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C H A P T E R 6

The Iron Age Fauna

David S. Reese, with contributions by Mark J. Roseand Deborah Ruscillo

1. Introduction and Methodology (D. S. Reese)

2. Artifactual Evidence for Sacrifice (D. S. Reese)

3. The Mammal Remains (D. S. Reese, with D. Ruscillo)

4. The Fish Remains (M. J. Rose)

5. The Bird Remains (D. S. Reese)

6. The Marine Invertebrates (D. S. Reese)

7. The Insects (D. S. Reese)

Appendix 6.1. Iron Age Shell Purple-Dye Production in the Aegean(D. S. Reese)

1. Introduction and MethodologyDavid S. Reese

The first ten years of excavation of Iron Age levels at Kommos (1976–85) produced thousandsof mammal remains (257 sheep/goat, 90 cattle, 69 pig, 19 hare, 8 dog, 5 equid, and 3 deerindividuals), over 45 rodent and shrew individuals, over 3,400 fish bones (215 individuals),101 bird bones (34 individuals), and about 94,000 marine invertebrate individuals. The Minoanfauna from those years of excavation was published in 1995 (Reese 1995a–d, f; M. J. Rose1995; Payne 1995).

Sampling and Water-Sieving

Various methods of recovery of faunal remains were employed at Kommos. Samples wereexcavated by trench and pail (Trench 33C, pail 81, for example) and, after study of the pottery,

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416 The Iron Age Fauna

stratigraphy, and architectural phasing, various excavation units were combined to makepublishable deposits, which are used in the analyses that follow. All visible fauna was hand-collected during the course of the excavation. Floor deposits and other pails thought to beworthy of special attention were dry-sieved through multiple screens of 5 mm and 10 mm,respectively, and other samples were water-sieved in fresh water using 1–2 mm plastic windowscreening. The water-sieved and floated material was carefully sorted, and the bones, shells,and other faunal remains were combined with the hand-collected and dry-sieved samplesfrom the same deposit.

The IA animal bones, like the Minoan ones, were sand-blasted and are in fairly poorcondition, leaving rather few measurable bones. Also, many IA bone samples were heavilyburnt as part of ritual activity, meaning that many of these samples could not be closelycounted, but the burnt bone samples were carefully weighed to compare the various samples.

2. Artifactual Evidence for SacrificeDavid S. Reese

Some of the metal objects from the sanctuary—specifically the knives, blades, and obeloi (spitsor skewers) from specific votive contexts—may help in our understanding of the sacrifice orcooking of the animal remains. These and all the other metal implements, such as the bronzeknife blade fragment found within Altar C (B 205), are fully described elsewhere in this volume(J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Section 7).

The Geometric sanctuary at Zagora on Andros produced three iron knives and an obelos(Cambitoglou 1981: 83). At the Sanctuary of Artemis Elaphebolia near Atalanta in Boeotia,the altar produced votive iron and silver obeloi (Touchais 1977: 582–84, figs. 151, 153–54). AtGela in Sicily a set of knives were dedicated in a sanctuary (Orlandini 1966: 28, pl. 25.3).

3. The Mammal Remains (Pls. 6.1–6.6; Tables 6.1–6.12)David S. Reese, with Deborah Ruscillo1

Excavations of Iron Age levels at Kommos from 1976–85 produced over 27,300 mammal bones.Mammalian forms represented in the faunal remains include Lepus, Canis familiaris, Sus scrofa,Ovis aries/Capra hircus, Bos taurus, Equus, deer, and rodent and shrew bones. By far the mostcommon mammals exploited in IA Kommos were sheep/goats (Ovis/Capra), while cattle (Bos)were represented second in the frequency of remains recovered, and pig (Sus) was the thirdmost common species represented in the IA sample. One should be cautious, however, whenexamining statistics of this kind to determine the hierarchy of importance these species hadin the early Greek diet and way of life. First, although the sample is of a significant size,

The Mammal Remains 417

Table 6.1. Summary faunal description of Iron Age Kommos deposits.

Period and Location Trench Description

Temple A (SM to PG, ca. 1020–800 B.C.)

Floors 33C, ws 1,427 bones (2 Ovis/Capra MNI [one 1.5 years], Bos [adult],Sus [young]) with 125 burnt (8.8%), including Ovis/Capra (2teeth fragments, proximal femur head [butchered proximal],distal femur, caudal vertebra [small], shaft) and 2 Bos-sizedfragments1 Cervus antler tine fragment2 Lepus bones of one forelimb14 bird bones (Columba livia)95 fish bones (1 P. erythrinus) with 1 burnt vertebra1,015 marine invertebrates (780 Patella [76.8%], 144Monodonta) with 11 burnt (4 Patella, 4 Glycymeris, 3Monodonta)

Court 42A 26 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos-sized) with 4 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized22 marine shells (19 Patella) with 1 burnt Arcularia

Southern dump 34A2 374 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [one 1.75–2 years and one +2 years],Bos [subadult]) with 5 burnt (3 Ovis/Capra-sized and a Bosmolar [unerupted] and fragment [subadult])192 marine shells (135 Patella [70.3%], 31 Monodonta) with 21burnt (10.9%; 17 Monodonta, 3 Patella, 1 M. trunculus)

Northeastern dump #1, 42A, ws 455 bones (1250 g, 2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.75–2 years], BosPG–LPG [adult]) with 380 g burnt (30.4%), including an Ovis/Capra

carpus/tarsus fragment and numerous Bos-sized horncorefragments84 marine shells with 81 Patella (96.4%)

Northeastern dump #2, 47A 527 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [−10 months, −1–1.25 years, +2LPG–PGB years], 2 Bos [2–2.5 years, +3 years], Sus [−2 years]) with 57

burnt (10.8%), including Ovis/Capra (mandible with M3 erupt-ing), radius shaft, proximal metatarsus, phalanx 1 [UF], rib, 5shaft fragments) and Bos (horncore fragment, premolar, mo-lar, astragalus fragment, carpus/tarsus, distal calcaneus [F],proximal metapodial [partly burnt], distal metapodial [possi-bly JF], 4 phalanx 1 [2 F, 2 broken], phalanx 2 [F], phalanx 3fragment, rib, 31 fragments [2 MNI burnt])1 Canis metacarpus6 bird bones (Puffinus and Calonectris)93 marine invertebrates (76 Patella, 81.7%) with 2 burnt (Pa-tella, Glycymeris)

Lower Temple A dump, 47A 175 g bone (Ovis/Capra [+1.5–2 years], Bos [adult] with 75 gabove Minoan road burnt (42.9%); Bos astragalus fragment only identifiable burnt

bone; one Ovis/Capra rib here cut


Table 6.1. (Continued)


Period of Temple A

Southeastern deposit 63A 268 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [one +2.5–3 years], 2 Bos [−2–2.25years, +2.25 years]) with 13 burnt, including Ovis/Capra (2molars, phalanx 2 [F], and 5 fragments [+1–1.25 years]) and 4Bos-sized fragments

Deposit produced a slightly curving iron blade (J. W. Shawand Harlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 3)

Dump to southeast, PG 64A1, 65A1 + 34 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [−2–2.25 years]) with 2 burnt Ovis/65A2, ws Capra bones, a humerus shaft, another fragment

93 marine invertebrates with 85 Patella (91.4%)

PG below surface 68A 122 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [+2–2.25 years]) with 1 partlyburnt Bos shaft fragment1 Lepus mandible fragment167 marine shells (165 Patella, 98.8%)

Period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1 (ca. 1020–760 B.C.)

Deposit in south 51A 137 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult]) with 2 burnt (Ovis/Capra-sized fragment, Bos-sized rib)1 unidentified bird bone1 mugilid(?) fish vertebra25 marine shells (15 Patella)

Southeastern dump #1 52A 15 bones (Ovis/Capra [−1 year], Bos-sized) with 1 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized1 Equus molar1 Glycymeris

Southeastern dump #2, 68A 31 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], Bos [adult])mainly PG, some seventh 231 marine shells (226 Patella, 97.8%) with 1 burnt Patellacentury

Temple B, Phase 1 (ca. 800–760 B.C.)

Hearth 1 33C, ws 78 bones (Ovis/Capra, −1.75–2 years) with 46 burnt (59%), in-cluding an Ovis/Capra molar fragment, 2 metapodial epiphy-sis fragments, and 2 small ribs3 unburnt bird bones (Puffinus, Phalacrocorax, small passerine)9 unburnt fish remains (1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)8 marine invertebrates (5 Patella) with 1 burnt Patella

Court 33C, 42A, ws 549 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.5–2 but −3–3.5 years], Bos[adult], Sus [+2–2.5 years]) with 30 burnt, mainly Ovis/Capra(vertebra [UF], 28 fragments) and 1 Bos-sized fragment2 Lepus bones with 1 burnt tooth4 bird bones (Falco, large passerine)42 fish bones (1 Diplodus)639 marine invertebrates (518 Patella [81%], 90 Monodonta)with 3 burnt (Patella, Monodonta, Glycymeris)

Dump to south 34A2 15 bones with an Ovis/Capra mandible and a Bos mandible(adult) and 10 marine shells




Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 (ca. 800–650 B.C.)

Floors 33C, ws 1,529 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−6–8 months, +10 months but−1–1.25 years], Bos [adult]) with 225 burnt (14.7%), includingOvis/Capra (posterior skull fragment, premaxilla, pelvis frag-ment, patella fragment, metapodial fragment, proximal pha-lanx 2, vertebra, and 5 ribs) and a Bos phalanx 2 fragment1 Lepus humerus (Temple B, Phase 1, floor)10 bird bones (Calonectris, Larus)41 fish bones with 1 burnt spine (3 fish: P. erythrinus, Gymno-thorax, Belone)963 marine invertebrates (844 Patella [87.6%], 82 Monodonta)with 12 burnt (8 Patella, 2 Monodonta, 1 Glycymeris, 1 Gibbula)Burnt remains probably derived from Hearth 1 or 2, althoughneither yielded any burnt Bos remains

Period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2

Pit in east, eighth century 58A, ws 30 small bones (60 g) with most burnt, including an Ovis/Ca-B.C. pra ulna shaft and 3 ribs

9 fish remains with 1 burnt sparid otolith47 marine invertebrates (31 Patella, 66%) with 16 burnt (34%;11 Patella, 3 Monodonta, Glycymeris, Eriphia)

Dump to south 63A, ws 36 marine shells (28 Patella, 77.8%) with 20 burnt (18 Patella, 2Monodonta)


Hearth 2 33C, ws 190 g bone (180 g burnt, 5 g partly burnt; 97.4%), all Ovis/Capra (−2.5–3 years), with the identifiable burnt bones includ-ing 5 skull fragments, molar, scapula fragment, proximalulna (UF), patella, 4 carpus/tarsus, 3 vertebrae (1 caudal), 12ribs; also a partly burnt Ovis/Capra palate fragment andsmall rib183 fish remains with 38 burnt (20.7%): 12 sparids (5 burnt)with 1 P. erythrinus, 3 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus (3 burnt), 1Diplodus262 marine invertebrates (206 Patella [78.6%], 36 Monodonta)with 51 burnt (19.5%; 39 Patella, 5 Monodonta, 3 Glycymeris,Acanthocardia, Gibbula, Donax, Conus)

Lower hearth/floor 29A1, ws 203 bones (Ovis/Capra, −3–3.5 years) with 111 burnt (54.7%;around Tripillar Shrine J. W. Shaw 1980a: pl. 62f) including proximal femur head, 2

distal femur fragments, proximal metapodial, proximal pha-lanx 12 unburnt Lepus bones25 fish bones with 3 burnt (1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)75 marine invertebrates (44 Patella [58.7%], 8 Monodonta) with2 burnt (Patella, Monodonta)




Court 42A, ws 1,690 g bone (2 Ovis/Capra [−1–1.25 years, +1.5–2 years], Bos[+2–2.5 years], Sus [+2 years]) with 1,300 g burnt (76.9%), in-cluding Ovis/Capra (premolar, distal femur, 2 patella, proximalmetacarpus, proximal metatarsus, distal metatarsus [UF], pha-lanx 1 [UF], vertebra fragment, rib (−1–1.25 years), Bos (distaltibia [F], vertebra fragment, and 15 fragments), and a Sus as-tragalus partly burnt and worn23 fish bones from 2 sparids and 1 serranid with 5 burnt (1sparid)2,477 marine invertebrates (2,384 Patella [96.2%], 66 Monodonta)with 48 burnt (34 Patella, 11 Monodonta, Charonia fragment, Eri-phia, Paracentrotus [charred])Burnt fauna (except probably the Sus astragalus) derived fromthe Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, Altar U; this deposit producedtwo iron knives (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 7and 23)

Double hearth in court 47A, ws 100 g bones (50 g burnt; 50%), all young SusA few burnt rodent bones396 fish bones with 45 burnt (11.4%; 2 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)from 11 sparids (including 5 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and 1 P.erythrinus)90 marine invertebrates (68 Patella [75.6%], 7 Monodonta) with24 burnt (26.7%; 19 Patella, 3 Monodonta, Dentalium, Natica)Deposit produced four knives (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap.5, Section 7, 18–21)

Ashy fill east of double 47A, ws 20 small burnt bones (under 50 g; 100%) which are probably Sushearth 392 fish bones with 288 burnt (73.5%) from 9 burnt fish (8 spar-

ids [including 2 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and 1 P. erythrinus] and1 cf. Epinephelus)13 marine invertebrates (8 Patella) with 6 burnt (3 Patella, 2 Mo-nodonta, 1 Sphaeronassa)

Period of Temple B, Phase 2

South sounding 36B, ws 1,125 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [1–1.25 years and +1.5–2 years], Bos[+1.5 years], Sus [2 years, female]) with 155 burnt (13.8%), in-cluding Ovis/Capra (premolar, sesmoid, phalanx 2 [F], +1–1.25years) and 1 Bos-sized fragment1 Canis mandible2 Equus upper incisors from eighth-century-B.C. dumpGallus eggshells from eighth-century dump118 fish bones with 17 burnt (14.4%) from 18 individuals with16 sparids (including 1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and 1 P. erythri-nus), 1 serranid, 1 Symphodus; burnt bones from 4 sparids andthe serranid1,689 marine invertebrates (1,471 Patella [87%], 146 Monodonta)with 30 burnt (21 Patella, 6 Monodonta, Glycymeris, Cerastoderma,Paracentrotus)




Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3 (ca. 800–600 B.C.)

South sounding, under 29A1, ws 176 bones (Ovis/Capra [1.5–2 years], Bos-sized) with 2 burntslab floor of Temple C Ovis/Capra (radius shaft, fragment)

12 fish bones with 1 burnt spine (1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)339 marine invertebrates (289 Patella [85.2%], 37 Monodonta)with 16 burnt (12 Monodonta, 3 Patella, Paracentrotus)Burnt remains may derive from the Temple B, Phase 2, lowerhearth/floor around the Tripillar Shrine; Temple B, Phases 2and 3, ritual deposit around the Tripillar Shrine; or Temple B,Phase 3, Hearth 3

Dump to south 34A2, ws 498 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1.75–2 years, +2 years], Bos [adult],2 Sus [one +1 but −2 years]) with 13 burnt including Ovis/Ca-pra (pelvis fragment and 11 fragments) and 1 Bos-sized frag-ment1 Puffinus bone, Columba eggshells48 fish bones with 8 burnt (16.7%) from 3 P. erythrinus/P. pa-grus with 2 MNI burnt1,344 marine invertebrates (1,260 Patella [93.8%], 45 Mono-donta) with 37 burnt (25 Patella, 10 Monodonta, M. trunculus,Erosaria)

Marine meal #1 43A, ws 1 unidentifiable mammal bone6 fish bones from 1 sparid1,795 marine invertebrates (1,739 Patella [96.9%], 32 Mono-donta) with 4 burnt Patella

Levels to north 44B 79 bones (Ovis/Capra [+3–3.5 years], Bos [adult])23 marine shells (19 Patella, 82.6%)

Levels to northeast 47A 375 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1 year and 1–1.25 years], Bos[+1.5–2 years], Sus [+2 years]) with 149 burnt (39.7%), includ-ing Ovis/Capra (astragalus fragment, proximal metacarpus,fragment) and Bos (2–3 partly burnt molars, 4 distal femurfragments, many shaft fragments, patella fragment, 4 carpus/tarsus, metapodial shaft, 11 carpus/tarsus or phalanx frag-ments, proximal phalanx 1 [F], phalanx 3 fragment, 44 frag-ments)1 Lepus humerus292 marine invertebrates (265 Patella [90.8%], 13 Monodonta)with 3 burnt PatellaBurnt remains probably derive from the Temple B, Phase 2,double hearth

Levels to west #1 37A, ws 455 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.5–2 years], Bos [+1.5–2years], Sus) with 9 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized33 fish bones with 4 burnt (12.1%) from 8 sparids (1 burnt)475 marine invertebrates (399 Patella [84%], 30 Monodonta)with 14 burnt (11 Patella, 3 Monodonta)




Levels to west #2 43A 73 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], Bos [adult])1 fish bone (Labrus)213 marine invertebrates (170 Patella [79.8%], 16 Monodonta)with 1 burnt Patella

Levels to southwest 44A 413 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1.75–2 years, +1.75–2 years], Bos[adult], Sus [+1–2 years, male]) with 10 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized3 Lepus bones1 Puffinus bone1,612 marine invertebrates (1,522 Patella [94.4%], 42 Mono-donta) with 12 burnt (7 Patella, 4 Monodonta, 1 Glycymeris)

Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 (ca. 760–600 B.C.)

Ritual deposit around 29A1, ws 380 g bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one −3–3.5 years], Bos [+1.25–1.5Tripillar Shrine years]) with 320 g burnt (84.2%), including Ovis/Capra

(proximal femur head, 4 distal femur fragments, 2 patella,2 vertebra [caudal, small], 2 ribs [small], −3–3.5 years) andBos (proximal phalanx 2 [F], 4 fragments, +1.25–1.5 years)5 Lepus bones with a burnt distal tibiaEggshell fragment248 fish bones with 1 burnt spine from 13 sparids (with 2 cf.Oblada melanura, 1 Diplodus)606 marine invertebrates (502 Patella [82.8%], 39 Monodonta)with 9 burnt (6 Patella, 1 Monodonta, 1 Glycymeris, 1 Cerasto-derma)

Altar U, constructed 700 42A, ws 37,950 g bones (9 Ovis/Capra [all −3–3.5 years with one orB.C., LG/Archaic, contents two −2.5–3 years and one +2.5–3 years], 3 Bos [one +2–2.5

years, two +3 years] with 37,900 g burnt (99.9%; J. W. Shaw1982a: pl. 56a); identifiable burnt Ovis/Capra bones: distalhumerus shaft, 17 proximal femur heads, 2 distal femurepiphyses (2 UF), 13 distal femur fragments (13 UF), 11 pa-tella, 2 distal tibia (2 F), 2 carpus/tarsus, astragalus, 3 calca-neus (2 UF and 1 F), 2 metapodial fragments, 3 phalanx 1 (3F), 6 vertebra, 30 ribs (9 MNI burnt); identifiable burnt Bos: 7skull fragments, 26 teeth fragments, 4 mandible fragments, 4scapula fragments, 4 proximal femur fragments, patella, 2 dis-tal tibia (2 F), 3 tarsus, 2 naviculocuboid, 7 astragalus, 8 calca-neus fragments (5 F, 1 butchered down center of shaft), proxi-mal metacarpus, proximal metatarsus, 3 metapodial shafts, 9distal metapodial fragments (1+ F), 4 phalanx 1 fragments, 9phalanx 1/2 fragments, 12 phalanx 2 fragments, phalanx 3,52 vertebra fragments (35 caudal); 3 MNI burnt2 unburnt fish bones (1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus)22 marine invertebrates (14 Patella) with 5 burnt (2 Patella, 2Glycymeris, Monodonta)




Court 42A, 62D 1,180 g bones (3 Ovis/Capra [one −10 months and one +1.5–2years], Bos [+2–2.5 years], Sus [−2–2.5 years]) with 550 gburnt (46.6%), including Ovis/Capra (proximal femur head[cut], distal femur fragment, carpus/tarsus, distal metapodialepiphysis [UF]) and Bos (4 teeth fragments, astragalus frag-ment, 3 vertebrae [1 butchered], 20 fragments)158 marine invertebrates (147 Patella, 93%) with 1 burntPatellaBurnt fauna probably derived from Altar U; no Sus bonesburnt

Building Q, late seventh 52B, 60B, 64A2, 17 bones (Ovis/Capra −1.75–2 years) with 2 burnt Ovis/Capracentury B.C., Room 30, ws bones (axis fragment, fragment)upper floor 3 fish bones (sparid)

279 marine shells (273 Patella, 97.8%) with 1 burnt Patella

Building Q, Room 30, 52B, 60B 91 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.5 but −1.75–2 years], Bos-sized, Sus)lower floor with 2 burnt bones

312 marine invertebrates (298 Patella, 95.5%)

Building Q, Room 30, 52B 90 bones (Ovis/Capra, Sus [−1 year]) with 2 burnt bonesbelow floor 1 Canis canine

1 fish vertebra (mugilid)59 marine shells (53 Patella, 89.8%)

Building Q, Room 31, 60B, 64A, ws 256 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [one Ovis −1.75–2 years, one Ovis/dump on upper floor Capra +1.75–2 but −2.5–3 years], Bos [adult], Sus [−3.5 years,

female]) with 25 burnt (9.8%), including an Ovis/Capra distalfemur (UF, −3–3.5 years) and 20 fragments and a Bos tarsusand 3 fragments1 Canis palate1 Lepus metapodial17 fish bones from 1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and 1 burnt elas-mobranch centrum2,925 marine invertebrates (2,798 Patella [95.7%], 110 Mono-donta) with 7 burnt (5 Patella, Monodonta)Dump produced a knife or saw blade with a serrated edgeand a possible rivet hole (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5,Section 7, 37); an Ovis/Capra scapula butchered in halfthrough the glenoid and a Sus scapula butchered diagonallybehind the glenoid

Building Q, Room 31, 60B, 64A 11 bones (Bos-sized)lower floor 14 marine shells (11 Patella)

Building Q, Room 31, 60B 49 bones (Ovis/Capra, +10 months)below floor 8 marine shells




Building Q, Room 37, 64A 3 bones with 2 burnt including an Ovis/Capra-sized scapulaupper floor (very young)

1,464 marine shells (1,424 Patella, 97.3%) with 40 burnt (39 Pa-tella, Monodonta)

Building Q, Room 37, 64A2, ws 866 marine shells (865 Patella, 98.7%)lower floor

Building Q, Room 38, 64A2 2 bones (Ovis/Capra-sized)upper floor 68 marine invertebrates (44 Patella [64.7%], 12 Monodonta)

with 1 burnt Patella

Building Q, Room 38, 64A2, ws 10 bones (Sus, young) with 5 burnt small fragmentslower floor 6 fish bones with 1 burnt sparid and 1 unburnt labrid

142 marine invertebrates (99 Patella, 69.7%) with 2 burnt (Pa-tella, Monodonta)

Building Q, Room 38, 64A2, ws 1,041 marine shells (1,030 M. trunculus [98.9%]) (Pl. 6.11)purple-dye evidence inlower and upper floors

Building Q, Room 39, 62B 17 marine shells (16 Patella)upper floor

Building Q, Room 40, 62B 1,110 marine shells (1,089 Patella, 98.1%)upper floor

Building Q, Room 40, 62B, ws 868 marine invertebrates (856 Patella, 98.6%)lower floor

Building V, constructed in 54A1 33 bones (Ovis/Capra [+2.5–3 years], Sus)late seventh century, floor 180 marine shells (173 Patella, 96.1%)

Dark earth, seventh 37A/3 26 fish bones with 16 burnt (61.5%) from 3 sparids (2 burnt)century


Three-sided slab enclo- 56A, ws 8 bones (Sus, young) with 7 burnt bonessure, seventh century B.C. Eggshell fragment

13 fish bones17 marine invertebrates (14 Patella) with 1 burnt Patella

Contents of bowl (Callag- 50A, ws 2 bones (Ovis/Capra, +1–1.25 years) with 1 burnthan and Johnston, Chap. 25 fish bones4, Section 1, 316), seventh 12 marine invertebrates (8 Patella) with 1 burnt Patellacentury

Altar U, pit to east of 57A1, ws 5 bones with 4 burnt including an Ovis/Capra metacarpusand metatarsus and Sus posterior mandible4 Patella with 3 burnt

Marine meal #2 27B, ws 5 fish bones with 1 burnt from P. erythrinus2,983 marine invertebrates (2,898 Patella [97.2%], 59 Mono-donta) with 3 burnt (2 Patella and Monodonta)




Marine meal #3, seventh 27B, ws 21 fish bones with 13 burnt (61.9%) from 1 burnt sparidcentury 2,998 marine invertebrates (2,922 Patella [97.5%], 30 Mono-

donta) with 12 burnt (9 Patella, Arcularia, M. brandaris [slightlyburnt], Erosaria [burnt ?])

Marine meal #4, eighth– 43A, ws 30 bones (Ovis/Capra [−2.5 yrs, +2.5–3 but −3–3.5 years], Bosseventh century [adult]) with 14 burnt (46.7%) Ovis/Capra: 2 proximal femur

heads, carpus/tarsus (small, −3–3.5 years)2,882 marine invertebrates (2,827 Patella [98%], 35 Monodonta)with 17 burnt (14 Patella, 3 Monodonta)

Marine meal #5, south- 50A 18 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos)west, seventh century 1,674 marine invertebrates (1,670 Patella, 99.8%) with 1 burnt

Patella

Marine meal #6, south- 50A 20 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos-sized)west, seventh century 1,142 marine shells (1,124 Patella, 98.4%) with 3 burnt Patella

Marine meal #7, south- 50A, ws 4 bones with 1 burnt Ovis/Capra-sizedwest, seventh century 4 fish vertebra

1,388 marine shells (1,361 Patella [98.1%], 27 Monodonta) with5 burnt Patella

Marine meal #8, south- 50A, ws 14 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 2 burntwest, seventh century 2 fish bones with 1 burnt vertebra

7,345 marine invertebrates (6,968 Patella [94.9%], 334 Mono-donta) with 85 burnt (47 Patella, 34 Monodonta, 3 Thais, 1 Ceri-thium [partly burnt])

Marine meal #9, south- 50A, ws 43 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult]) with 3 burnt (2 Ovis/Ca-west, eighth–seventh pra-sized, 1 Bos-sized)century 25 fish bones

2,438 marine invertebrates (2,298 Patella [94.3%], 111 Mono-donta) with 3 burnt (Patella, Monodonta, Glycymeris)

Marine meal #10, south, 51A 39 bones (Ovis/Capra, +1.5–2 years) with 1 burntseventh century 1,942 marine shells (1,918 Patella, 98.8%) with 1 burnt Patella

Marine meal #11, south, 51A 46 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult]) with 3 burnt, including anseventh century Ovis/Capra-sized rib

1,393 marine invertebrates (1,334 Patella [95.6%], 49 Mono-donta)

Marine meal #12, south- 52A 53 bones (Ovis/Capra [+10 months], Bos [adult], Sus [+1 year])east, seventh century with 4 burnt, including 3 Ovis/Capra-sized shafts and a Bos-

sized shaft4,859 marine shells (4,764 Patella [98%], 75 Monodonta) with16 burnt (12 Patella, 3 Monodonta, M. trunculus [partly burnt])

Marine meal #13, south- 52A 21 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult])east, seventh century 7,103 marine shells (7,072 Patella, 99.6%)




Marine meal #14, south- 63A, ws 57 bones (Ovis/Capra [+2.5–3 years], Bos [adult]) with 1 burnteast, seventh century Ovis/Capra-sized

1 bird bone fragment16 fish bones with 2 burnt from 1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus1,389 marine invertebrates (1,370 Patella, 98.6%) with 3 burnt(2 Patella, Monodonta)

Marine meal #15, 63A 32 bones (Ovis/Capra [+10 months], Bos-sized) with 1 burntsoutheast vertebra fragment

2 fish bones1,741 marine invertebrates (1,712 Patella, 98.3%) with 5 burnt(4 Patella, Paracentrotus)

East of later altars 54A, 54A2, 57A, 625 bones (3 Ovis/Capra [two +1.5–2 years with one +2.5–358A, 59A, 60A, but −3–3.5 years], Bos [−2–2.5 years], 2 Sus [1–2 years, +3.560B, 66B, 67A1, years, male]) with 6 burnt, including Ovis/Capra proximalws metacarpus, proximal metatarsus, phalanx 2 (F; +1–1.25

years); Sus mandible fragment; Ovis/Capra or Sus shaft frag-ment; and a Bos-sized fragment2 fish bones with 1 burnt from 1 sparid2,379 marine invertebrates (2,175 Patella [91.4%], 84 Mono-donta) with 52 burnt Patella

South of temple 50A, 51A, 62B 280 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1.5–2 years, +3–3.5 years], Bos[adult], Sus [1 year]) with 3 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized1 Calonectris (late eighth century)4,344 marine invertebrates (4,197 Patella, 96.6%) with 9 burnt(6 Patella, 2 Glycymeris [2 partly burnt], Eriphia)Deposit produced a knife blade (J. W. Shaw and Harlan,Chap. 5, Section 7, 24)

Southeast of temple 52A, 52B, 53A, 508 bones (22 Ovis/Capra [one Capra −1.75–2 years, two56A, 56A1, 63A, −1.75–2 years, 16 +1.5–2 years with one +3–3.5 years], 2 Bos64A, 64A1, 64A2, [one −3 years], 2 Sus [−2 years, adult; 1 male, 1 female]) with64A3, 65A1 65A7, 30 burnt, including Ovis/Capra (radius shaft fragmentws [young], metacarpus shaft fragment, metatarsus fragment)

and Bos (mandible fragment, calcaneus epiphysis, 3 carpus/tarsus, vertebra fragment, 11 fragments [−3 years]); no Susbones burnt3 Canis bones2 fish bones with 1 possibly burnt from 1 sparid3,651 marine invertebrates (3,468 Patella [95%], 108 Mono-donta) with 63 burnt (52 Patella, 9 Monodonta, Donax, Mactra,Pecten)Burnt remains likely from Temple B, Phases 2 and 3, Build-ing Q, Room 31 (64A); or Period of Temple B, Phases 2 and3, three-sided slab enclosure (56A)




Levels to west #1 37A, ws 7 bones with 5 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized59 fish bones with 2 burnt from 14 sparids1,187 marine invertebrates (1,066 Patella, 89.8%) with 66 burnt(57 Patella, 7 Monodonta, 2 Glycymeris)

Levels to west #2 43A 704 marine shells (678 Patella, 96.3%) with 1 burnt Patella

East of temple 62D 24 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos) with 2 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized1 Equus molar710 marine shells (703 Patella, 99%) with 2 burnt Monodonta

Dark earth, seventh 37A/6 27 fish bones with 1 burnt from 1 cf. Obladacentury


Hearth 3 29A1, ws 150 burnt bones (600 g; 7 Ovis/Capra [all −3–3.5 years], Bos),including Ovis/Capra (14 proximal femur heads, proximal fe-mur trochanter majus [UF], 10 distal femur fragments, 8 pa-tella, 15 vertebrae, 22 ribs) and Bos vertebra and rib1 unburnt Alectoris bone42 fish bones with 1 burnt from 1 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus and1 Anguilla30 marine invertebrates (20 Patella, 66.7%) with 4 burnt (3 Pa-tella, Monodonta)

Rectangular Hearth 4 33C, ws 825 g bone (4 Ovis/Capra [four −3–3.5 years with one −1–1.25years and one +1.75–2 years], Sus [−1 year] with 750 g burnt(90.9%), including mainly Ovis/Capra: 3 skull fragments, 6teeth, mandible fragment, 7 proximal femur heads (7 UF), 7distal femur fragments, patella, astragalus, 12 carpus/tarsus,proximal metacarpus, 2 distal metapodial fragments (2 F), 7phalanx 1 (1 UF, 6 broken), 4 phalanx 2 (4 F), phalanx 3 frag-ment (4 MNI burnt); also Sus: 29 teeth (very small), phalanx 3(small); and Ovis/Capra or Sus vertebrae (3+, 2 caudal, allsmall) and ribs (numerous, small)1 Alectoris burnt coracoid (female), Puffinus, other eggshells428 fish bones with 278 burnt (65%) from 28 sparids (with 8P. erythrinus/P. pagrus, 2 P. erythrinus, 2 Diplodus); at least 16fish individuals burnt448 marine invertebrates (366 Patella [82%], 62 Monodonta)with 122 burnt (27.2%; 66 Patella, 52 Monodonta, 2 Cerithium,Thais, Venus [holed])

Lower floor 33C, ws 415 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [10 months, +1–1.25 but −2.5–3years], Bos [adult]) with 38 burnt (9.2%), including Ovis/Capra (distal humerus epiphysis, acetabulum fragment, car-pus/tarsus, phalanx 2 [F], 6 ribs [2 MNI burnt]) and 2 Bos-sized fragments1 Lepus tooth2 unidentified bird bones




33 fish bones from 1 Diplodus135 marine shells (112 Patella, 83%) with 2 burnt PatellaBurnt fauna probably derive from Rectangular Hearth 4

Upper floor 33C, ws 527 bones (Ovis/Capra [adult], Bos [adult]) with 34 burnt, in-cluding an Ovis/Capra-sized acetabulum fragment and 33fragments2 Canis bones (astragalus, phalanx 1)1 Lepus metatarsus1 bird (Phalacrocorax) bone58 fish bones from 3 sparids (with 1 Diplodus) and 1 Spari-soma436 marine invertebrates (346 Patella [79.4%], 49 Monodonta)with 5 burnt PatellaBurnt fauna derives from Rectangular Hearth 4

Court 42A 197 bones (7 Ovis/Capra [one 10 months, one −1.75–2 years,four others −3–3.5 years, one +3–3.5 years], 2 Bos [−3.5–4years, +3.5–4 years], Sus [young]) with 57 burnt (28.9%), withOvis/Capra (12 proximal femur heads [6 MNI; all −3–3.5years]) and Bos (2 proximal femur [1 UF, 1 broken], distal fe-mur [F], ca. 40 fragments [2 MNI burnt])1 Alectoris bone240 marine shells (212 Patella [88.3%], 22 Monodonta) with 1partly burnt ThaisDeposit produced an iron knife with rivets (J. W. Shaw andHarlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 8); burnt bones associated withTemple B, Phases 2 and 3, Altar U, and court

General upper interior 33C, ws 2,500 bones (5 Ovis/Capra [one 10 months, one −1.75–2 years,pails one +2.5–3 but −3–3.5 years], Bos [+1.25–1.5 years], and 2 Sus

[one +1–2 years, female])275 burnt major mammal bones (11%), mainly Ovis/Capra:mandible fragment, radius shaft fragment, proximal ulna frag-ment (small), pelvis fragment, patella, 2 astragali (1 butch-ered), 3 carpus/tarsus, 2 metapodial fragments (1 small),shaft fragment (partly burnt), phalanx 1 (F), phalanx 3, verte-bra fragment, 5 ribs (2 MNI burnt; at least one +1–1.25 but−2.5–3 years), also a Bos mandible fragment, phalanx 2 (F),and 3 fragments8 Lepus bones with burnt distal metatarsus and astragalus (ar-ticulating hindlimb bones)35 bird bones from 3 Puffinus, 1–2 Calonectris, Alectoris, Col-umba, Buteo (claw only), large passerine, Puffinus eggshells370 fish bones with 6 burnt from 12 fish with 10 sparids(with 3 P. erythrinus/P. pagrus, 5 P. erythrinus, 1 Diplodus, and1 Oblada), 1 Squatina (tooth), 1 Sparisoma




9,467 marine invertebrates (7,910 Patella [83.6%], 1,137 Mono-donta [12%]) with 88 burnt (55 Patella, 18 Monodonta, 6 Mactra,3 Glycymeris, 2 Cerastoderma, 2 Donax, Pisania [holed], Paracen-trotus)Deposit produced a curved knife and a blade fragment (J. W.Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 9); butchered bones in-clude the aforementioned Ovis/Capra astragali and 5 Ovis/Capra or Sus vertebrae; burnt fauna probably from the Rectan-gular Hearth 4


Archaic court levels east 56A1, 57A, 57A2, 6 bones (Ovis/Capra-sized)of the later altars 58A, ws 143 marine shells (130 Patella, 90.9%)

Red material, Archaic 65A4, ws 2 small burnt Ovis/Capra-sized fragments1 fish vertebra23 marine invertebrates (15 Patella) with 1 burnt Patella

Southeast of temple 63A, ws 163 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.5–2 years], 3 Bos [one +2.25years], Sus)1 Cervus(?) molar73 marine shells (60 Patella, 82.2%) with 21 burnt (28.8%; 19Patella, 2 Monodonta)

Eastern area #1, seventh 68A, ws 14 bones (Ovis/Capra, −1.75–2 years)century 32 marine shells (31 Patella, 96.9%)

Eastern area #2, seventh 68A 14 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.75–2 years], Bos-sized)century 142 marine shells (137 Patella, 96.5%) with 4 burnt Patella

Western area #1, seventh 68A 19 bones (Ovis/Capra and Bos-sized)century 81 marine shells (75 Patella, 92.3%)

Western area #2, seventh 68A 11 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 2 burnt fragmentscentury 1 Canis phalanx

2 fish bones with 1 burnt otolith from 2 sparids840 marine shells (833 Patella, 99.2%) with 2 burnt Patella

To southeast 52A 1 bone (Ovis/Capra)1 Tonna fragment

Hiatus Period (sixth–fourth century B.C.)

Dump to southeast, fifth 63A 163 bones (5 Ovis/Capra [one +2 years], Bos [+2.25 years], Suscentury [−2 years, female]) with 13 burnt, including a Bos molar and

12 Bos-sized fragments525 marine shells (506 Patella, 96.4%)

Southeast of temple and 54A, 56A1, ws 125 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [one +1.75–2 years but −3–3.5 years],east of later altars 2 Bos [2 adult], Sus) with 5 burnt Ovis/Capra bones: proximal

femur head (UF), patella fragment, vertebra (UF), rib (−3–3.5years)




13 marine invertebrates (4 Patella) with 4 burnt (3 Patella andMonodonta)Burnt bones likely derived from Altar H sacrifices

To southeast 65A3, 65A7, ws 5 bones (Ovis/Capra)7 marine shells (4 Glycymeris)

Wall removal 68A 82 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−3–3.5 years, +3–3.5 years], Bos-sized) with 70 burnt (85.4%), including Ovis/Capra (3 distalfemur fragments [1 UF, 1 F], vertebra fragment [UF], 3 ribs[small]; 2 burnt MNI, −3–3.5, +3–3.5 years) and 1 Bos-sizedfragment1 unburnt Sepia

Under wall removal 68A 141 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos-sized) with 132 burnt (93.6%),including Ovis/Capra (proximal femur [head JF], distal femur[probably F], vertebra [UF], 5 ribs, 117 fragments [3–3.5years] and 7 Bos-sized fragments1 unburnt Sepia

Period of Temple B, Phase 2–early Temple C (seventh–fourth century B.C.)

Sounding on the east, 11A 198 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 but −1.75–2 years], Bos800–500 [adult], 2 Sus [young, 2 years]) with 18 burnt, including an

Ovis/Capra proximal femur head and rib (−3–3.5 years)174 marine shells (108 Patella [62.1%], 48 Glycymeris [27.6%])

Period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C (ca. 650–375 B.C.)

Altar H, constructed 550– 20B1 68 bones (Ovis/Capra-sized) with 22 burnt (32.4%) fragments500 B.C., on 3 unburnt marine shells (2 Patella)

Altar H, above 20B1 134 Ovis/Capra bones with 29 burnt (21.6%), including a prox-imal femur head fragment and distal femur fragment (−3–3.5years)1 unburnt Lepus bone29 marine invertebrates (20 Patella, 69%) with 2 burnt Mono-donta

Altar H, east side, around 20B1 87 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.5–2 years], Bos [adult], and 2 Susbase [−1 year, +2 years]) with 2 burnt Ovis/Capra bones, a distal

tibia (F, burnt at distal) and phalanx 1 fragment (+1.5–2years)64 unburnt marine shells (42 Patella [65.6%], 13 Monodonta)

Altar H, just east of 20B1, 54A 215 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.5–2 years but −3–3.5 years], Bos[adult], Sus [+1–2 years]) with 34 burnt (15.8%), includingOvis/Capra (radius shaft, distal tibia [F], 31 fragments [+1.5–2years]) and Bos pelvis fragment and rib253 marine shells (204 Patella [80.6%], 39 Monodonta) with 7burnt (4 Monodonta, 3 Patella)




Altar H, earth around, on 20B1 20 unburnt bones (Ovis/Capra)western side 6 unburnt marine shells (2 Patella)

Altar H, around(?) 20B1 96 unburnt marine shells (74 Patella [77.1%], 18 Monodonta)

Temple C (375 B.C.–A.D. 160/170)

Temple C, above and on 29A1, ws Over 1,000 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1–1.25 years, 1–1.25 years],slab floor Bos [adult], 5 Sus [one −1 year, one −2 years, one −3–3.5

years; 3 female, 2 male]) with 125 g burnt, including an Ovis/Capra metapodial shaft, 6 Bos-sized fragments, and a Sus mo-lar fragment (adult)1 Equus molar3 Lepus bones10 bird bones of Gallus, Hydrobates, Columba; Gallus eggshells475 fish bones from 29 fish with 18 sparids (with 3 P. erythri-nus/P. pagrus, 1 P. pagrus, 1 Diplodus, 2 Oblada), 1 Sciaena, 1Umbrina, 2 Spicara, 1 Dicentrarchus, 1 cf. Epinephelus, 1 Gaidrop-saurus, 1 Conger, 1 Gymnothorax, 1 Sparisoma, 1 Solea, 1 Clarias235 marine invertebrates (55 Patella [23.4%], 30 Donax [55valves], 20 Mactra [35 valves]) with 6 burnt (2 Cerastoderma,Patella, Monodonta, Erosaria, Barbatia)Floor deposit includes an iron knife blade with a bronze haftand an ivory handle (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Sec-tion 7, 42); 2 butchered Sus ulnae from 2 MNI; few burnt re-mains likely from the central rectangular hearth or the south-eastern upper hearth

Temple C, central rectan- 29A1, 46A, ws 100 g burnt bones (100%) including an Ovis/Capra or Sus-gular hearth sized tooth root fragment and rib

Eggshells (Puffinus [2 shells], Columba, Gallus, Larus, Alectoris,unidentified), with burnt Columba and Larus12 unburnt fish bones from 1 sparid26 marine invertebrates (10 Cerastoderma) with 18 burnt(69.2%; 10 Cerastoderma, 2 Patella, Donax, Mactra, Barbatia,Cyclope, Lepas, Balanus)

Temple C, northwestern 29A1 4 bones (Ovis/Capra or Sus)enclosure 11 marine invertebrates (4 Tonna)

Temple C, northeast 29A1 31 bones (2 Sus, 1–2 years, male)corner 1 Patella

Temple C, above benches 29A1 14 bones (Bos [adult], Sus)1 Spondylus

Temple C, below reused 29A1, ws 18 bones (Sus)Minoan stone lamp Eggshell fragments(Schwab 1996: no. 42) 4 fish bones from 1 sparid

9 marine invertebrates (5 Tonna, 2 Mactra; J. W. Shaw 1980a:pl. 60d)




Temple C, upper floor, 29A1, ws 282 unburnt bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], 2 Sus [+1.550 B.C.–A.D. 160/170 years but −2 years, +2 years])

1 small mammal metapodialPuffinus; unidentified eggshells13 fish bones from 1 sparid47 marine invertebrates (14 M. brandaris, 5 Patella, 5Donax)

Temple C, small hearth 29A1 3 marine shells (3 burnt Cerastoderma)on south wall, upper floor

Temple C, southeastern 29A1, ws 90 g bone (2 Sus, young and adult) with 65 g burnt (72.2%),upper hearth including Sus (5 incisors, 2 premolar fragments [1 large],

molar fragment, 2 tooth root fragments, vertebra centrumfragment, distal phalanx) and a burnt Lepus distal tibiaSome burnt Puffinus eggshells22 fish bones with 5 burnt from 1 serranid and 1 sparid55 marine invertebrates (25 Cerastoderma [45.4%], 10 Donax)with 33 burnt (60%; 25 Cerastoderma, 2 Patella, 2 Monodonta,Thais, Arca, Cerithium, Lepas)

Temple C, exterior enclo- 34A3 111 bones with 110 (250 g) burnt (99.1%) Ovis/Capra (2sure south of doorway patella, 4 vertebrae fragments, rib, −3–3.5 years)

1 burnt Patella

Building F, constructed 11A 46 marine shells (32 Patella, 9 Glycymeris)550–500 B.C., floor

Building W, constructed 50A1 1 Glycymeris375–350 B.C., floor

Building W, below floor 55A 6 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 3 burnt73 marine invertebrates (22 Dentalium [30.1%], 20 Patella, 5Donax [12 valves]) (Pl. 6.13)

Building D, constructed 14A, 20B2 23 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1.5–2 years], Bos [adult])375–350 B.C., upper fill

Building D, fill above 14A, 20B2 6 marine shells (4 Glycymeris)walls

Building D, above floor 20B2 11 bones1 Glycymeris

Building D, original floor 14A, 20B2 32 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult])1 Cervus molar

Building D, outside to 20B2 10 bones (Bos, adult)north 6 marine invertebrates (3 Patella)




Building D, outside to 20B2 18 unidentifiable bonessouth 95 shells (94 Patella, 98.9%)

Room A1, constructed 23A, ws 132 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [+1.25–1.5 years], Sus) with 1150–50 B.C., floor burnt Ovis/Capra or Sus fragment

10 marine invertebrates (3 Patella) with 1 burnt Patella

Room A1, above bench in 23A 1 Tonnanorthwest corner

Room A1, central hearth 23A and 46A1, 23 small bones with 20 burnt (87%) Ovis/Capra or Sus frag-ws ments

Eggshells: Puffinus (2 MNI), Larus, unidentified38 marine invertebrates (19 Patella, 50%) with 5 burnt (4 Pa-tella, Monodonta)

Room A1, floor contents 44B 31 bones (Ovis/Capra)5 marine shells (3 Patella)

Building B, constructed 10A 36 bones (Ovis/Capra)150–50 B.C., western 9 marine shells (5 Patella)room, upper late reoccupa-tion level

Building B, western room, 10A 40 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 1 burnt bonelevel of roof tile collapse 8 marine shells (4 Patella)

Building B, western room, 10A 10 bones (Ovis/Capra)soil layer above lower 5 marine shells (4 Patella)floor, inner room

Building B, western room, 10A 90 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult], Sus) with 1 burnt Ovis/Ca-first floor pra or Sus bone

34 marine shells (20 Patella [58.8%], 9 Glycymeris)

Building B, eastern room, 10A 1 Ovis/Capra boneupper collapse 7 marine shells (2 Patella, 2 Glycymeris)

Building B, eastern room, 10A 25 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 1 burnt Ovis/Capra tooth frag-upper late occupation mentlevel 1 fish (Umbrina) otolith

9 marine shells (7 Patella)

Building B, eastern room, 10A 3 burnt Ovis/Capra or Sus fragmentsupper floor 6 marine invertebrates (3 Patella) with 2 burnt (Patella, Ceras-

toderma)Burnt fauna probably derived from the hearth in the south-east corner

Building B, eastern room, 10A, 46A2 1 small burnt Ovis/Capra or Sus bonehearth in southeast cor- Puffinus eggshellsner, upper floor 12 marine invertebrates (7 Patella) with 3 burnt (2 Patella, Cer-

astoderma)




Building B, eastern room, 10A 17 bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult], Sus [young]) with 8 burnton lower floor Ovis/Capra or Sus fragments

7 marine shells (4 Patella)

Building B, eastern room, 10A 104 unburnt bones (Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult], Sus)lower floor 13 marine shells (4 Patella, 4 Glycymeris) with 1 burnt Glycym-

eris

Building B, eastern dump 59A 23 marine shells (19 Patella, 82.6%)joining with, late first cen-tury B.C.

Building E, roof tile level, 10A 35 marine shells (27 Patella, 77.1%)constructed 150–50 B.C.

Building E, middle room, 20A 31 marine shells (26 Patella, 83.9%)on slab floor

Building E, north room 67A 4 marine invertebrates with 1 burnt Monodonta

Building E, south room 67A 1 Glycymeris

Building E, hearth interior 52B 37 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 36 burnt (50 g; 97.3%), including(in southeast) a proximal femur head fragment, rib, 34 fragments (−3–3.5

years)

Period of Temple C

Altar C, constructed 375– 10A1, 33A 3,150 g bone (24 Ovis/Capra [22 −3–3.5 years with one350 B.C., used to Early Ro- +1–1.25 years, one 3–3.5 years, one +3–3.5 years], Bos [−3.5–4man period, inside and on years], and Sus); 3,050 g burnt (96.8% [J. W. Shaw et al. 1978:

pl. 41b]), including Ovis/Capra (molar, 45 proximal femurheads [43 UF, 1 JF, and 1 F], proximal femur trochanter majus,5 femur shaft fragments, 36 distal femur [all UF], 7 patella, 14vertebrae fragments [probably 10 vertebra], 11 ribs [24 MNI;22 −3–3.5 years, one 3–3.5 years, one +3–3.5 years]) and Bos(proximal femur head fragment, vertebra centrum fragment,ca. 50 fragments, −3.5–4 years)28 unburnt marine shells (26 Patella, 92.9%)Bronze blade fragment found on the altar (J. W. Shaw andHarlan, Chap. 5, Section 7, 39)Southern end of altar produced a terra-cotta bull (M. C.Shaw, Chap. 3, C9)

Altar C, west of 10A1 1,790 g bone (5 Ovis/Capra [all −3–3.5 years], Bos [adult], Sus[adult]) with 1,700 g burnt (95%), including Ovis/Capra (9proximal femur heads, 9 distal femur fragments, 8 patella, 2vertebrae fragments, 42 ribs [5 MNI; all −3–3.5 years]) andBos (distal femur fragment, 3 ribs, and 20 fragments)6 unburnt marine shells (3 Patella)




Altar C, east of 10A1 820 g bone (2 Ovis/Capra [two −3–3.5 years], Bos [adult])with 770 g burnt (93.9%), including Ovis/Capra (3 proximal fe-mur heads [2 UF, 1 fragment], 2 distal femur [UF shaft, UFdistal epiphysis], patella, 3 vertebra fragments, 30 ribs [2MNI]) and 3 Bos-sized fragments3 unburnt marine shells (2 Patella)

Altar C, surface around 33A 58 bones (2 Ovis/Capra, Bos [adult], Sus [adult, male]) with 19sides burnt (32.8%), including 1 Ovis/Capra distal femur fragment

Altar C, slab enclosure 33A1 12 bones (Ovis/Capra) with 2 burnt fragmentssouth of

Altar L, constructed 29A 1 unburnt Ovis/Capra molar found on altar150–50 B.C.

Altar M, constructed 29A 1 unburnt Bos premolar (adult) found on altar150–50 B.C.

Ovis/Capra metapodial 29A, 29A1, 63A 52 bones (9 Ovis/Capra [two −1.75–2 years and one +1.75–2collection, second century years], Sus [young]), mainly Ovis/Capra metapodialsB.C. 3 marine shells

Dump to south, used into 34A, 34A1 1,450 bones (10 Ovis/Capra [two −1.75–2 years, eight +1.5–2the first century B.C years, with one 3–3.5 years], Bos [adult], Sus [2 years, fe-

male]) with 15 burnt bones, including Ovis/Capra: (3 distalmetacarpus [1 UF, 2 broken], and 10 fragments [2 MNI burnt;−1.75–2 years] and 2 Bos-sized shaft fragments); also a butch-ered Ovis/Capra distal humerus and 11 cut ribs (9 Ovis/Capraor Sus and 2 Bos)1 Canis tooth1 Lepus humerus1 Gallus bone, Puffinus eggshells13 fish bones with 12 elasmobranch centra25 marine invertebrates (72 Glycymeris [57.6%], 15 Patella)

General pails above found- 29A2, 34A3, 42A, 1,684 bones (6 Ovis/Capra [one −1–1.25 years, four +2.5–3ing level outside entrance 62D years, one +3–3.5 years], Bos [adult], Sus [1 year, +2 years, fe-to Temple C male]) with 5 burnt bones, including 4 Ovis/Capra (radius

shaft, 3 fragments) and a Bos-sized fragment1 Equus molar1 unidentified bird bone23 marine shells (6 Patella, 5 Glycymeris)

Upper levels next to Build- 20B 168 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], Bos [adult], Sus [+2ing D years]) with 11 burnt Ovis/Capra bones, including an acetabu-

lum fragment and a distal femur fragment, possibly from onehindleg




75 marine invertebrates (39 Patella [52%], 13 Monodonta, 10Glycymeris)

Levels to southwest 44A 143 bones (Ovis/Capra [+1–1.25 years], Bos [adult], Sus[young male])285 marine shells (267 Patella, 93.7%) with 1 burnt Patella

South of temple, fourth 50A, 50A1, 51A, 229 bones (2 Ovis/Capra [−1.75–2 years, +2.5–3 years], Boscentury B.C. 51A1 [adult], Sus) with 5 burnt Ovis/Capra-sized fragments

1 bird (Turdus merula[?]) bone2 fish remains from 1 Umbrina (otolith) and 1 Sparisoma365 marine invertebrates (338 Patella, 92.6%) with 1 burntPatella

Southeast of temple, 52A, 52B, 53A, 181 bones (4 Ovis/Capra [three +1.5–2 years one +2 years],fourth century B.C. 56A1, 63A, 64A, Bos [adult], Sus) with 12 burnt bones (11 Ovis/Capra-sized

64A1, 64A2, 65A, and a Bos astragalus fragment)65A1, 65A2, 65A5 216 marine invertebrates (122 Patella [56.5%], 45 Glycymeris

[20.8%]) with 1 burnt PatellaKnife/shaft fragment (J. W. Shaw and Harlan, Chap. 5, Sec-tion 7, 41), 1 butchered Ovis/Capra or Sus vertebra

East of altars, fourth 54A, 54A1, 57A, 75 bones (Ovis/Capra [+10 months], Bos [adult], Sus) with 1century B.C. 58A, 59A, 60A, burnt Ovis/Capra metatarsus shaft

60B, 67A 157 marine invertebrates (132 Patella [84.1%], 17 Glycymeris)with 1 partly burnt Thais

Above founding level 47A 637 bones (4 Ovis/Capra [one −1.75–2 years, two +2.5–3outside on northeast, first years], Bos [adult], 2 Sus [one −2 years, male]) with 26 burntcentury B.C. bones, including Ovis/Capra (molar, metatarsus shaft, and 23

fragments) and Bos-sized shaft fragment3 bird bones with Gallus48 marine invertebrates (39 Patella, 81.3%) with 1 burnt Patella

South sounding 36B1/1 1 bird bone, unidentified

To southeast, first 51A, 52A, 56A1 586 bones (6 Ovis/Capra [two −1.5–2 years, one 1.5–2 years,century B.C. one +1.75–2 years], 3 Bos [all +2.25 years], Sus [adult male])

with 23 burnt bones, including Ovis/Capra (5 patella, vertebra[UF], 2 ribs [1 small]) and Bos (molar fragment and 14 frag-ments)1 Canis mandible30 marine shells (12 Patella [40%], 7 Glycymeris)

+ MNI= over = minimum number of individuals− UF= under = unfusedF ws= fused = water-sievedJF = just fused

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mal

l),s

haft

;Bos

-siz

ed:2

frag

men

ts95

fish

bone

s1

Ver

tebr

a1,

015

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s11

4P

atel

la,4

Gly

cym

eris

,3M

onod

onta

Cou

rt26

bone

s4

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed22

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s1

Arc

ular

ia

Sout

hern

dum

p37

4bo

nes

5O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

:sha

ft,2

frag

men

ts;B

os:m

olar

(une

rupt

ed),

1fr

agm

ent

(sub

adul

t)19

2m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

2110

.917

Mon

odon

ta,3

Pat

ella

,M.t

runc

ulus

Nor

thea

ster

nd

ump

#145

5bo

nes;

1,25

0g

380

g30

.4O

vis/

Cap

ra:c

arpu

s/ta

rsus

frag

men

t;B

os-s

ized

:ho

rnco

refr

agm

ent,

mos

tbu

rnt

frag

men

ts

Nor

thea

ster

nd

ump

#252

7bo

nes

5710

.8O

vis/

Cap

ra:m

and

ible

(M3

erup

ting

),ra

diu

ssh

aft,

prox

imal

met

atar

sus,

phal

anx

1(U

F),r

ib,5

shaf

tfr

agm

ents

(1.5

–2ye

ars)

;Bos

:hor

ncor

efr

agm

ent,

prem

olar

,mol

ar,a

stra

galu

sfr

agm

ent,

carp

us/

tar-

sus,

dis

tal

calc

aneu

s(F

),pr

oxim

alm

etap

odia

l(p

artl

ybu

rnt)

,dis

tal

met

apod

ial

(pos

sibl

yJF

),4

phal

anx

1(2

F,2

brok

en),

phal

anx

2(F

),ph

alan

x3

frag

men

t,ri

b,31

frag

men

ts(2

MN

I;on

e2–

2.5

year

s,on

e+3

year

s)93

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s2

Pat

ella

,Gly

cym

eris

Tem

ple

A,l

ower

dum

p,ab

ove

175

gbo

ne24

;75

g42

.9B

os:a

stra

galu

sfr

agm

ent,

frag

men

tM

inoa

nro

ad

Per

iod

ofT

emp

leA

Sout

heas

tern

dep

osit

268

bone

s13

Ovi

s/C

apra

:2m

olar

s,ph

alan

x2

(F),

5fr

agm

ents

(+1–

1.25

year

s);B

os-s

ized

:4fr

agm

ents

Dum

pto

sout

heas

t34

bone

s2

Ovi

s/C

apra

:hum

erus

shaf

t,fr

agm

ent

Tab

le6.

2.(C

onti

nued

)

Perc

enta

geof

Peri

odan

dL

ocat

ion

Bon

esor

Spec

imen

sB

urnt

Bon

esB

ones

Bur

nt*

Iden

tifi

cati

onan

dC

omm

ents

PGbe

low

surf

ace

122

bone

s1

part

lybu

rnt

Bos

shaf

tfr

agm

ent

Per

iod

ofT

emp

leA

–Tem

ple

B,P

has

e1

Dep

osit

inso

uth

137

bone

s2

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed;B

os-s

ized

rib

Sout

heas

tern

dum

p#1

15bo

nes

1O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

Sout

heas

tern

dum

p#2

231

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s1

Pat

ella

Tem

ple

B,P

has

e1

Hea

rth

178

bone

s46

59.0

Ovi

s/C

apra

:mol

arfr

agm

ent,

2m

etap

odia

lepi

phy-

sis

frag

men

ts,2

ribs

(sm

all,

−1.7

5–2

year

s)8

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s1

Pat

ella

Cou

rt54

9bo

nes

30O

vis/

Cap

ra:v

erte

bra

(UF)

,28

frag

men

ts;B

os-

size

dfr

agm

ent

639

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s3

Pat

ella

,Mon

odon

ta,G

lycy

mer

is

Tem

ple

B,P

has

es1

and

2

Floo

rs1,

529

bone

s;1,

600

g22

5;14

0g

14.7

;8.8

Ovi

s/C

apra

:pos

teri

orsk

ull

frag

men

t,pr

emax

illa,

pelv

isfr

agm

ent,

pate

llafr

agm

ent,

met

apod

ial

frag

men

t,pr

oxim

alph

alan

x2,

vert

ebra

,5ri

bs;

Bos

:pha

lanx

2fr

agm

ent

41fi

shbo

nes

1A

xial

spin

e96

3m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

118

Pat

ella

,2M

onod

onta

,Gly

cym

eris

,Gib

bula

Per

iod

ofT

emp

leB

,Ph

ases

1an

d2

Pit

inea

st30

smal

lbo

nes;

60g

Mos

tbu

rnt

Ovi

s/C

apra

:uln

ash

aft,

3ri

bs9

fish

bone

s1

Spar

idot

olit

h47

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s16

34.0

11P

atel

la,3

Mon

odon

ta,G

lycy

mer

is,E

riph

ia

Dum

pto

sout

h36

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s20

55.6

18P

atel

la,2

Mon

odon

ta

Tem

ple

B,P

has

e2

Hea

rth

219

0g

bone

180

g;5

g97

.4O

vis/

Cap

ra:5

skul

lfra

gmen

ts,m

olar

,sca

pula

frag

-pa

rtly

burn

tm

ent,

prox

imal

ulna

(UF)

,pat

ella

,4ca

rpus

/ta

r-su

s,3

vert

ebra

(1ca

udal

),12

ribs

;par

tly

burn

tO

vis/

Cap

ra:p

alat

efr

agm

ent,

rib

(sm

all,

−2.5

–3ye

ars)

183

fish

bone

s38

20.8

5sp

arid

MN

I(3

P.e

ryth

rinu

s/P

.pag

rus)

262

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s51

19.5

39P

atel

la,5

Mon

odon

ta,3

Gly

cym

eris

,Aca

ntho

car-

dia,

Gib

bula

,Don

ax,C

onus

Low

erhe

arth

/fl

oor

arou

nd20

3bo

nes

111;

90g

54.7

Ovi

s/C

apra

:pro

xim

alfe

mur

head

,2d

ista

lfe

mur

Tri

pilla

rSh

rine

frag

men

ts,p

roxi

mal

met

apod

ial,

prox

imal

pha-

lanx

1(−

3–3.

5ye

ars)

25fi

shbo

nes

3Sp

arid

75m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

2P

atel

la,M

onod

onta

Cou

rt1,

690

gbo

ne1,

300

g76

.9O

vis/

Cap

ra:p

rem

olar

,dis

tal

fem

ur,2

pate

lla,

prox

imal

met

acar

pus,

prox

imal

met

atar

sus,

dis

tal

met

atar

sus

(UF)

,pha

lanx

1(U

F),v

erte

bra

frag

-m

ent,

rib

(−1–

1.25

year

s);B

os:d

ista

lti

bia

(F),

ver-

tebr

afr

agm

ent,

ca.1

5fr

agm

ents

(+2–

2.5

year

s);

Sus

astr

agal

us(p

artl

ybu

rnt

and

wor

n)23

fish

bone

s5

1–2

spar

idM

NI

2,47

7m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

4834

Pat

ella

,11

Mon

odon

ta,C

haro

nia

frag

men

t,E

riph

ia,P

arac

entr

otus

(cha

rred

)

Dou

ble

hear

thin

cour

t10

0g

bone

50g

50.0

Sus,

ofte

nyo

ung;

rod

ent,

afe

wbu

rnt

396

fish

bone

s45

;abo

utha

lf11

.46

spar

idM

NI

(wit

h3

P.e

ryth

rinu

s/P

.pag

rus)

blac

kan

dha

lfw

hite

90m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

2426

.719

Pat

ella

,3M

onod

onta

,Den

taliu

m,N

atic

a

Ash

yfi

llea

stof

dou

ble

hear

th20

bone

s20

;und

er50

g10

0.0

Sus:

smal

lfr

agm

ents

392

fish

bone

s28

873

.58

spar

ids

(wit

h1

P.e

ryth

rinu

s)an

d1

cf.E

pine

phe-

lus

13m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

63

Pat

ella

,2M

onod

onta

,Sph

aero

nass

a

Tab

le6.

2.(C

onti

nued

)

Perc

enta

geof

Peri

odan

dL

ocat

ion

Bon

esor

Spec

imen

sB

urnt

Bon

esB

ones

Bur

nt*

Iden

tifi

cati

onan

dC

omm

ents

Per

iod

ofT

emp

leB

,Ph

ase

2

Sout

hso

und

ing

1,12

5bo

nes

155

13.8

Ovi

s/C

apra

:pre

mol

ar,s

esm

oid

,pha

lanx

2(F

)(+

1–1.

25ye

ars)

;Bos

-siz

edfr

agm

ent

118

fish

bone

s17

14.4

4sp

arid

and

1se

rran

idM

NI

1,68

9m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

3021

Pat

ella

,6M

onod

onta

,Gly

cym

eris

,Cer

asto

derm

a,P

arac

entr

otus

Per

iod

ofT

emp

leB

,Ph

ases

1–3

Sout

hso

und

ing,

und

erth

esl

ab17

6bo

nes

2O

vis/

Cap

ra:r

adiu

ssh

aft,

frag

men

tfl

oor

ofT

empl

eC

12fi

shbo

nes

1A

xial

spin

e33

9m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1612

Mon

odon

ta,3

Pat

ella

,Par

acen

trot

us

Dum

pto

sout

h49

8bo

nes

13O

vis/

Cap

ra:p

elvi

sfr

agm

ent,

11fr

agm

ents

;Bos

-si

zed

frag

men

t48

fish

bone

s8

16.7

2sp

arid

MN

I1,

344

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s37

25P

atel

la,1

0M

onod

onta

,M.t

runc

ulus

,Ero

sari

a

Mar

ine

mea

l#1

1,79

5m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

4P

atel

la

Lev

els

tono

rthe

ast

375

bone

s;80

0g

149;

250

g39

.7;3

1.3

Ovi

s/C

apra

:ast

raga

lus

frag

men

t,pr

oxim

alm

eta-

carp

us,1

frag

men

t;B

os:2

–3pa

rtly

burn

tm

olar

s,4

dis

tal

fem

urfr

agm

ents

,man

ysh

aft

frag

men

ts,

pate

llafr

agm

ent,

4ca

rpus

/ta

rsus

,met

apod

ial

shaf

t,11

carp

us/

tars

usor

phal

anx

frag

men

ts,

prox

imal

phal

anx

1(F

),ph

alan

x3

frag

men

t,44

frag

men

ts(−

1.5–

2ye

ars)

292

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s3

Pat

ella

Lev

els

tow

est

#145

5bo

nes

9O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

33fi

shbo

nes

412

.11

spar

id47

5m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1411

Pat

ella

,3M

onod

onta

Lev

els

tow

est

#221

3m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1P

atel

la

Lev

els

toso

uthw

est

413

bone

s10

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed1,

612

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s12

7P

atel

la,4

Mon

odon

ta,G

lycy

mer

is

Tem

ple

B,P

has

es2

and

3

Rit

ual

dep

osit

arou

ndT

ripi

llar

380

gbo

ne32

0g

84.2

Ovi

s/C

apra

:pro

xim

alfe

mur

head

,4d

ista

lfe

mur

Shri

nefr

agm

ents

,2pa

tella

,2ca

udal

vert

ebra

(sm

all)

,2ri

bs(s

mal

l,−3

–3.5

year

s);B

os:p

roxi

mal

phal

anx

2(F

),4

frag

men

ts(+

1.25

–1.5

year

s);L

epus

dis

tal

tibi

a24

8fi

shbo

nes

1A

xial

spin

e60

6m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

96

Pat

ella

,Mon

odon

ta,G

lycy

mer

is,C

eras

tode

rma

Alt

arU

,con

tent

s37

,950

gbo

ne37

,900

g99

.9O

vis/

Cap

ra:d

ista

lhu

mer

ussh

aft,

17pr

oxim

alfe

mur

head

s,2

dis

tal

fem

urep

iphy

ses

(2U

F),1

3d

ista

lfe

mur

frag

men

ts(1

3U

F),1

1pa

tella

,2d

is-

tal

tibi

a(2

F),2

carp

us/

tars

us,a

stra

galu

s,3

cal-

cane

us(2

UF,

1F)

,2m

etap

odia

lfra

gmen

ts,3

pha-

lanx

1(3

F),6

vert

ebra

,30

ribs

(9M

NI

burn

t;al

l−3

–3.5

year

sw

ith

one

ortw

o−2

.5–3

year

san

don

e+2

.5–3

year

s);B

os:7

skul

lfr

agm

ents

,26

teet

hfr

agm

ents

,4m

and

ible

frag

men

ts,4

scap

ula

frag

-m

ents

,4pr

oxim

alfe

mur

frag

men

ts,p

atel

la,2

dis

tal

tibi

a(2

F),3

tars

us,2

navi

culo

cubo

id,7

astr

agal

us,8

calc

aneu

sfr

agm

ents

(5F,

1bu

tch-

ered

dow

nce

nter

ofsh

aft)

,pro

xim

alm

etac

arpu

s,pr

oxim

alm

etat

arsu

s,3

met

apod

ial

shaf

ts,9

dis

tal

met

apod

ial

frag

men

ts(1

+F)

,4ph

alan

x1

frag

-m

ents

,9ph

alan

x1/

2fr

agm

ents

,12

phal

anx

2fr

agm

ents

,pha

lanx

3,52

vert

ebra

frag

men

ts(3

5ca

udal

);3

MN

Ibu

rnt;

all

+3ye

ars

22m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

52

Pat

ella

,2G

lycy

mer

is,M

onod

onta

Cou

rt1,

180

gbo

ne55

0g

46.6

Ovi

s/C

apra

:pro

xim

alfe

mur

head

(cut

),d

ista

lfe

mur

frag

men

t,ca

rpus

/ta

rsus

,dis

tal

met

apod

ial

epip

hysi

s(U

F,−1

.75–

2ye

ars)

;Bos

:4te

eth

frag

-m

ents

,ast

raga

lus

frag

men

t,3

vert

ebra

(1bu

tch-

ered

),20

frag

men

ts15

8m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1P

atel

la

Bui

ldin

gQ

,Roo

m30

,upp

erfl

oor

17bo

nes

2O

vis/

Cap

ra:a

xis

frag

men

t,fr

agm

ent

279

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s1

Pat

ella

Bui

ldin

gQ

,Roo

m30

,low

erfl

oor

91bo

nes

2O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

Tab

le6.

2.(C

onti

nued

)

Perc

enta

geof

Peri

odan

dL

ocat

ion

Bon

esor

Spec

imen

sB

urnt

Bon

esB

ones

Bur

nt*

Iden

tifi

cati

onan

dC

omm

ents

Bui

ldin

gQ

,Roo

m30

,bel

owfl

oor

90bo

nes

2O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

Bui

ldin

gQ

,Roo

m31

,dum

pon

256

bone

s25

Ovi

s/C

apra

:dis

tal

fem

ur(U

F),2

0fr

agm

ents

uppe

rfl

oor

(−3–

3.5

year

s);B

os:t

arsu

s,3

frag

men

ts17

fish

bone

s1

Ela

smob

ranc

hce

ntru

m2,

925

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s7

5P

atel

la,2

Mon

odon

ta

Bui

ldin

gQ

,Roo

m37

,upp

erfl

oor

3bo

nes

2O

vis/

Cap

raor

Sus:

scap

ula

(ver

yyo

ung)

1,46

4m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

4039

Pat

ella

,Mon

odon

ta

Bui

ldin

gQ

,Roo

m38

,upp

erfl

oor

68m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1P

atel

la

Bui

ldin

gQ

,Roo

m38

,low

erfl

oor

10bo

nes

5Sm

all

frag

men

ts6

fish

bone

s1

Spar

id14

2m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

2P

atel

la,M

onod

onta

Dar

kea

rth

26fi

shbo

nes

1661

.52

spar

idM

NI

Per

iod

ofT

emp

leB

,Ph

ases

2an

d3

Thr

ee-s

ided

slab

encl

osur

e8

bone

s7

Ovi

s/C

apra

orSu

s17

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s1

Pat

ella

Con

tent

sof

bow

l(C

alla

ghan

and

2bo

nes

1O

vis/

Cap

raor

Sus

John

ston

,Cha

p.4,

Sect

ion

1,31

6)12

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s1

Pat

ella

Alt

arU

,pit

toea

stof

5bo

nes

4O

vis/

Cap

ra:m

etac

arpu

s,m

etat

arsu

s;Su

spo

ster

ior

man

dib

le4

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s3

Pat

ella

Mar

ine

mea

l#2

5fi

shbo

nes

1V

erte

bra

2,98

3m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

32

Pat

ella

,Mon

odon

ta

Mar

ine

mea

l#3

21fi

shbo

nes

131

spar

idM

NI

2,99

8m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

129

Pat

ella

,Arc

ular

ia,M

.bra

ndar

is(s

light

lybu

rnt)

,E

rosa

ria

(bur

nt?)

Mar

ine

mea

l#4

30bo

nes

1446

.7O

vis/

Cap

ra:2

prox

imal

fem

urhe

ads,

carp

us/

tar-

sus

(sm

all)

,11

frag

men

ts(−

3–3.

5ye

ars)

2,88

2m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1714

Pat

ella

,3M

onod

onta

Mar

ine

mea

l#5

1,67

4m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1P

atel

la

Mar

ine

mea

l#6

1,14

2m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

3P

atel

la

Mar

ine

mea

l#7

4bo

nes

1O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

1,38

8m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

5P

atel

la

Mar

ine

mea

l#8

14bo

nes

2O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

2fi

shbo

nes

1V

erte

bra

7,34

5m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

8547

Pat

ella

,34

Mon

odon

ta,3

Tha

is,C

erit

hium

(par

tly

burn

t)

Mar

ine

mea

l#9

43bo

nes

32

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed;1

Bos

-siz

ed2,

438

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s3

Pat

ella

,Mon

odon

ta,G

lycy

mer

is

Mar

ine

mea

l#1

039

bone

s1

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed1,

942

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s1

Pat

ella

Mar

ine

mea

l#1

146

bone

s3

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

edri

b

Mar

ine

mea

l#1

253

bone

s4

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed:3

shaf

ts;B

os-s

ized

shaf

t4,

859

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s16

12P

atel

la,3

Mon

odon

ta,M

.tru

ncul

us(p

artl

ybu

rnt)

Mar

ine

mea

l#1

457

bone

s1

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed16

fish

bone

s2

1,38

9m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

32

Pat

ella

,Mon

odon

ta

Mar

ine

mea

l#1

532

bone

s1

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

edve

rteb

rafr

agm

ent

1,74

1m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

54

Pat

ella

,Par

acen

trot

us

Eas

tof

late

ral

tars

625

bone

s6

Ovi

s/C

apra

:pro

xim

alm

etac

arpu

s,pr

oxim

alm

eta-

tars

us,p

hala

nx2

(F,+

1–1.

25ye

ars)

;Ovi

s/C

apra

orSu

ssh

aft

frag

men

t;Su

sm

and

ible

frag

men

t;B

os-s

ized

frag

men

t2

fish

bone

s1

Axi

alsp

ine

2,37

9m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

52P

atel

la

Sout

hof

tem

ple

280

bone

s3

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed4,

344

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s9

6P

atel

la,2

Gly

cym

eris

(2pa

rtly

burn

t),E

riph

ia

Sout

heas

tof

tem

ple

508

bone

s30

Ovi

s/C

apra

:rad

ius

shaf

tfr

agm

ent

(you

ng),

met

a-ca

rpus

shaf

tfr

agm

ent,

met

atar

sus

frag

men

t;B

os:

man

dib

lefr

agm

ent,

calc

aneu

sep

iphy

sis,

3ca

rpus

/ta

rsus

,ver

tebr

afr

agm

ent,

11fr

agm

ents

(−3

year

s)

Tab

le6.

2.(C

onti

nued

)

Perc

enta

geof

Peri

odan

dL

ocat

ion

Bon

esor

Spec

imen

sB

urnt

Bon

esB

ones

Bur

nt*

Iden

tifi

cati

onan

dC

omm

ents

2fi

shbo

nes

1po

ssib

lyV

erte

bra

burn

t3,

651

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s64

52P

atel

la,9

Mon

odon

ta,D

onax

,Mac

tra,

Pec

ten

Lev

els

tow

est

#17

bone

s5

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed59

fish

bone

s2

Ver

tebr

a1,

187

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s66

57P

atel

la,7

Mon

odon

ta,2

Gly

cym

eris

Lev

els

tow

est

#270

4m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1P

atel

la

Eas

tof

tem

ple

24bo

nes

2O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

710

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s2

Mon

odon

ta

Dar

kea

rth

27fi

shbo

nes

1V

erte

bra

Tem

ple

B,P

has

e3

Hea

rth

315

0bo

nes;

600

g15

010

0.0

Ovi

s/C

apra

:14

prox

imal

fem

urhe

ads,

prox

imal

fem

urtr

ocha

nter

maj

us(U

F),1

0d

ista

lfe

mur

frag

-m

ents

,8pa

tella

,15

vert

ebra

,22

ribs

(7in

div

idu-

als;

all

−3–3

.5ye

ars)

;Bos

:ver

tebr

a,ri

b40

fish

bone

s1

Ver

tebr

a30

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s4

3P

atel

la,M

onod

onta

Rec

tang

ular

Hea

rth

482

5g

bone

750

g90

.9O

vis/

Cap

ra:3

skul

lfr

agm

ents

,6te

eth,

man

dib

lefr

agm

ent,

7pr

oxim

alfe

mur

head

s(7

UF)

,7d

ista

lfe

mur

frag

men

ts,p

atel

la,a

stra

galu

s,12

carp

us/

tars

us,p

roxi

mal

met

acar

pus,

2d

ista

lm

etap

odia

lfr

agm

ents

(2F)

,7ph

alan

x1

(1U

F,6

brok

en),

4ph

alan

x2

(4F)

,pha

lanx

3fr

agm

ent

(4M

NI;

one

−1–1

.25

year

s,on

e+1

.75–

2ye

ars,

all

−3–3

.5ye

ars)

;Sus

:29

teet

h(v

ery

smal

l),p

hala

nx3

(sm

all)

;Ovi

s/C

apra

orSu

s:3+

vert

ebra

e(2

caud

al,

all

smal

l),n

umer

ous

ribs

(sm

all)

;Ale

ctor

isbu

rnt

cora

coid

(fem

ale)

428

fish

bone

s27

865

.016

spar

idM

NI,

wit

h7

P.e

ryth

rinu

s/P

.pag

rus,

1D

iplo

dus

448

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s12

227

.266

Pat

ella

,52

Mon

odon

ta,2

Cer

ithi

um,T

hais

,Ven

us(h

oled

)

Low

erfl

oor

415

bone

s38

;75

g9.

2O

vis/

Cap

ra:d

ista

lhu

mer

usep

iphy

sis,

acet

abul

umfr

agm

ent,

carp

us/

tars

us,p

hala

nx2

(F),

6ri

bs(2

MN

I;on

e−1

0m

onth

s,on

e+1

–1.2

5ye

ars)

;Bos

-si

zed

:2fr

agm

ents

135

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s2

Pat

ella

Upp

erfl

oor

527

bone

s34

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed:a

ceta

bulu

mfr

agm

ent,

33fr

ag-

men

ts43

6m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

5P

atel

la

Cou

rt19

7bo

nes

5728

.9O

vis/

Cap

ra:1

2pr

oxim

alfe

mur

head

s(6

MN

I;al

l−3

–3.5

year

s);B

os:2

prox

imal

fem

ur(1

UF,

1br

o-ke

n),d

ista

lfe

mur

(F),

ca.4

0fr

agm

ents

(2M

NI;

one

−3.5

–4ye

ars,

one

+3.5

–4ye

ars)

240

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s1

part

lybu

rnt

Tha

is

Gen

eral

uppe

rin

teri

orpa

ils2,

500

bone

s27

511

.0O

vis/

Cap

ra:m

and

ible

frag

men

t,ra

diu

ssh

aft

frag

-m

ent,

prox

imal

ulna

frag

men

t(s

mal

l),p

elvi

sfr

ag-

men

t,pa

tella

,2as

trag

alus

(1bu

tche

red

),3

car-

pus/

tars

us,2

met

apod

ial

frag

men

ts(1

smal

l),

shaf

tfr

agm

ent

(par

tly

burn

t),p

hala

nx1

(F),

pha-

lanx

3,ve

rteb

rafr

agm

ent,

5ri

bs(2

MN

I;at

leas

ton

e+1

–1.2

5bu

t−2

.5–3

year

s);B

os:m

and

ible

frag

-m

ent,

phal

anx

2(F

),3

frag

men

ts(+

1.25

–1.5

year

s);L

epus

:dis

tal

met

apod

ial,

astr

agal

us37

0fi

shbo

nes

61

spar

id9,

467

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s88

55P

atel

la,1

8M

onod

onta

,6M

actr

a,3

Gly

cym

eris

,2C

eras

tode

rma,

2D

onax

,Pis

ania

(hol

ed),

Par

acen

trot

us

Per

iod

ofT

emp

leB

,Ph

ase

3

Red

mat

eria

l2

bone

s2

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

edfr

agm

ents

(sm

all)

23m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1P

atel

la

Tab

le6.

2.(C

onti

nued

)

Perc

enta

geof

Peri

odan

dL

ocat

ion

Bon

esor

Spec

imen

sB

urnt

Bon

esB

ones

Bur

nt*

Iden

tifi

cati

onan

dC

omm

ents

Sout

heas

tof

tem

ple

73m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

2128

.819

Pat

ella

,2M

onod

onta

Eas

tern

area

#214

2m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

4P

atel

la

Wes

tern

area

#211

bone

s2

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

edfr

agm

ents

2fi

shbo

nes

1Sp

arid

otol

ith

840

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s2

Pat

ella

Hia

tus

Per

iod

Dum

pto

sout

heas

t16

3bo

nes

13B

os:m

olar

,12

frag

men

ts

Sout

heas

tof

tem

ple

and

east

125

bone

s5

Ovi

s/C

apra

:pro

xim

alfe

mur

head

,pat

ella

frag

-of

late

ral

tars

men

t,ve

rteb

ra(U

F),r

ib(−

3–3.

5ye

ars)

13m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

43

Pat

ella

,Mon

odon

ta

Wal

lre

mov

al82

bone

s70

85.4

Ovi

s/C

apra

:3d

ista

lfe

mur

frag

men

ts(1

UF,

1F)

,ve

rteb

rafr

agm

ent

(UF)

,3ri

bs(s

mal

l),2

MN

I(o

ne−3

–3.5

year

s,on

e+3

–3.5

year

s);B

os-s

ized

frag

men

t

Und

erw

all

rem

oval

141

bone

s13

293

.6O

vis/

Cap

ra:p

roxi

mal

fem

ur(h

ead

JF),

dis

tal

fe-

mur

(pro

babl

yF)

,ver

tebr

a(U

F),5

ribs

,117

frag

-m

ents

(3–3

.5ye

ars)

;Bos

-siz

ed:7

shaf

tfr

agm

ents

Per

iod

ofT

emp

leB

,Ph

ase

2–ea

rly

Tem

ple

C

Soun

din

gon

the

east

198

bone

s18

Ovi

s/C

apra

:pro

xim

alfe

mur

head

(UF)

,rib

(−3–

3.5

year

s)

Per

iod

ofT

emp

leB

,Ph

ase

3–T

emp

leC

Alt

arH

,on

68bo

nes

2232

.4O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

:22

frag

men

ts

Alt

arH

,abo

ve13

4bo

nes

2921

.6O

vis/

Cap

ra:p

roxi

mal

fem

urhe

adfr

agm

ent

(UF)

,d

ista

lfe

mur

frag

men

t(−

3–3.

5ye

ars)

29m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

2M

onod

onta

Alt

arH

,eas

tsi

de

of,a

roun

dba

se87

bone

s2

Ovi

s/C

apra

:dis

tal

tibi

a(F

,bur

ntat

dis

tal)

,pha

-la

nx1

frag

men

t(+

1.5–

2ye

ars)

Alt

arH

,jus

tea

stof

215

bone

s34

15.8

Ovi

s/C

apra

:rad

ius

shaf

t,d

ista

lti

bia

(F),

31fr

ag-

men

ts(+

1.5–

2ye

ars)

;Bos

:pel

vis

frag

men

t,ri

b25

3m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

74

Mon

odon

ta,3

Pat

ella

Tem

ple

C

Tem

ple

C,a

bove

and

onsl

abfl

oor

Ove

r1,

000

bone

s12

5g

Ovi

s/C

apra

-siz

ed:m

etap

odia

lsh

aft;

Bos

-siz

ed:6

frag

men

ts;S

us:m

olar

frag

men

t(a

dul

t)23

5m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

62

Cer

asto

derm

a,P

atel

la,M

onod

onta

,Ero

sari

a,B

arba

tia

Tem

ple

C,c

entr

alre

ctan

gula

r10

0g

bone

100

g10

0.0

Ovi

s/C

apra

orSu

s:to

oth

root

frag

men

t,ri

bhe

arth

Egg

shel

lsSo

me

burn

tC

olum

ba,L

arus

26m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

1869

.210

Cer

asto

derm

a,2

Pat

ella

,Don

ax,M

actr

a,B

arba

tia,

Cyc

lope

,Lep

as,B

alan

us

Tem

ple

C,s

mal

lhe

arth

onso

uth

3m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

3C

eras

tode

rma

wal

l,up

per

floo

r

Tem

ple

C,s

outh

east

ern

uppe

r90

gbo

ne65

g72

.2Su

s:5

inci

sors

,2pr

emol

arfr

agm

ents

(1la

rge)

,he

arth

mol

arfr

agm

ent,

2to

oth

root

frag

men

ts,v

erte

bra

cent

rum

frag

men

t,d

ista

lph

alan

x1/

2fr

agm

ent;

Lepu

sd

ista

lti

bia

22fi

shbo

nes

51

serr

anid

burn

tE

ggsh

ells

Som

ebu

rnt

Puf

finus

55m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

3260

.025

Cer

asto

derm

a,2

Pat

ella

,2M

onod

onta

,Tha

is,

Arc

a,C

erit

hium

,Lep

as

Tem

ple

C,e

xter

ior

encl

osur

eso

uth

111

bone

s11

0;25

0g

99.1

Ovi

s/C

apra

:2pa

tella

,4ve

rteb

rafr

agm

ents

,rib

ofd

oorw

ay(−

3–3.

5ye

ars)

1m

arin

esh

ell

1P

atel

la

Bui

ldin

gW

,bel

owfl

oor

6bo

nes

3O

vis/

Cap

ra-s

ized

Roo

mA

1,Fl

oor

132

bone

s1

Ovi

s/C

apra

orSu

s10

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s1

Pat

ella

Roo

mA

1,ce

ntra

lhe

arth

23bo

nes

2087

.0O

vis/

Cap

raor

Sus:

smal

lfr

agm

ents

38m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

513

.24

Pat

ella

,Mon

odon

ta

Bui

ldin

gB

,wes

tern

room

,lev

elof

40bo

nes

1O

vis/

Cap

raor

Sus

roof

tile

colla

pse

Tab

le6.

2.(C

onti

nued

)

Perc

enta

geof

Peri

odan

dL

ocat

ion

Bon

esor

Spec

imen

sB

urnt

Bon

esB

ones

Bur

nt*

Iden

tifi

cati

onan

dC

omm

ents

Bui

ldin

gB

,wes

tern

room

,fir

st90

bone

s1

Ovi

s/C

apra

orSu

sfl

oor

Bui

ldin

gB

,eas

tern

room

,upp

er25

bone

s1

Ovi

s/C

apra

toot

hfr

agm

ent

late

occu

pati

onle

vel

Bui

ldin

gB

,eas

tern

room

,upp

er3

bone

s3

Ovi

s/C

apra

orSu

sfl

oor

6m

arin

ein

vert

ebra

tes

2P

atel

la,C

eras

tode

rma

Bui

ldin

gB

,eas

tern

room

,hea

rth

in1

bone

1O

vis/

Cap

raor

Sus

sout

heas

tern

corn

er,u

pper

floo

r12

mar

ine

inve

rteb

rate

s3

2P

atel

la,C

eras

tode

rma

Bui

ldin

gB

,eas

tern

room

,on

low

er17

bone

s8

Ovi

s/C

apra

orSu

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Table 6.3. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) of major mammals by period.

Ovis/Capra Bos SusNumber of Total

Period Deposits MNI % MNI % MNI % MNI

Temple A 6 11 55.0 7 35.0 2 10.0 20

Period of Temple A 3 5 55.6 4 44.4 0 0 9

Period Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1 3 3 50.0 3 50.0 0 0 6

Temple B, Phase 1 3 3 50.0 2 33.3 1 16.7 6

Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 1 2 66.7 1 33.3 0 0 3

Period of Temple B, Phases 1 and 2 1 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 1

Temple B, Phase 2 4 4 57.1 1 14.3 2 28.6 7

Period of Temple B, Phase 2 1 2 50.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 4

Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3 7 11 47.8 7 30.4 5 21.7 23

Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 12 23 65.7 6 17.1 6 17.1 35

Period Temple B, Phases 2 and 3 19 43 66.2 14 21.5 8 12.3 65

Temple B, Phase 3 6 26 72.2 6 16.7 4 11.1 36

Period of Temple B, Phase 3 7 8 57.1 5 35.7 1 7.1 14

Hiatus Period 5 11 61.1 5 27.8 2 11.1 18

Period of Temple B, Phase 2–early Temple C 1 1 25.0 1 25.0 2 50.0 4

Period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C 5 5 50.0 2 20.0 3 30.0 10

Temple C 23 19 42.2 9 20.0 17 37.8 45

Period of Temple C 17 79 71.8 16 14.6 15 13.6 110

Total for Site 124 257 61.8 90 21.6 69 16.6 416

it represents only a fraction of the animal individuals exploited in almost 1,200 years ofoccupation and use of the temples at Kommos (ca. 1020 B.C.–A.D. 160/170). Second, the animalremains are very fragmentary and often difficult to identify. The more fragile remains fromsmaller mammals will be underrepresented owing to their vulnerability. Third, one cow, steer,or bull can provide up to five times the amount of meat that one sheep or goat provides. Asmentioned earlier, at least 257 sheep/goat individuals are represented, along with at least 90cattle individuals, and at least 69 pig individuals. If examining just the numbers from thissample and taking into account the meat yield from a single cow, steer, or bull, it appearsthat cattle, rather than the smaller bovids, provided the most significant amount of meat.Ninety cattle individuals can yield as much meat as 450 sheep or goat individuals. Cattle canprovide milk and be used for traction as well.


From the IA faunal sample, Ovis/Capra, Bos, and Sus represent over 99% of the mammalianremains: The occupants of the site and visitors to the temples exploited domestic speciesrather than wild/hunted animals, such as deer and hare, which appear rarely in the sample(compare Forstenpointner et al. 1999: 225–32 for the Artemision at Ephesos).

Sheep/Goat Remains (Pls. 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6; Tables 6.1–6.5, 6.8, 6.11)

Owing to the fragmentary nature of the sample, sheep and goat bones could not always beseparated. Hence, it is occasionally unclear whether one or both species are present in aspecific context. The two species Ovis aries and Capra hircus are, therefore, discussed togetherhere. Both species belong to the Family Bovidae and can be referred to as small bovids, incontrast to large bovids, which include cattle, oxen, and bison. Many researchers prefer tocall sheep/goats ovicaprids, combining their genus names. Over 70% of the faunal sample ofmammals are ovicaprids, accounting for 56% of the minimum number of individuals (MNI)of all the mammalian remains, excluding rodents and shrews. In all features excavated at IAlevels ovicaprids seem to have been the preferred mammal for meals or offerings. The onlyexception would be the faunal sample excavated from within Temple C, dating from 375B.C.–A.D. 160/170. The nine deposits excavated within the temple, not including adjacentareas, recovered twice as many pig individuals as ovicaprids.

In the earliest phases of Temples A and B and the surrounding associated dumps (ca.1020–750 B.C.) approximately 3,400 bones were recovered from excavation. Fifty-three percentof the total individuals counted from this period were ovicaprids. Excavation of the followingperiod, including all three phases of Temple B (ca. 800–600 B.C.), yielded approximately 14,700bones, 59% of which individuals were ovicaprids. In the levels of the Hiatus period (sixthand fifth centuries B.C.), over 500 bones were recovered, 61% of which were small bovids(although the sample was rather small). Finally, in the levels in Temple C and adjacent areas(ca. 375–350 B.C.–A.D. 160/170, most fauna retrieved from levels dating from 375–350 B.C.),over 8,750 bones were excavated, with 63% of the mammalian individuals excavated beingovicaprids. Over the whole site, approximately 62% of the total MNI are represented by smallbovid remains (see Table 6.3 for details).

Of the 257 ovicaprid individuals, the age of 215 could be determined (Table 6.5). Twenty-nine of the individuals were 2.5 years or older, leaving 186 individuals slaughtered beforethe age of 2.5 years. The young age of the majority indicates that 86.5% of the bovids wereslaughtered before maturity was reached (ca. 3.5 years), assuming that the 42 individuals forwhich age could not be determined follow the same pattern. This culling pattern is indicativeof a meat economy and resembles the culling patterns exhibited in modern Greece.2 Theapproximately 14% of individuals maintained until maturity were likely kept for breedingpurposes, milk, and/or wool products.

Evidence of butchery was found on over 45 bones (Table 6.11). Typical bones displaying


Table 6.4. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) and age of major mammals by deposit.

Period and Location Species MNI Age

Temple A

Floors Ovis/Capra 2 One 1.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 Young

Court Ovis/Capra 1Bos-sized 1

Southern dump Ovis/Capra 3 One 1.75–2 years, one +2 yearsBos 1 Subadult

Northeastern dump #1 Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.75–2 yearsBos 1 Adult

Northeastern dump #2 Ovis/Capra 3 −10 months, −1–1.25 years, +2 yearsBos 2 2–2.5 years, +3 yearsSus 1 −2 years

Lower Temple A dump, above Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 yearsMinoan road Bos 1 Adult

Period of Temple A

Southeastern deposit Ovis/Capra 3 One +2.5–3 yearsBos 2 −2–2.25 years, +2.25 years

Dump to southeast Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 −2–2.25 years

PG below surface Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 +2–2.5 years

Period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1

Deposit in south Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult

Southeastern dump #1 Ovis/Capra 1 −1 yearBos-sized 1

Southeastern dump #2 Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearsBos 1 Adult

Temple B, Phase 1

Hearth 1 Ovis/Capra 1 −1.75–2 years

Court Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.5–2 but −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +2–2.5 years

Dump to south Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult

Temple B, Phases 1 and 2

Floors Ovis/Capra 2 −6–8 months, +10 months but −1–1.25 yearsBos 1 Adult


Pit in east Ovis/Capra 1




Temple B, Phase 2

Hearth 2 Ovis/Capra 1 −2.5–3 years

Lower hearth/floor around Tri- Ovis/Capra 1 −3–3.5 yearspillar Shrine

Court Ovis/Capra 2 −1–1.25 years, +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 +2–2.5 yearsSus 1 +2 years

Double hearth in court Sus 1 Young


South sounding Ovis/Capra 2 1–1.25 years, +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 +1.5 yearsSus 1 2 years (female)

Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3

South sounding Ovis/Capra 1 1.5–2 yearsBos-sized 1

Dump to south Ovis/Capra 2 −1.75–2 years, +2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 2 One +1 but −2 years

Levels to north Ovis/Capra 1 +3–3.5 yearsBos 1 Adult

Levels to northeast Ovis/Capra 2 −1 year, 1–1.25 yearsBos 1 +1.5–2 yearsSus 1 +2 years

Levels to west #1 Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 +1.5–2 yearsSus 1

Levels to west #2 Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearsBos 1 Adult

Levels to southwest Ovis/Capra 2 −1.75–2 years, +1.75–2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +1–2 years (male)


Ritual deposit around Tripillar Ovis/Capra 2 One −3–3.5 yearsShrine Bos 1 +1.25–1.5 years

Altar U, contents Ovis/Capra 9 All −3–3.5 years with one or two −2.5–3 yearsand one +2.5–3 years

Bos 3 One +2–2.5 years, two +3 years

Court Ovis/Capra 3 One −10 months, one +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 +2–2.5 yearsSus 1 −2–2.5 years




Building Q, Room 30, upper Ovis/Capra 1 −1.75–2 yearsfloor

Building Q, Room 30, lower Capra 1 +1.5–2 but −2.5–3 yearsfloor Bos-sized 1

Sus 1

Building Q, Room 30, below Ovis/Capra 1floor Sus 1 −1 year

Building Q, Room 31, dump on Ovis/Capra 3 One Ovis −1.75–2 years, one Ovis/Capraupper floor +1.75–2 but −2.5–3 years

Bos 1 AdultSus 1 −3.5 years (female)

Building Q, Room 31, lower Bos-sized 1floor

Building Q, Room 31, below Ovis/Capra 1 +10 monthsfloor

Building Q, Room 37, upper Ovis/Capra-sized 1floor

Building Q, Room 38, lower Sus 1 Youngfloor

Building V, floor Ovis/Capra 1 +2.5–3 yearsSus 1


Three-sided slab enclosure Sus 1 Young

Contents of bowl C 6547 (Callag- Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearshan and Johnston, Chap. 4, Sec-tion 1, 316)

Altar U, pit to east of Ovis/Capra 1Sus 1

Marine meal #4 Ovis/Capra 2 −2.5–3 years, +2.5–3 but −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 Adult

Marine meal #5 Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1

Marine meal #6 Ovis/Capra 1Bos-sized 1

Marine meal #7 Ovis/Capra-sized 1

Marine meal #8 Ovis/Capra 1

Marine meal #9 Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult

Marine meal #10 Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 years





Marine meal #12 Ovis/Capra 1 +10 monthsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +1 year


Marine meal #14 Ovis/Capra 1 +2.5–3 yearsBos 1 Adult

Marine meal #15 Ovis/Capra 1 +10 monthsBos-sized 1

East of later altars Ovis/Capra 3 Two +1.5–2 years with one +2.5–3 but −3–3.5years

Bos 1 −2–2.5 yearsSus 2 1–2 years, +3.5 years (male)

South of temple Ovis/Capra 2 −1.5–2 years, +3–3.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 1 year

Southeast of temple Ovis/Capra 22 One Capra −1.75–2 years, two Ovis/Capra−1.75–2 years, sixteen +1.5–2 years with one+3–3.5 years

Bos 2 One −3 yearsSus 2 −2 years, adult (one female, one male)

East of temple Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1

Temple B, Phase 3

Hearth 3 Ovis/Capra 7 All −3–3.5 yearsBos 1

Rectangular Hearth 4 Ovis/Capra 4 Four −3–3.5 years with one −1–1.25 years andone +1.75–2 years

Sus 1 −1 year

Lower floor Ovis/Capra 2 −10 months, +1–1.25 but −2.5–3 yearsBos 1 Adult

Upper floor Ovis/Capra 1 AdultBos 1 Adult

Court Ovis/Capra 7 One 10 months, one −1.75–2 years, four others−3–3.5 years, one +3–3.5 years

Bos 2 −3.5–4 years, +3.5–4 yearsSus 1 Young

General upper interior pails Ovis/Capra 5 One 10 months, one −1.75–2 years, one +2.5–3but −3–3.5 years

Bos 1 +1.25–1.5 yearsSus 2 One +1–2 years (female)





Archaic court levels east of the Ovis/Capra-sized 1later altars

Southeast of temple Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.5–2 yearsBos 3 One +2.25 yearsSus 1

Eastern area #1 Ovis/Capra 1 −1.75–2 years

Eastern area #2 Ovis/Capra 1 +1.75–2 yearsBos-sized 1

Western area #1 Ovis/Capra 1Bos-sized 1

Western area #2 Ovis/Capra 1

To southeast Ovis/Capra 1

Hiatus Period

Dump to southeast Ovis/Capra 5 One +2 yearsBos 1 +2.25 yearsSus 1 −2 years (female)

Southeast of temple and east of Ovis/Capra 2 One +1.75–2 but −3–3.5 yearslater altars Bos 2 Adult

Sus 1

To southeast Ovis/Capra 1

Wall removal Ovis/Capra 2 −3–3.5 years, +3–3.5 yearsBos-sized 1

Under wall removal Ovis/Capra 1 3–3.5 yearsBos-sized 1

Period of Temple B, Phase 2–early Temple C

Sounding on the east Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 but −1.75–2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 2 Young, 2 years

Period of Temple B, Phase 3–Temple C

Altar H, on Ovis/Capra-sized 1

Altar H, above Ovis/Capra 1 −3–3.5 years

Altar H, eastern side of, Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 yearsaround base Bos 1 Adult

Sus 2 −1 year, +2 years

Altar H, just east of Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 but −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +1–2 years

Altar H, earth around, on west Ovis/Capra 1side




Temple C

Temple C, above and on slab Ovis/Capra 2 −1–1.25 years, 1–1.25 yearsfloor Bos 1 Adult

Sus 5 One −1 year, one −2 years, one +3–3.5 years (3female, 2 male)

Temple C, northeastern corner Sus 2 One −2 years (male)

Temple C, above benches Bos 1 AdultSus 1

Temple C, below reused Sus 1Minoan stone lamp (Schwab1996: 42)

Temple C, upper floor Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearsSus 2 +1.5 but −2 years, +2 years

Temple C, southeastern upper Sus 2 Young, adulthearth

Temple C, exterior enclosure Ovis/Capra 1south of doorway

Building W, below floor Ovis/Capra 1

Building D, upper fill Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 Adult

Building D, original floor Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 Adult

Building D, outside to north Bos 1 Adult

Room A1, floor Ovis/Capra 1Bos 1 +1.25–1.5 yearsSus 1

Room A1, central hearth Ovis/Capra or 1Sus

Room A1, floor contents Ovis/Capra 1

Building B, western room, Ovis/Capra 1upper late reoccupation level

Building B, western room, level Ovis/Capra 1of roof tile collapse

Building B, western room, soil Ovis/Capra 1layer above lower floor, innerroom

Building B, western room, first Ovis/Capra 1floor Bos 1 Adult

Sus 1

Building B, eastern room, upper Ovis/Capra 1collapse




Building B, eastern room, upper Ovis/Capra 1late occupation level

Building B, eastern room, on Ovis/Capra 1lower floor Bos 1 Adult

Sus 1 Young

Building B, eastern room, Ovis/Capra 1lower floor Bos 1 Adult

Sus 1

Building E, hearth interior (in Ovis/Capra 1 −3–3.5 yearssoutheast)

Period of Temple C

Altar C, inside and on Ovis/Capra 24 Twenty-two −3–3.5 years with one +1–1.25years, one 3–3.5 years and one +3–3.5 years

Bos 1 −3.5–4 yearsSus 1

Altar C, west of Ovis/Capra 5 All −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 Adult

Altar C, east of Ovis/Capra 2 Both −3–3.5 yearsBos 1 Adult

Altar C, surface around sides of Ovis/Capra 2Bos 1 AdultSus 1 Adult (male)

Altar C, slab enclosure south of Ovis/Capra 1

Altar L Ovis/Capra 1

Altar M Bos 1 Adult

Ovis/Capra metapodial col- Ovis/Capra 9 Two −1.75–2 years, one +1.75–2 yearslection

Sus 1 Young

Dump to south Ovis/Capra 10 Two −1.75–2 years, eight +1.5–2 years withone 3–3.5 years

Bos 1 AdultSus 1 2 years (female)

General pails above founding Ovis/Capra 6 One −1–1.25 years, four +2.5–3 years, onelevel outside entrance to +3–3.5 yearsTemple C Bos 1 Adult

Sus 2 1 year, +2 years (male)

Upper levels next to Building D Ovis/Capra 1 +1.5–2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 +2 years

Levels to southwest Ovis/Capra 1 +1–1.25 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1 Young (male)




South of temple Ovis/Capra 2 −1.75–2 years, +2.5–3 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1

Southeast of temple Ovis/Capra 4 Three +1.5–2 years, one +2 yearsBos 1 AdultSus 1

East of altars Ovis/Capra 1 +10 monthsBos 1 AdultSus 1

Above founding level outside Ovis/Capra 4 One −1.75–2 years, two +2.5–3 yearson northeast Bos 1 Adult

Sus 2 One −2 years (male)

To southeast Ovis/Capra 6 Two −1.5–2 years, one 1.5–2 years, one+1.75–2 years

Bos 3 Three +2.25 yearsSus 1 Adult male

+ = over− = under

signs of butchery were vertebrae and rib fragments. On Floors 1 and 2 of Temple A (ca.1020–800 B.C.) an ovicaprid femur head was found butchered at the proximal end, likely fromdismemberment of the back leg from the trunk of the body. Similar cut marks were foundon proximal femora and the adjoining acetabulum of the pelvis from the court of Temple B(ca. 700 B.C.) and east of the later altars of Temple C. In the northeastern dump #1 of TempleA, dating to the Protogeometric period, a mandible fragment was found with cut marks justposterior to the third molar (M3). A cut mark in this area suggests an attempt to separate thejaw from the skull and/or to remove the tongue, still a delicacy in modern times.

Butchery marks found on the radius and distal humerus, like those found in associationwith Temple B (ca. 800–600 B.C.) and the south dump associated with Temple C (first centuryB.C.) suggest the butchering of shanks (forelimbs), the pieces of which are commonly used instews. Butchered atlas fragments were recovered from Building Q, Rooms 30 and 31 (lateseventh century B.C.), and contemporary Marine meal #10. The atlas is the first cervical vertebraof the neck. Butchery in this area indicates decapitation. Scapula fragments found with cutmarks were recovered from Building Q, Room 31, and Room A1 (ca. 150–50 B.C.) north ofTemple C. Butchered scapulae, or shoulder blades, imply the separation of the forelimbs fromthe trunk of the body. To the southeast of Temple C (fourth century B.C.) a tibia shaft wasfound with cut marks and a cut through to the distal end. Cuts such as these indicate theseparation of the lower back leg from the metatarsus (around the hock). These lower portions


Table 6.5. Age of Ovis/Capra.

Period and Location MNI Element Comments Age

Temple A

Floors 2 D tibia JF 1.5–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsMetapodial UF −1.75–2 years

Southern dump 3 Mandible With dP4 −1.75–2 yearsMandible M3 worn down +2 years

Northeastern dump #1 2 Mandible With M3 +1.5–2 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsMetapodial F +1.75–2 yearsMetapodial F +1.75–2 yearsMetapodial F +1.75–2 years

Northeastern dump #2 3 D radius UF −10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsP radius F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 UF, burnt −1–1.25 yearsMandible M3 erupting, burnt −1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsMandible Worn M3 +2 years

Lower Temple A dump, 1 D tibia F +1.5–2 yearsabove Minoan road

Period of Temple A

Southeastern deposit 3 P radius F +10 monthsPhalanx 2 F, burnt +1–1.25 yearsM3 Unworn +1.5–2 yearsM3 Unworn +1.5–2 yearsM3 Unworn +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsM3 Worn down +2 yearsCalcaneus F +2.5–3 years

Period of Temple A–Temple B, Phase 1

Southeastern dump #1 1 Mandible M2 erupting −1 year

Southeastern dump #2 1 Phalanx 1 F +1–1.25 years

Temple B, Phase 1

Hearth 1 1 Metapodial UF, burnt −1.75–2 yearsepiphysisMetapodial UF, burnt −1.75–2 yearsepiphysis

Court 2 Mandible With dP4 −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD radius UF −3–3.5 yearsP tibia UF −3–3.5 years





Floors 2 Scapula UF −6–8 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 UF −1–1.25 yearsP humerus head UF −3–3.5 years

Temple B, Phase 2

Hearth 2 1 P ulna UF, burnt −2.5–3 years

Lower hearth/floor around 1 P femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsTripillar Shrine

Court 2 D humerus F +10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 UF, burnt −1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsMandible With M3 +1.5–2 yearsMetatarsus UF, burnt −1.75–2 years


South sounding 2 D humerus F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 UF −1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 2 F, burnt +1–1.25 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsCalcaneus epi- UF −2.5–3 yearsphysis

Period of Temple B, Phases 1–3

South sounding 1 dP4 −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 years

Dump to south 2 Scapula F +6–8 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsP radius F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsM3 Worn down +2 yearsD ulna UF −2.5–3 years

Levels to north 1 P femur F +3–3.5 years

Levels to northeast 2 Mandible M2 erupting −1 yearPhalanx 1 JF 1–1.25 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsCalcaneus UF −2.5–3 yearsP femur UF −3–3.5 years

Levels to west #1 2 M3 +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 years




Levels to west #2 1 Phalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 2 F +1–1.25 years

Levels to southwest 2 Premolar YoungD humerus F +10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsM3 +1.5–2 yearsMetapodial UF −1.75–2 yearsMetacarpus F +1.75–2 yearsMetacarpus F +1.75–2 yearsCalcaneus UF −2.5–3 years


Ritual deposit around 2 P femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsTripillar Shrine

Altar U, contents 9 D tibia F, burnt +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F, burnt +1.5–2 yearsCalcaneus UF, burnt −2.5–3 yearsCalcaneus UF, burnt −2.5–3 yearsCalcaneus F, burnt +2.5–3 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsD femur UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsepiphysisD femur UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsepiphysis13 D femur UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsfragments

Court 3 Humerus All UF −10 monthsHumerus All UF −10 monthsMetapodial UF, burnt −1.75–2 yearsepiphysis




Metacarpus UF −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsP femur head Burnt −3–3.5 years

Building Q, Room 30, 1 P radius F +10 monthslower floor

dP4 Capra −1.75–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsCalcaneus UF −2.5–3 years

Building Q, Room 31, 3 dP4 Ovis −1.75–2 yearsdump on upper floor

Metapodial UF −1.75–2 yearsPhalanx 1 UF −1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F, large +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 2 F +1–1.25 yearsMetacarpus F +1.75–2 yearsP ulna UF −2.5–3 yearsP ulna UF −2.5–3 yearsD femur UF, burnt −3–3.5 years

Building Q, Room 31, 1 P radius F +10 monthsbelow floor

Building V, floor 1 M3 +1.5–2 yearsCalcaneus F +2.5–3 years


Contents of bowl C 6547 1 Phalanx 2 F +1–1.25 years(Callaghan and Johnston,Chap. 4, Section 1, 316)

Marine meal #4 2 D ulna UF −2.5–3 yearsD ulna F +2.5–3 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF, burnt −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF −3–3.5 yearsP femur head UF −3–3.5 years

Marine meal #10 1 D tibia F +1.5–2 years

Marine meal #12 1 D humerus F +10 months

Marine meal #14 1 Calcaneus F +2.5–3 years

Marine meal #15 1 P radius F +10 months

East of later altars 3 D humerus F +10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsD humerus F +10 monthsP radius F +10 monthsP radius F +10 monthsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 years




Phalanx 2 F, burnt +1–1.25 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsD tibia F +1.5–2 yearsMetatarsus F +1.75–2 yearsMetatarsus F +1.75–2 yearsMetatarsus F +1.75–2 yearsMetatarsus F +1.75–2 yearsCalcaneus F +2.5–3 yearsP tibia UF −3–3.5 years

South of temple 2 P radius F +10 monthsD tibia UF −1.5–2 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsM3 +1.5–2 yearsP femur F +3–3.5 years

Southeast of temple 22 Radius Burnt YoungPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 1 F +1–1.25 yearsPhalanx 2 F +1–1.25 yearsdP4 Capra −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsdP4 −1.75–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 yearsM3 Right +1.5–2 years

the iron age fauna - university of toronto t-space · monodonta) with 11 burnt (4 patella, 4...

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