying? - How the students are studying?

Types of mistakes by Arab learners: Types of mistakes by Arab learners: 7- Difficulty with do

- Why we learn English?- Do I must study this course?

8- Use of wrong verb form

- Have they never go to a restaurant?

9- Wrong tag question9- Wrong tag question- You visited him, isn't it?

10- Commands10- Commands- omission of do: Not play here. - use of no instead of not: no play here

Matching sentence halves