the jasmin scent of nicosia

8/6/2019 The Jasmin Scent of Nicosia

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The Jasmine Scent of Nicosia:Of Returns, Revolutions, and the

Longing for Forbidden PastsMete Hatay and Rebecca Bryant

s

In the past decade in Cyprus, the jasmine ower has become the symbol oNicosia, the islands divided capital, and subsequently o a revolution withinthe Turkish-Cypriot community. As symbol o Nicosia, the jasmine ower evokeda purer time when the city had not yet been tainted by an inux o poorworkers rom Turkey into areas o the walled city that had been abandoned byTurkish-Cypriots. As such, the ower also came to stand or Turkeys purported

colonization o the island and Turkish-Cypriots rebellion against it. Andbecause the jasmine came to represent a city that had once been multiculturaland a call or a re-valuing o the local, it was easy enough or the JasmineRevolution to be translated into a semblance o bicommunalism. But as weshow here, rather than a multicultural nostalgia, the nostalgia expressed by thesymbol o the jasmine is or a period when Turkish-Cypriots lived in enclaves,a period o deprivation but also o solidarity.

Who og h s o jsmi? ods,

limpid, dliiousl g jsmi ows. . . .h w lws jsmi ows v i huhs shop, d o m d il. hh us wiss o ou pi. Jsmi is h up ow whih did wil v i h ho w, h id who is lws ps oudsid v i h wos o ds.1

Jsmi sms o ow md o oslgi. gows i doows

d wids ov hs, likig i o h iim o hom. gis oloom s h ds om ho, d i lss is s h hou wh ls s i h gd o i ow ls. is ssoidwih h mlhol o dusk d h ovivili o summ vigs.s g pms h i, mkig i oh kgoud o d

Journal o Modern Greek Studies26 (2008) 423449 2008 h Johs opkis ivsi ss

423


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424 d

piip i ss o lov d liio, o ouh d is loss. dis s ligs, ligig o hds d lohs d givig i h o

o logig.v h ps dd i pus, his ow o oslgi hs ssoid fs wih i, h wih ommo ps, d fll wih mom o hisoil hg h spkd voluio. Fo k-pios, h olk sog, (My Jasmine) wih is hm oiommul lov, gid populi s p o h isig impoo lol idiis h oiidd wih movm o uifio o hisld. oh h sog d h ow m ssoid wih logigo simpl villg li h psuml ws iommul. u h ow

m spill impo o w ukish-pio opposiio mov-m h pomod h possiiliis o ommo uu d mdis llio h Yasemin Devrimi, h Jsmi voluio.

Jsmi d is s hv pld impo ol i h ulud odiios o movm o soil hg. s whi, uidpls, d h ssoiio o h s wih i d wih ouh, mdh ow po smol o gio o jouliss, pos, dl-wig d lil poliiis s h ghd h momum o lgis ps h h sw s gd d oup. h ow d iss ppd o ps w vluig o h lol d is muliul-ul pss i h ox o glolizd oomis d sioluop ommui wh h poviil iolisms o whih piopoliil lds lug o log smd sli. h oslgi ssoi-ios vokd h ow lso odid is muliulul i, sih ow is likd i sois, po, d ommo ovsio o piul piod o h ukish-pio ps h xludd hi kighos.

h Jsmi voluio, h, usd oslgi s om o ululpoliis d ulul sis. Wh l dl, dugh o mudd joulis Kulu dl, wo iv m k m jsmi ows, hpi dmd visll vokd o ol h loss o hop d pups, u lso ss h hs hd sodd.2 w m jsmiows k, sh wo.

h m o m h, i h m o m moh, i h m o mids, i h m o ll h islds. h wodul ds h w livdmus o mi i mmo; w mus spk o h uu suollivig d ig d muliplig i h ow ss o iosi. Wmus wlk gi i h ool s o h z h smlls o shss. Wmus shop gi i ou gdhs uh shops. W mus u lohom s d k i o h lol ilo, d w mus dik o. Wmus lis, lughigl, o h uu d i ou o ups. his i


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425h Jsmi o iosi

isld lugh suis us. W mus o hv oslgi o ws, isd wmus limi hm d g h uu wih jsmi ows. iv us

k ou jsmi ows. his gm dos o ll sml h gmso m hildhood. m sik o plig hid-d-sk.3

Fo ukish-pio d o his pi, i is l h h dmdo u o ou jsmi ows is ll o sis o pivdoloizio o oh pus uk, whih m sw s hvigdsod h pio h o h isld. his ws spill pp- i iosi, h si o dls oslgi, us o iux o poowoks om uk o h s o old iosi h hd -dod ukish-pios i h 1980s. h impo o iosi ih ukish-pio ommul ps, d h dil hg i is humldsp, gv is o w oms o ulul idi fs xpssd soslgi o pu ps. h Jsmi voluio h os om hisw movm xpssd sis o h oupios o iolispoliis h hd likd ukish-pio uu losl o h oomid poliil o mohld uk.

h Jsmi voluio opposd diiol iolis lds iis ll o goi uifio wih hi k ps o h sis

o poposd id ios pl (popull kow s h l)d h o su ukish-pios io h uop io.Wihi his mwok, jsmi m o ps i h o isdivisio hd muliulul, s wll s ll o -vluig o lolidiis i h o h divisiv iolisms o h mohlds. ws, h, s ough o h Jsmi voluio o sld io sml o iommulism. u h dmd o uifio o hisld, o whih h smolism o h jsmi m o likd, ullodid h oms o modid mmo vokd h ow. Fo

v i l dls dmd o giv k h jsmi, i is l hwh sh ull ws o gi is om o ommul ps spif oh ukish-pio ommui. h ll o d mulipl is odid ukish-pios, s h sis o mmo h sh voks.h h muliulul oslgi, his is isd oslgi o piod wh ukish-pios livd i lvs, piod o dpiviou lso o solidi. d us i ws h spif ps h gv how is voiv pow s uiig smol, susqu vs hvshow h v h jsmi m hv is hos.

Neoliberal nostalgia

oh oslgi d voluio oms o u, ws o ipigh poliil ps s dli o loss. h m nostalgiais ologism


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o h l svh u, usd o o h algos, o logig, onostos, o u, spifll o h homld (o 2006; . m-

kis 1996). voluio, simill, ms oh lil piio d hdil k (om 2001:19; lso d 1963). v h upus ovoluio ll o u o pupod uh, whh mo juswold o h uh o ou poliil ig. oov, oh h illsso oslgi d h pomis o voluio m io ig s w kowhm od wih h is o h io-s, whih ld o hg ih mig o hiso isl (Kosllk 1985; ou 1993). oill,h udsdig o hiso s im h os i h l ighhu md hiso uiqu d upl, givig o voluio

oiio o h uu d mkig oslgi is ol possil u oh ps. d i h is lws lm o sl-dpio i oslgi,i lso s simulum o u h isl oms o i hvoluio oiio o h ps.

Fo mo h dd, h s di hs d wv o muliulul oslgi, logig o ims p-ivd s mo osmopoli d pul (ou hid d l Zougi2005; ll o 2006). mmig h lxdis o Js oms (zmis) o h l wih u lso llows o o wg fg h iol o iolism, whih lsd hos plso hi mioiis. uk, o om h his hs k is h o o-om vivl (o 1999; 2001), iludig w slh migh dsid s o-il: h vivl o h ghil iuk s wih ushios o h oo, ll-d lsss o middl-lsspossiols (ouoglu-ook 2006), d iiol shio dsigswho viv om sls. oh om i hs k is logig o vi osmopoliism, o h iludd hisis, Jws, d vi-

ous uops d so sms ppopi o glolizd g (Komis2002; ois d kso 1995). h l d iluds h vivl oh musi, ood, d wiigs o h om ligious mioiis.

hs vious oms o o-omism m h poi whh xpss om o ulul sl-ofd, supposd omo wih ps h ws ld glol, d o i whih h mpi ws ouops piio u is qul. h sm im, h xpss uslimulul hgmo h mphsizs h muliululism o h mpi wh ligious mioiis livd ud uslim ul. ovil, h

sm mioiis whos ulus ow ld od um oli h housds d hus ps o il h. h sm im,his muliululism o h mos p xluds hi mioiis suhs Kuds, s, d is, who ssimild s p o h o-m pss uslim mjoi. oill, h, his om o oslgi hs


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427h Jsmi o iosi

usd oh hos who log o mo uop, muliululuk lss d h homogizio o Kmlis iolism, d

Kmliss hmslvs, h idividulizio o whos mmois mkssp oh o mo hogous ps s wll s o oslgi oh mod (zk 2006).

pus, oo, wv o oslgi ws hud up oliloms h isd iquliis d ppd o dso h om-mulis dms o l iolisms. Fo ukish-pios, posWoldW iolism hd k h om o sis movm, hTrk Mukavemet Tes*kilat(ukish s gizio), o , whihdmdd divisio o h isld i spos o k-pio lls o

ui h isld wih .4 h im o h islds idpdi 1960, h ws ld wll-ogizd houghou h isld, ilss wll-md h k-pio pmili os lso i opioh. Fighig ok ou duig h ls w ds o 1963 d i hfs w mohs o 1964 i spos o suggls ov pow-shiggms i h w osiuio.

os idpd pos d fs-pso ous suggs hhis fghig pimil ook h om o k pmili ks oukish-pios, som o whom w gd o hi ivolvm wih.5 il, s mioi, ukish-pios l hd, d md hi homs d d io lvs. hs w usull ukish-pio villgs o whih ukish-pios om ighoig mixd villgsd, d som w ukish-pio ighohoods h ould sil gudd. u h lgs lvd sp i h isld ws ih pil o iosi, whos divisio hd ld i som shio md si 1956.6 l 1964, h ukish-pio s o iosiw soo owdd wih woms, m o whom hd displd

om suoudig villgs o who hd livs i h pil.his is piod o ukish-pio hiso h mis osud lgl uwi. is il l h odiios i h lvs vid, dpdig o hi loio. uks om pihos ( ow ih Ki disi i h oh), iviwd , mphsizdpdl hi dpd o uk o oodsus d slis. ws l, o is, h hos who livd i h ogz mp wiosi d Ki hd wos odiios h hos who mgd ofd sp i h iis. u i ll ss disussios o h dd w

1964 d 1974 would slip io wisulss: v hough odiios whd, h w hd o vo, popl would s; h ws quli,d vo wokd ogh.

iosi h ws v mo h h. h dd o hilvm gv ukish-pios hi fs possiol h, hi


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fs dio sio, d hi fs pop musi goups. ils wo mii-skis,d os gw hi hi log i kpig wih h shios o mopoli

s. ok ds wih ms lik h qus pld ls sogs,h disdd s mms ook up hi is o gud du. ws hukish-pios fs xpi o hvig hi ow sp, d i ws sp h mos livd would vull om hi ow ou,wih uks ivio d suppo. ws im o hdship dhop, wh vo hd h sm duis d vo pulld ogh.lhough i ws piod o jio, i ws lso piod wh ukish-pios usd o p hi jio, isd ig h vsoil od h hd s hm o.7 d h lv ws lso sp

h h vigoousl pod, so h v duig h sig o sios 1968, ukish-pio fghs usd o llow k-pios o h s ud hi ool (olk 1979:101105).

1968, wh siios o movm w sd, somukish-pio ouh w o sud i uk o mcahit burslar(fgh-s sholships) d m w iopod io h lis movmsh giig sgh i h uivsiis h. h ud omuk o umplom i h lvs, wh h joid ohs whohd piipd i h fs s o h suggl, u w isigldissisfd wih h diio h h ukish-pio dmiisio wskig. ihd ik, wiig o his piod i som dil, os hh ws isig sis o s ool i piod o livlm, d h m ukish-pios wishd o s mo pow i hhds o h ivili, h h h mili, uhoiis (1976:156165).lhough h gowig pow o poliil ld u ks* midlivl uhllgd duig his piod, us w giig opp i h poliil suu.8

h gowh o liv poliil possiiliis ws iupd wh k-sposod oup ovhw sid kios i Jul 1974, po-vokig uks log-wid mili ivio. s k-pios dh oh p o h isld, ukish-pios movd i d ook ovhi dod popis, ig w hihis om h spoils ow. om gw ih om h w, whil ohs w ul o do so opoisi o poliil sos; sill ohs usd o do so o piipl.g ums o immigs ivd om uk d w gdk-pio ld d houss i mp o pv hi ows

u.9 mids h uphoi o mili vio d h oudig o w s, h iquliis w hos who fd om h spoilso w d hos who hd o, o w ukish-pio villgs dh w immigs, smd miimll impo. u h would gowimpo l, giig i h l 1980s, whih im i hd om


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429h Jsmi o iosi

l h h sl-polimd ukish puli o oh pus wouldo ogizd ou sids uk d h h oh o

pus would mi oomill d poliill isold.h sul o h isolio hs woold. oomi d poliilisolio hs id oh pus o uk i ws h o idpds would oud. s duig h piod o h lvs, lg sumso mo llod h ukish govm o suppo wh hsom o ogizd h uop ou o um ighs s issuodi uhoi i pus. uh o his mo uliml goso swoll uu h hs llood o ulfll ukish-piosdms o omig ivil svs.10 uk lso sios simd

30,000 oops o h isld, d h od w uk d ohpus hs mid poous, sulig i iux o mig woksi s h hs hgd h hum ldsp.

h sm im, h isolio usd ss o ig u oom h wold, o lguishig i oh im. ukish-pios ouldvl o v w pls wih hi psspos d so o m spd uks o o ukish psspos. oomi is o ohouis w uous d diful o goi, siuio md wos 1994 uop ou o Jusi disio o qui h pulio puss smp o ll xpos om pus.11 s sul, h ss oig lvd oiud, d his ss ws ougd log-imukish-pio ld d psid u ks*, who oiud ohv s hough ukish-pios w ud sig.

h pulis 1997 ppliio o h uop io d mjo oomi isis i uk i 2001, ollowig o h hls o ukish-pio kig isis, povokd osidl us i ohpus. h sm im, uk ws ggd wih i lssig

o sios h ws lso p d pl o mgig o-omoslgi. h wl o k-ukish lios m o kow shquk diplom, si i ollowd h ouis muul id ih wk o wo hquks i 1999 h killd mo h 20,000 popli uk d ou 2,000 i .

lvisio lips o ukish Foig iis smil m d kFoig iis iogos pdou dig h sirtaki( livl kd) o h k isld o mos soishd m i pus, whosill hd o omphdd h hgd lim i uk. uho

wo o h supis i mmoi ompld duig h piod o hJsmi voluio:

d whil w w o holid, ws i sul wih m husd wlkigom ksim qu o oglu wh w oid voi mig omo o h musi shops. Wh w hd ws sog i k. s w w


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wlkig, o v sid [om ll h musi shops] w hd sogs i k.h s usi hs o ou. s hs k sogs pld

high volum w umili o us. u o pl v o o h sogsig pld d jod i sul would hv ojiol ipus! (Kouloglu 2005:292)

hs hgs, log wih h dissisio o ouh h ow usd hi o udsd hi isolio mo ll, suld i ll ohg h ks* d oh iolis lds usd o h. dh usd o h h ll v wh ukish-pios w psdwih id ios pl h would hv ld o hi igio ioh uop io s p o w mm s.

oo i ws ommo o h ukish-pios ompli h hlivd i op-i piso whos gudis w h ukish gls who w supposdl h o po hm. hs iiisms isi-fd ollowig h mud o joulis Kulu dl i 1996 d, ous l, h s o wspp pulish * v d svlmms o his s o hgs o so d spig o h puli.v ws pulish o h wspp Avrupa (Europe), whos ml hgd o Arika, d f oppo o ukish-pio ld

ks*. Wh simd 30,000 ukish-pios om oss hpoliil spum ghd i iosi o pos vs s, i ws xpssio o hi diso wih h ss h h o ukish-pios ws hosg o h whim o uks gls.

ws his hisoil ojuu h oslgi oyasemin kokuluLekos*a(jsmi-sd iosi), h iosi o ouhul ommulps, m o ps h los hops o ommui whos sugglo sl-dmiio ppd o hv hijkd hos s osv hm. h o iosis ow ss, o spif shops

d h s o o, o h simpl plsus o li ogh, ws lso logig o di so o isolio, o o idpdh ws los hough dpd o uk. h ss, i ppopi-d hms om h muliulul oslgi h pvl i uk,whih iludd s o d-poliiizd ps iim d logigo h homl sigs o dih ood d musi o mioiis,d ogiio o hi iu o ompo ukish ulu. uk, his iludd s-sllig mmois o h 1923 populioxhg w uk d d oslgi ips o oh mbadiller, h uslims xhgd i h piod. lso iluddflms suh s Kayk(The Boatman), ou ukish-k lov i,d (sld io glish s A Touch o Spice), ouh logig o sul ks ow livig i hs. his pssio odi ulmid i h suss o lvisio sis, Yabanc Damat


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(The Foreign Groom), h g is u i l 2004 d showd h di-fulis o d pjudis gdd k-ukish mig.

h mjoi o hs oslgi ulul poduios suggs hh ido o h hv hd o iolism is h iim o om.s zk isighull disusss h w h Kmliss i uk hvommodifd h iolis ps i h om o mmois, phoogphs,d ss o h piv livs o h l puli piod, hus -ig w s o vd pis, iv xpssios, d idologilimgiis h df hmslvs i h piv, u lso iimlod o h oml poliil fld (2006:279). his pivizio oh poliil pps o du soil lios o om o p

d h poliil fld o m o idividul hoi.Kbrsllk, o pioism, ws id wih oos i h islds wok-

s movms, whos mms m om ll pio ommuiis dwhih lws oid lm h sw h iolisms o d uk s impilis. h iiqus o h l, hos iolismsd hi misios i pus w ougois movms imd h poio o lss iss. lhough pioism gid osid-l suppo mog k-pios i h middl o h ls u, ilws hd ol hdul o suppos i h ukish-pio mio-i, whos ow poliil idi dvlopd i lg p om ss oig ud h. oill, i ws ol h u o h millium, wih h suppo o ioliss who vod sl-dmiio d gowig ougoisi, h Kbrsllk gid popul u i hukish-pio ommui.

pioism ws h om k ulul sis o h p-ivd oloizio o h isld uk.12 his m o xpssdspill i h logig o iosi, h pil d o ukish-

pio ulul li h lso psd h visul poo o uksiusio. Wh ws dpiv ou his om o oslgi, howv, ish lhough i som misios i o h sigs o oh omso osmopoli oslgi, iludig mmois o mixd ighohoodsd li wih k-pio ighos (.g. k 2006, ikmgl1996), i ws o o mos popl oslgi imd uifio, dKbrsllkdid o ssil impl ommo idi o h i isld.h, Kbrsllk implid h sug o ukish-pio dmdso sl-dmiio, his im posd i opposiio o h domiio

o uk. o h pim slogs o h piod (d h m o plom o pis d oh ogizios) ws Bu Memleket Bizim(his ou is us), whil dmds o ov hi ow poliilwill w mphoill xpssd s h igh o pios o k khi jsmi.


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Jsmi, h, m o pivd im o pui, pui h ppd o hv soild uks ivio d

whos loss ould mos visll xpid isid h wlls o oldiosi. lhough h movm sd isl i lol idi poliis, h sm im hos who mos voiousl polimd h loss o uluw lso hos mos losl id o movm o sl-dmiio., h ll o k k ou jsmi ws lso ll o om ogi bu memleketin eendisi(his ous ms). h logig o pswh h w his ous ms ws lso logig o spifpiod o ukish-pio hiso dfd isolio i lvs, hsuggls o h mcahitler, h msuli swgg o ouh, d w

ss o ddiio o h ld o whih h ough.

The jasmine o revolution

giig i 2002, h voluios mos visil sig m o mssmigs hld i h l squs o old iosi, s hpsidil pl wh ks* hd log kp hold o pow.hs pos migs g h d o h , wh - l Kof psd uifio pl h oh sidsdlid o p. mid-m, h uop io ivid hpuli o pus o joi h io v wihou is ukish-piops, ldig ukish-pios o spill io h ss i posgis h pivd isig o hi ow ldship. hspd poss ld o sigif d lsig hgs: h opigo h hkpois h divid h isld o 23 pil 2003, h lioo log-im opposiio ld hm li l o h pos o imiis o h ukish-pio s i Ju 2004, dum o

uifio pl h ws suppod ukish-pios u jdo h k-pios, d h 2005 plm o ks* l ssid o h uogizd s.

h slogs o h voluio dividd h popul o io ld igh, u io hos who w osidd statkocular(supposo h sus quo) d hos who wd soluio. h lds o hvoluio limd h ukish-pios would om mss o hisou, d h d h gowig ukish-pio ougoisi,hisoill qui osviv, wih pomiss hdnyaya baglanacagz

(w will id o h wold). mog h w pis, oliios, dploms h mgd duig his piod ws h zm ve Avrupa BirligiPartisi(oluio d uop io ), whih hld is ow lli iosi o h m 2003 lios h would ulimlld o h plm o ks*. ld d usissm li


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433h Jsmi o iosi

l13 ddssd h owds wih -h mili summ o h so is:

W ukish pios i disss. Wv l wih o hoi u oliv ud mgo. Wv isold om h wold. Wv lumplod. Wv spd om sous o poduio. Wv od o mig. Wv spd om ou hild. ohs idd sill . u h mos impo hig is h w hv h oswih s i ou ow uu (kendi gelecegimizde sz sahibi olamadk). hv s dum s oo muh o us. (Kbrs2003)14

igifl, ll o ls polmios ou h s o h ukish-

pio ommui s i h pssiv s, ommo w oxpssig h ss h ukish-pios hv viims o gimoo losl id o uk, d spill o lms o is dp s.h voluio ws s s w o giig voi d ssig ospoliil will, o s h ps did o iosi plim p-siv, og m, polimd, h ll dmoi poplsmovms vlv voluios, u w h i pus will liz jsmivoluio (Kbrs2003).

sphs om h piod, i ws pdl sssd h hstatko(h sus quo)would o uliml ld o ogiio o hiss idpd, s h statkocularisisd, u ol o los dlos is o uk. oh ll o h m 2003 l-ios, us k, ld o Bars* ve Demokrasi Hareketi( dmo ovm) d log-im oppo o ks*, mphsizdh ukish-pios wd ih o mioi i ui soolld k-pios o suj o uks mili d poliiluu. Whil ks* d h statkocularopposd uifio

pl us h livd i would dso h s supposd sov-ig, k mphsizd h h ol od o u sovig ws soluio d uop io mmship. Whih sovig h lkig ou? h skd. ow h mo is ous, i highpps i uk ou popl om poo hl ovigh. mphsizd h ovhowig h statkocularwill su h h uko pus will h ms i his ow hous (Ortam Gazetesi 2003).igifl, i his sphs k pdl sssd h h sso[o jsmi] hs om.

Jsmi, h, m h smol o h popl kig k hivoi, omig gi h mss o his ld. d i oh impliid xplii ws, jsmi ws id o iosi h hd om o p-s pios loss o hi ow ulu. h old i wlls ompss plimpss o i, om, d iish oloil housig, u


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h l 1980s ukish-pios, lik hi k-pio ighososs h divid, g o dsi somhig mo mod. Wih h

pssg o lw impdig w osuio isid h i wlls, pi-os g o mov io w ighohoods o h ouskis o h i. uho omms:

v d h kow s o h m who wd h ighohoods wihhi hds sllig uis d vgls g o s w o hiold usoms, h os who would si i o o hi shl suddoos d gossip i loud vois wih hi ighos: vo hd sdo mov io h ouskis o h i, io h pm uildigs douil housig wih is i gds d odl, ooki-u houss.(izd 1997:82)

hs w ighohoods spg up o m h ds o w ukish-pio middl-lss, o h hd ough o sl-dmiio ol ofd is ougois dms soppd i wlls. h pm loksd idil ouil housig gv momum o osuio soh would gi spd s h millium ppohd, wh ohpus xpid oom i pop sls o oigs.

his osuio oom isd wih h gowig usl opios o wok s uskilld los d so d lo gp hwould flld woks om uk, spill om poo s ih souh d souhs. lhough m o hs woks iiill whousd o h osuio sis, h osuio oom o h 1990sd l 2000s soo md h ul. o h old houss oiosis wlld i w ud hi ows io hosls o hsgus woks, uh lig pios mov io h suus dhi disig om h hisoil i . isd, s wll, oh

h d o h wlld i d disous oud h d, s omom msios w l upid d usd s slum housig o hp lo o h h w oom quid, v s piosomplid h h wlld i hs oloizd.15

his isig dis om h hisoi o ukish-pioulul li, s wll s h ss h i hd uogizl s-omd, md i ppopi smol o movm h sw isls ulull d poliill ud sig. his ws xd hgowig ousio w woks d sls, hos uks who hd

ivd om uk ollowig h 1974 w d gd iizshipd k popis. Fo mos ukish-pios, h ws o disiiow sls, who hd h igh o vo d whom mos ukish-pios livd usd h vo o impd h islds uifio,d psos who migd mpoil us h ould o fd


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435h Jsmi o iosi

wok i hi hom gios.16 hs iumss, h gowh i h wlld is ukish immig populio smd o ps visil

d gil poo h ukish-pio ulu ws ud sig dh ukish-pios poliil will ws ig k om hm. s odmi who livs i iosi l mkd, hv o polm wihm houskp, whos wokd o m o 20 s, o wih h ighowih whom pl kgmmo. polm is wh h i wihm poliil will. his ws lso s s polm o ig i xil ios ow homld, mkig h lmio o ou jsmi uo ps uomid ukish i.17

ommo pl, h pui d whiss o jsmi, wih

is oos i pio soil d is ssoiio wih oslgi iosi, wsosd wih fca, ukish-pio wod o swd h is mogsvl slg wods usd o o h immigs om uk whohv wshd up o pus shos. wd ivs wih h id, ov-s h hs, d ligs o swimms ski. h wod xpsss quil h ss h h poo woks, m o Kudish o oigi,osiu uwd ivsio h spoils h ldsp s swdlis pisi h. os, jsmi is idigous ow ho pls d ull ds, d is pu, sh whiss osswih h di ow o ddfcawshd o h sho. oos hlos io o summ vigs wh oug m would u k-ls md o h ow o hi swhs, d i h ss i lsooos h los io o h i.

Followig l dls polmio h dmds h jsmi ows,umous wis g o gg i iosi oslgi s w o lk-ig ou h poliil ps. h d g wih svl olumisso Kbrs (Cyprus), h ol wspp i h ukish-pio oh

wih o p fliio d whih, o h so, lso hs h lgsiulio. iosi ws dsid s pl om whih h hd lid, h fl s o lov who hs k h wog od [i..,om posiu]. hd somd om pl o milis, mili sighs d souds, o o i whih h wd houghis ow ss hs s d lgugs h sh dos ogiz,ss h s o dk m who umili o h.

h z is o log vsd pddls wih hi hdssllig muhallebi(milk puddig) spikld wih osw, d h sid

ss o log flld wih h odo o mili pio oods. hs o pos jus giig o oil mgs om h houss. hsdfil o s omolohiyao kolokas!18 o opis. h w si-ds o old iosi hv o om usomd o hs uhioods. lhough h uho polims h, hll om pio


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436 d

d hll om usomd (olg 2003), oh wis osh mili ss o h ps wih h odo o lahmacun, spi pizz

om h souhs o uk whos om pms i o iosiskss. h s olahmacunh ivdd h osils o hos whowdd iosis sid ss m o ps uwd iusio,o h ws s s s, kwd, d umili. d so jus sh difcaoss wih h jsmis pui, so h hv om olahmacuni h ss is ompd wih h hd s o h jsmi.h odo o lahmacunoms sig o h is oupio, lik hs o posiu h d o log igh.

dd, iosi is o s i hs wiigs s wom who hs

sullid: Whil pssig h whiwshd houss, h odos h md omhm old us wh ws ig ookd h d. h whiwshd houssw his is smol. o im h w lik h whi, wlss o wom. ll h l io o h jsmi s h soohsh soul . . . (ogusz 2002:102)

h sm uho gos o o mk h h whi ws soowd:

Fis shdows g o pp o h , h lk spos. Wih imh lk spos muliplid. odig o som h w jus w uim-po pimpls, whil odig o ohs h w illss h hdo u. hos who sid i ws uimpo illss soo lizd hh hd wog. h lk spos muliplid v mo. . . . h puwhi hd los is mgi. oh h d h ogu w gdullosud. (2002:102)

ogusz l xplis h lk spos s oupio psos

wih di lgugs d di ski (2002:103).oh uho who hs wi ou h us o h smolism o

iosi omms o his miizio o h i:

h iosi o smolism is livig, hig lov; iosi is mohli who lws ogivs, whos gili, iiili, l d uhppiss lws mpo. h i isid h wlls is o, i hs imgs, hv osizd is ow popl o s hm o liv i h w igho-hoods ousid is wlls. . . . sd, h wlld i h hs ow los issqus, is igouds, is ohous ulu, is z hs dupd. oplss d sil, h wlld is s hv oud wihlk p. . . . iosis wlld i is lov whos s d, whoss lid, d who o mk soud. (izd 2006:6970)


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437h Jsmi o iosi

izds ioi summ, h old iosi o ukish-pio wisimgiio is h ishd lov ld dow h wog ph, ow idi-

o h uu. d s izd lso mks, h imgs o iosi s hhlplss, dishood lov o ol svd o moiliz ukish-pioommui h lso l h i hd dupd d oupd, u odo so whil dmoizig h sighs, souds, d smlls o oh.

oo i m ommo o psoi pls d higs h, likh ukish-pio ommui isl, ppd o hv los h pui ohi ps us h hd dupd ls pomiss. o suhpol, wi o h d o h fs lio h shook h susquo o ukish-pio poliis, popl d pl joi ogh i h

o o id h isld o is oppssos:14 m 2003, ud . . .

06.50: m whig h s*pmk ouis. . . . h s*pmk ou-is ould. . . . is s hough h w o is om hi pl dsh owds iosi. . . . s hough h o d oliv s goigo om h h . . . h mouis h is lio xim,h xim o slvio. . . .

11.30: go o vo. . . . h pollig sio vo m, oh popl kow d hos do kow, ss is*llh wll wi. . . . h pusuk hs k his i his hds. . . . Who sop him . . .

12.00: u hom. . . . h jsmi i h doow hs d isl. . . .s hough i ws o giv h mssg, m h. . . . h jsmi h pss wihou oiig v im h hous ws o mk islkow. . . . d h mouis oiu o wh us . . .

15.00: h dio is plig u k. . . . u k is sigig, hiko lvig h wihou v jk. . . . s o msl, o. . . . W

wo go. . . . W wo go wh d lv h jsmi, h s*pmkouis. . . . W will liz h Jsmi voluio. . . . us w o his pl . . . (gl 2004)

Wh is sigif h is o ol h psoifio o h ldsp,whih jois i hi suggl, u lso h id lim h w o his pl.

his ss o pus s ukish-piopatrie, homld, wso h m h l o h ommui, whih o so log hd p-

iipd i iolism h sw uk s h mohld. wsol i h piod o h lvs, h piod wh ukish-pios wud sig d g o dd hi ommui d h pls whh livd, h ukish-pios g o dvlop suh hm.io o his, Kbrsl Trk(ukish-pios) hd lld hmslvs Kbrs


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438 d

Trk(h uks o pus), idiig ol oig lioshipo pl. ukish-pios sil migd o h ukish mild, d

o o h gs s o ukish ioliss i pus ws h hukish-pio ommui, o ud sig, would do h isldil. s o soiologis loqul pus i, would o ol quim dhs o idi pus s h patrie o h ukish piosu lso h lizio h h ukish pios did o pus, do spif pls i pus. ws h juu o killig d digo pus h h uks o pus m ukish pios (k1998:35).

, psoiig piul pls d higs d mkig hm

piips i ukish-pio uu is mphoil sg hhs oos i spif mom o h ukish-pio ps, o i whihh ough o xis d i h poss lso ld h h wfghig o om mss o his ld. o oiidll, h wlldi o iosi ws h o h suggl, h si wh ommuid isl, dlig is idpd om k-pios hsm im h h dld hi is o h isld. d so h oslgio los i voks imoh imwh ukish-pios wud sig d wh, i h o h, h dld hi is o hisld d dmiio o mi h. h o jsmi-sd iosi, h, o ol voks pu ps i os o houpd ps u lso lls o mmois o sis.

The jasmine o memory

Wh is i h w lws l g dsi o h old, o ps ims? . . . .Ws h o pi o wo h, d i h ws, wh w popl moomol, hpp, d o? . . . . h wom swpig d wshig

h o sps o hi houss ws h fs sig h h z, jsmi-sd, u-flld summ ighs o iosi w ou o gi. Whil hm w hdig o h oshop, h wom would gh i o oh houss, d whil o sug jsmi ows o plm h o sig, h ohs would somuluhiya.19 h, oh m d womwould mk hi w o gl, wh h summ [op-i] imsw. h ims, ud ws h ls d o o miss h w uk-ish flms h would gi hi showigs o Wdsds. h summmohs, h would sivl i i gl. h opls d

x o h opls im, lil uh o h gl ; o liluh h h h sl im d sid i h ighs gd wll ull o ovowig . . . (mioglu2007)

mos phoogphs d flms o ukish iosi o h 1960s, oss ol mis: wom , hild si, d m dfl


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439h Jsmi o iosi

h ms wih hi oudd is. d idd, i ws im whukish-pios w sujd o idigiis k-pio hk-

pois, wh h hd lil ss o supplis o v o sh uis dvgls, d wh s sul h w highl miliizd d dp-d o oh h lol ukish-pio dmiisio d h ukishmohld. xdd milis owdd io smll houss s livsd hi villgs; supplis om h villgs hd o pss hough k-pio hkpois, wh h w o ofsd o l o spoil;d hild o oh sxs w id v l gs o piipi h ds h m h pim oupio o h ommui.

d xisig logsid his l suig (s wll s is ps-

io) ws somhig ls: wold p, i whih h xpiol lilivd i h lvs ws omlizd d wh, idd, hi isoliopodud i om o jom. h fs sious iommulfghig d igh om villgs oud 21 m 1963; Ju 1964, ukish-pios hd o ol gu h ogizio o s wihi s u hd v s up pos of d podudh fs posg smp o h spis dmiisio. hos who whild i h iosi lv ll h li w o o hm wihoumuh hg, p om h iux o uwd ugs om h vil-lgs. s o lol usisswom lld, spkig o hoiig vi h ow lv wh ll h wom d gils w o h vg osuiid o void h h o p, s sg o look k o i owd liz h ws ll id. us w w ll ogh.

o ol w h ll ogh, u soil d oomi di-s w d, s vo ws suj o h uligs o hdmiisio d h ds o ommui ds. v m d ol o hold i ws mcahit, whil wom sihd uioms d

gils ld d lodd gus. os s oug s 12 would go o shooli h d d k up gud du i h vig, dsoig m oh diiol hihis w oug d old m. vowho ws o l o oiu i his possiospill m displdom h ousidws md possiol soldi d giv smll sl. d so i h o h o h ommuis xis,ukish-pios w ll ogh o simpl s goup h hd doml od ogh, u s od h would wok ogh so. hi livs w giv pupos d mig s whol, s goup

ud h, d o mo h dd ukish-pios ddidhmslvs ull o his ommo gol.

h z, jsmi-sd, u-flld ighs o iosi h huho ov mms w om pisl his im. ws hisim h ukish-pios oudd hi fs s h, d h


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440 d

ommd o h ukish mili ommd h i hg o iosid id o h pm o duio (so 1998:7374). h

w u oss, il s, d ud o spos ms.diums flld qull o so mhs d pol-vulig oss.ims showd h ls ukish flms, d mous iss m omuk o oos ukish-pios mol. h lso pomd i hims, whih m h o ukish-pio soil li, logwih mhi gziol (fghs lus). oh h ims d fghslus m h sgs o ok ds wih ms lik h igls, homs, d Flg Qu, ll ompisig oug m who l hi higow i imiio o h ls d h oks, u who lso ook

up is wh h w o iig wih hi guis (d2001). lhough h sogs h hs goups sg w k om hpopul poi o h piod d spok o dom d lov, somo hs goups ook hi ms om h od-ms o hi miliommds.

v i 1968, wh siios o movm sd, ukish-pios mid i hi lvs d usd o llow o hik ighos. shols mk olk, who hd migd oh id s i h 1950s, dsid his u o h isld o visilivs i 1968 d ukish-pios io o h opig o his: h fs s o dom, h os, pdoxill vokdsmpoms lik hos o dpssio (1979:102). gos o o osvh []hi ofm hd giv hm ou o siuio o gdisomo d som dg wold shd wih hi ompios. . . .his wold ws ow go, d is ihis w d wih hhumiliig ogiio h pospous k li-sl suouddhm o v hd (1979:103). mks h his dmgd ss

o sl-woh ws livd i p oiuig o d k-pios o h lvs d so miiig i s ou, dho ool ov, hi livs.

h lvs, ho, osiud o ol s wihi su lso wold p d sl-oid, wh ukish-pios mi-id som om o ool d ho hd ss o dmiighi dsi. iosi m h si wh his ws mos vividl lizd,s ompll ukish soil d ulul li ouishd i w hi v hd o. vo ws i som w ivolvd i h suggl,

u m d os spill fd om hi piipio i hds, whih gv w mig o diiol vlus o mhood. h sm im, i ws, i h iis, lso piod o modizio hollowd losl dvlopms i uk, ig ukish-pios soil


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441h Jsmi o iosi

d ulul dvlopm o h o h w s h h hopd ooud.

his ws, h, piod o suig d suggl whos oi-io owds , idpd uu gv i h h o hopd whos ommuiiism md i lso om o jom. wshis omiio o suggl d hop, o suig d jom, hmks h piod suil o oslgi h lls o h sm i huu. oov, s k os ov, his ws h piod i whih hsuggl dsdd om h lm o s idolog io h dillivs o psos who ough d did o h igh o ol o xis ih isld, u o hv som om o ool ov hi uu h.

, h jsmi s o iosi is wih i o ol logigo psuml ps, u spifll o ps hizd glii suggl o idpd uu.

Some fnal petals

h voluio h ovook oh pus h u o hu ws o h hd som s i h lis movms wihiommul oos h hd o dds suppod uifio ud dl govm. u hos goups d pis hd log midmgilizd, ul o gi hold o pow. Wh gv h Jsmivoluio mss s ws h gowig ss h hos who hd i pow o so log w ul o dp o h hgs ough glolizio, iludig hgs i ukish poliis d h pomiss oh uop io. h mid oud iolis poliis ho log smd f o h ps, d spill o o h dmdso isig ums o dud ouh o id o h wold. s

oh h puli o pus d uk dw los o uop, ohpus mid o h ousid, d m popl xpssd s hh ls i is ou o lv h sio.

his ox, h s o jsmi vokd piod o hop dsuggl, u lso is o pl d ps h i h lv piodquid xpliil d xlusivl ukish h. h logigo h ss d sighs o iosis wlld i d is kss wslso h logig o piod wh sl-dmiio smd o hhoizo d wh dpivio ws ompid jom us

i ws shd ll. ws logig o piod d pl who h fs im ukish-pios dvlopd li sp om hik-pio ighos d wh h jod som om o ool,iludig h ili o pv io hi ighohoods. ws


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442 d

wold uo isl, wh []hos who livd ogh isid dvlopd wold o hi ow, o i whih h li o hop ws igd wih

mgi d illusio (olk 1979:83). ws lso wold h hd om ukifd hough musid h, d spill hough h im h m h pimdisio d sou o hop d ispiio o ommui udsig.20 h iv, whi-skid os i ukish flms psdmodls o liv modizio, o h oh sisd h Wsd pd Wsizio. ws ol 1974, wh ukish-piosoud oh h ukish s d is lss pivilgd iizs i hidil livs, h his dm o ukish modi g o ollps.

his ss, h gowig Kbrsllkh mphsizd lol oods, dils,d his, d h oslgi h ompid hm, migh s iplll wih s m Ostalgie, whih, s ph dhl mks,m o smoliz h loss o illusio o h old Ws. s is m, wh h loss i his illusio hs o o h mosomiv d disoiig sps o -uifio, ukish-piosisig iopoio i h ulu o uk ough hm o wih uk h ws poo, dk, d mo omplx h huk o hi li imgiio (1999:177).

doxill, hough, his oslgi u o piod o hFll lso ough ou d so oiidd wih oh Fll, ml,h o h sf li h divids h isld. d h li hs omo smoliz oh Fllh Fll om h g o oxiswih os k-spkig ighos. dd, iso s iosi osl-gi is om o suul (zld 1997) o soiv oslgi(om 2001), o imd lmig ommul ll om g ov soig h ommui o is oigis, i is lso o h mks

xplii oslgis osssio wih oudis d hi mi,wih h pui o usullid ps o h io o igo.21 his s, h ll om ih i ukish modi lls h ll omg o pul, iommul ps. Wh mks i di omoh oms o suul oslgi, howv, is h i pois o ll hlso podud om o sis d ho xpliil lls o mm h is voluio.

ous, oslgi is v , d is migs oh pol- vl d osd. mig his ll om g hs lso iusd

ukish-pio oslgi wih smig osmopoliism, o logigo muli-ulul ps. u whil h ivoio o jsmi-sdiosi m oh is o h -mg o h lol ih glol, h suu o lig h his oslgi voks is omosmopoliism. llig im wh ukish-pios wokd


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443h Jsmi o iosi

ogh dspi lss o sus dis, i lls o sis o uksool ov ukish-pios s. u h sm im, i givs h

mom o olliv hiso piull lol h, psd h jsmi, d ss hos who liv ow i iosis sid ss siuds, psos o opposd d sisd. oslgi oss hjsmis pui o h diiss o hfca, is sw s o h odoolahmacun. his ss, hough oslgi, voluio quis isoigil mig o u, ig poliil dsis h lik puio xlusivss d sl-dmiio o logig o h lol.

Mete Hatay

INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, OSLO-CYPRUS CENTRE

Rebecca BryantGEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY AND INTERNATIONAL

PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, OSLO-CYPRUS CENTRE

1 h sho ss i whih his pssg pps is ild smilimi gi vi,iv m k m jsmi ows (dl 2006:129).

2 Kulu dl ws joulis who ws mudd o his opposiio wiigs u whog his li s h pulish o h mos suhl iolis ukish-piowspp, Nacak. o i pus, dls mil immigd o uk wh h ws h,d h fishd his sod duio h o uig o k pl i h gow-ig ukish-pio opposiio o k-pio dmds o uio wih . ws u ks*s sid s dviso uil 1972, d h slishm o sps i h oh m fs h dio o h opulio f h svd i ohposs i h ivil svi. lhough h wo ils iil o h govm i h l1980s, i ws his im om h ivil svi i 1985 h h g opl o

wi i Ortamd Yeni Dzenwspps, iiizig h gim i h oh. is 1996mud mis usolvd, d i 2004 his mil wo judgm i h uop ouo um ighs gis uk o isufil ivsigig h s.

3 siig d pi ovlp wih dls ll, vl om os hm wis hv msd h o iimio wih gd o h ps. h os, l-

ig h gm o hid-d-sk wih mmois d hops, jus s o did wih ids ios dis d hl-ogo hildhood, sms o h ol w o h ps

wihou omig pill o sl (2001:252).4 lhough ukish iolism hd xisd i pus om h l wih -

u, d spill h slishm o h ukish puli i 1923, i ws i hmiddl o h u h i m ogizd i opposiio o h gowig iolis


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444 d

dmds o h k-pio mjoi. 1955, wh k-pios g mdsuggl o h isld om oloil ul d ui i wih , ukish-piosg o ogiz hi ow suggl i opposiio o i. h l 1950s his suggl

ws ogizd ud h dmiisio d ommd o .5 h mos hoough sh ou populio movm i h piod ws odud

gogph ihd ik, who osvd h fghig s di of o hid ios -Kpig Fo. ik osvs h lhough []h ofil k-pio posiio is h h mjo poio o h ukish-pio ug movm ws ohiiid d did ukish-pio lds i od wih oig pl oili h piio o pus. . . . h uhos ivsigios vl o his sisio hh ovwhlmig mjoi o ukish-pio ugs movd ol ukish-pioshd killd, dud o hssd wihi hi villg, qu, o i h lol viii(1976:344). s xsiv iviws wih ukish-pios oigill om o ow livig

i h Ki disi ofm h mos mpd o mi i hi villgs, u diddo lv wh ukish-pios w kd o killd i h viii.6 ws duig his piod h h fs d wi ws d o divid k d

ukish ighohoods. his ws kow s h so-ixo i, d i ulimlm h sis o h miliizd divisio o h i. o oi ov h possilslishm o sp muiipliis md his divisio i 1958. 1963, whiommul viol upd, id ios pkpig os w lld i ogud wh m o kow s h i, divisio h spd k- dukish-pios i iosi d lswh d omd h sis o h li h oddivids h isld. Fo mo o his issu, s pdkis (2006) d kids (1998).

7 d iso s h s-wihi--s ws dfd h ollps o osiuiolod, h sp h ukish-pios oupid pl fs gms dfiio o hmp: h mp is h sp h ops up wh h s o xpio ss o omh ul (2000:38).

8 u ks* ws sussul lw, s wll s o o h ouds o i 1958. ws ld psid o h Cemaat Meclisi, o ommul hm, i 1960 u wso llowd o u o h isld o ou s 1964, wh h w wihou ofilsio o h id ios. ud i 1968 o k up his om pos, hpld . Fzl Kk i 1973 s ld o h ukish-pio ommui d vi-psid o h puli o pus. h islds divisio, h mgd s ld oh w dmiisio, i is vious guiss. Wih h dlio o h ukish puli

o oh pus i 1983, h m is fs psid d mid i of uil2005, wh h hos o o u gis oppo, hm li l, who ws ld ih sm .

9 odig o s sh, his ilid immigio dd i 1979, o ollowd wvs o migio o wok u wihou h pivilgs o iizship dpop gd o h fs immigs (2007; lso oids 1991).

10 h ommo ppio is h ig memur(ivil sv) is s posiio, di povids gud im, i h ps v l g. h ps, o ddo wok o ol s o iv govm psio, d gdul iss i him g hv pov h sou o muh dissisio i h ommui. h

wokig piod ws isd o 15 s i 1986 d hs gdull is o 25 s. ukish-pios i p o govm jos ov jos i h piv so,xpssd v i p o milis o m hi dughs o ivil svs. his p o ivil svi posiios, s vo-shi (2006).

11 houghou his il, w will us h puli o pus o simpl h pulio o h idpd, iommul s suu slishd i 1960, whih


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445h Jsmi o iosi

1963 ook o il k h. s o h puli o h piod 1974 o h k-oolld s o h islds souh, h ol ogizdgovm o h isld.

12 his is suj h is wll kow i pus u hs ivd lil dmi io. hopologil mp o ivsig h omio o pio idi i iogis oh h poliis o uk d h ps o ukish immigs uoulpovids lil iil io o h poliis o suh idi poduio d so ulimlpodus his om o diiio s w p o poliil oi (vo-shi2006). Fo mo omplx d hisoill siud ou o suh io omso idi d hi soil d poliil mivl, s mm (2006).

13 li l is impo fgu us, s h psid o h hm o om-m, h dw sigif poio o h -igh io movm o uifio.his movm, lld Ortak Vizyon(ommo isio), iopod mo h 90 ivil

soi ogizios om oss h poliil spum. lso dw h suppo o omsuppos o h ks* gim, iludg og m, quod low, who svd sks*s dviso uil 2001. m is lso h dio oKbrslwspp d 2002m h hos o popul lvisio pogm h dw lg pho-i udi dm impo oum o dvo o h id ios uifio pl.

14 h ll o dum o h uu o h isld m o o h mos isisdmds o h movm, whih sw i s h s w o gi hi poliil will.

15 puli d, o hs uhos, disuig il, l vo-shi (2003)so glizs his disous o d h sh dsis ll o oh iosi, iludig isus shoppig d im disi, idd ll o oh pus, iludig h livlpo ow o i (Ki), s dsd, jd, o ms ld h is wli d dh. Whil mphoill d hoill hs dsipios m pu po h ss o livig i uogizd s, h il do o xhus h ss,

whihs w pl o gu lswh, i xsio o h u gumlsoois lm o jom.

16 Fo lsis o h od spum o poliil llis o ukish-o psossld i pus, s (2005).

17 Fo lsis o his sm piod h ouss mo o his ss o xil, s (2007).

18Molohiya, p o wild g, d kolokas, p o oo simil o poo, oh impo lms o ukish-pio uisi. lhough kolokas(i k, )

is lso igl p o k-pio uisi, molohiya is gll o kow ok-pios.

19 liv spllig o molohiya. o 18.20 uho mks h i gg h hd ud io im, w

whd o glish d o ukish flm v showig. W ollowd hs flms wihsuh plsu h w did v oi how muh h hl-ok his w hu-ig ous umps (lkoglu d:9)

21 s his, s wll, i hopologs disipli mlhol o los ul-us spoild ousid iusio (issll 2005), d i soil hos mouig o hp-mod (u 1987; lso, ikig d Kighl 2006).


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2005 Beyond Numbers: An Inquiry into the Political Integration o the Turkish Settlersin Northern Cyprus. po 4/2005. slo: iol shsiu.

2007 Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking? An Overview o the Ethno-Demographyo Cyprus in the Light o the Preliminary Results o the 2006 Turkish-Cypriot Census. po 2/2007. slo: iol sh siu.

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the jasmin scent of nicosia

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