the islamic world
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THE ISLAMIC WORLD. The Big Questions:. What are the major beliefs of Islam? What were the political, economic, and social effects of the spread of Islamic culture?. Introduction:. In the 5 th century, warfare between the Byzantine and Persian Empires interrupted trade routes from East Asia. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THE ISLAMIC WORLD
THE BIG QUESTIONS: What are the major
beliefs of Islam? What were the political,
economic, and social effects of the spread of Islamic culture?
INTRODUCTION:In the 5th century, warfare between the Byzantine and Persian Empires interrupted trade routes from East Asia.Trade from India and China shifted to sea routes connecting India with Arabia and the Red Sea.Cities and towns grew up near wells along the caravan routes that carried goods across the Arabian peninsulaMecca was one of the most important of these cities.
ANCIENT TRADE ROUTES
ISLAM: Founded in the 7th century (A.D. 600s) By Mohammed
Born in 570 A.D.A merchant and shepherd in MeccaHad a vision in which he was told to convert
Arab tribes to believe in a single God, Allah (same God worshipped by Jews and Christians)
Islam is the Arabic word for “submission”
Within 100 years, it grew to control an area larger than the Roman Empire
ACTIVITY: Complete your religions chart by adding Islam
Major beliefs – one God, the Five Pillars (confession of faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage)
Holy book – Quran (Koran) Holy places – Mecca, Jerusalem, and
their place of worship the mosque
SPREAD OF ISLAM Islam united the various Arab tribes
with a common language (Arabic) and religion
Arabs set out on a “holy war” or Jihad against non-believers. (about the same time the Byzantines and Persians were weakened from centuries of fighting each other)
Created an empire from the Indus valley into North Africa and Eastern Europe and Spain
THE SPLIT IN ISLAM (THE CALIPHATES) Caliph – “successor to Mohammed” After Mohammed died, new caliphs were
chosen by a group of Muslim leaders Division arose over who caliphs should be
Sunnis – followed the elected caliph Shiites – decided only descendants of
Mohammed could be caliph The first true caliphate, The Umayyads,
moved the capital to Damascus (Syria) The Abbasids took over the caliphate in 750
A.D., moved the capital to Baghdad (Iraq), and focused on trade instead of war.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CALIPHATES Caliphs converted or enslaved people
worshipping many gods Jews and Christians were treated with
respect Non-Arabs had fewer rights at first, but
eventually all Muslims were equal Jews and Christians had too pay a
special tax and could not hold most offices
ACTIVITY: On the map provided, draw the
boundaries for the spread of Islam (632-750) as found on page 197 in your text book.
Create a key showing the Islamic territory in 632, and expansions (632-661, 661-750) and the Byzantine Empire in 750
GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CULTURE
A period of great advances in culture and technology
Absorbed the cultural achievements of the Greeks, Romans, Persians, Jews, and Byzantines
Controlled vast trading areas and served as a crossroads for trade (China and India <-> Eastern Mediterranean and Africa)
Arabic (the language of the Quran) became the language of literature, philosophy, and art
MOSQUE
Caligraphy
AstrolabeCarpets
CHANGES IN THE 11TH CENTURY
The Seljuk Turks (conquerors from Central Asia) captured Baghdad and created a new Islamic empire.They converted to IslamKept Baghdad as the capital
By the 12th century, Muslims became engaged in a war with Christians for control of the Holy Land – The CrusadesChristians took Jerusalem in 1099Saladin recaptured Jerusalem (he remains a hero
in the Islamic world today)
ISLAMIC INFLUENCE INPOST-CLASSICAL ASIA…THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Captured Constantinople in 1453 A “Gunpowder Empire” located between
Europe and Asia Interacted with both Eastern and Western
cultures Reached its height under the reign of
Suleiman the MagnificentConquered Egypt and N. Africa and parts of
Eastern EuropeControlled much of the trade in the
Mediterranean Sea Ottomans were defeated in 1571 by
Spaniards and Venetians
MORE ABOUT THE OTTOMANS…
Government:Ruled by the Sultan (all-powerful ruler) and
his lavish courtCapital was Istanbul (Constantinople)Well-organized and efficient governmentAssisted by a special army, The Janissaries
(soldiers recruited and trained at childhood) Culture
Sunni branch of IslamRecognized diversityJews and Christians represented by own
leaders and represented by their own laws and collected their own taxes
LEFT SIDE
WHY DO YOU THINK SULEYMAN DESERVED THE TITLE “THE MAGNIFICENT”? GIVE THREE SPECIFIC REASONS WHY.
WHAT DO YOU THINK SULEYMAN’S GREATEST WEAKNESS WAS?
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE Created their empire in Persia (1500’s) Shi’ite Muslims and opposed the Ottomans Maintained a separate identity from Turkish
and Arab neighbors (continues today) Government
Ruler was known as ShahMaintained control with strong standing
armies Culture
Known for its beautiful palace courtsDecorated with fabulous carpets and
paintings in miniature
MUSLIM INVASIONS IN INDIA
Turkish Muslims invaded the northern plains of India in the 11th and 12th centuries (killing large numbers of Hindus)
Created independent kingdoms in northern India called SultanatesMost important was the Sultanate of Delhi
(1200) Ruled much of Northern and Central India for
320 years Did not adopt Indian ways Women wore veils and remained secluded (even
though Hindu women did not)Delhi destroyed by the Mongol ruler Tamerlane in
the 14th century. Sultanate never fully recovered.
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526-1837) Babur (descendant of Tamerlane and
Ghengis Khan) defeated the last sultan of Delhi to found the Mughal dynasty
Had close ties to the Safavids Used guns to control their populations
and fight their enemies
AKBAR THE GREAT Most famous Mughal ruler (Babur’s
grandson)Conquered Muslim and Hindu states uniting
all Northern India under his rulePromoted religious toleranceEnded special Hindu taxes and used Hindu
officials in governmentDivided empire into 12 provincesLocal government was run by well-trained
officials (enforced laws, collected taxes)Encouraged learning, painting, music, and
literature
SHAH JAHAN Akbar’s grandson Re-imposed taxes on Hindus and destroyed
Hindu temples Many converted to Islam (some to avoid
taxes, others from lower castes, to escape the caste system)
Even more artistic and cultural achievementsBuilt palaces, fortresses, and mosques
Most famous was Taj Mahal (tomb for his wife)
Combined Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles
THE TAJ MAHAL
TIMELINE ACTIVITY – THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES
SIKHISM (ADD TO RELIGIONS CHART) New religion in Northern India
Founder – interactions between Muslims and Hindus
Major beliefs Reincarnation One God God can be known through meditation (a form of
deep contemplation) Equality in the eyes of God
Scriptures teach moderation (eat little, sleep little, talk little, consume little)
No caste systemSikh men do not cut their hair (often wear turbans)Holy places – Temples and shrines (Golden Temple)