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(TCP AND UDP)

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1. Connection oriented Protocol

e.g. :- TCP

2. Connectionless Protocol

e.g. :- UDP

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TCP was specially designed to provide a reliable end to

end byte stream over an unreliable internet or

internetwork

Internetwork is differs from Single network ?

Reason : It differs because different parts may have

widely different topologies ,bandwidths , delays, packet

sizes and etc.

TCP was designed to accept the properties of internetwork

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TCP was formally defined in RFC 793.

As time gone , there are various errors and

inconsistency occur.

To overcome this they introduce RFC1122.

And the extension of this is given in RFC1323.

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Each machine supporting TCP has a transport entity.

Transport entity - 1. User process or

2. The Part of the Kernel It will manage the TCP

streams and interface to the IP layer.

This entity accept user data stream from the local machine

and that will break up into pieces and the piece will not

exceed 64bytes.

And after breaking it will send each packet as Separate IP

datagram.

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The IP datagram are send to the another TCP machine .

After receiving the datagram, the transport entity will

reconstruct the original byte stream.

The IP layer gives no guarantee that datagram will be

received properly.

If its not properly send also its up to TCP layer to send

again the datagram.

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Sockets - TCP service is obtained by creating

both the sender and receiver create

end points.

Port - Each socket has a socket number

(address).

It consist of IP address of the host

and 16 bit number local to that host.

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A socket may be used for multiple connection.

For e.g. - We can use the same socket to terminate

the multiple connection.

Port number below 1024 - Well known port

and they are reserved for standard service.

To obtain the TCP service we have to establish the

connection explicitly between sending machine

and a receiving machine

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TheconnectionsareFull-duplexandpointtopoint.

Fullduplex Trafficcanflowinboth

directionatasametime.

Pointtopoint Exactlyitconsistsoftwo

endpoints.

Itdoesntsupportmulticastingorbroadcasting.

TCP connectionisabytestreamandnotamessage

stream.

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In TCP the data are sent in the form of segment.

A segment consist of a 20 byte header.

Two limits restrict the segment size

1. Each segment including the TCP header ,

must fit in the 65,535 byte.

2. Each network has a maximum transfer

unit(MTU), and each segment must fit into the

MTU.

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If the segments are too large enough . Such that

network cant handle the size means .

It must be broken up into multiple segments by the

router.

The basic protocol used by the TCP entities is the

sliding window protocol.

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By

N .Krishna Priya