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JUSTICE DENIED: THE JOURNAL FOR THE WRONGLY CONVICTED PAGE 1 ISSUE 44 - FALL 2010

The Journal for theWrongly Convicted

Murder Conviction Overturned Because Prosecution Relied On Blind Eyewitness!

Man Acquitted By RI Supreme Court Of Drug Convictions Based On Speculation!

Five Camden, New Jersey Police Officers Charged In Fake Evidence Scandal!

Rachel Jernigan Released After 7-½ Years Imprisonment For Bank Robbery !

21 Defendants Freed In Tulsa, Oklahoma Police Evidence Planting Scandal!

Woman Exonerated Because She Is Too Short To Be Criminal! Issue 44Fall 2010

SEE P. 14

Alan Newton

Awarded $18.59million for 12years of wrongfulimprisonment inNew York for rape.

See page 8

Paddy Hill

Awarded traumacounseling for 17years of wrongful im-prisonment for 21murders in England.

See page 9

Zhao Zuohai

Released after 11years of wrongful im-prisonment in Chinafor murdering a manwho was alive.

See page 12

Kirstin BlaiseLobato

Filed a 770-pagehabeas corpuspetition docu-menting she isinnocent of a LasVegas murder.

See page 12

Steve Moore

Fired by PepperdineUniversity for advo-cating that AmandaKnox is innocent ofmurder in Italy.

See page 7


Mother Of Four Mistaken For Bank Robber Freed After Seven Years Imprisonment..........................................................................................3Mikhail Khodorkovsky Tells Judge The Case Against Him Is "Utter Rubbish"...................................................................................................4Orlando Woman Too Short To Be Criminal Exonerated.......................................................................................................................................5Temujin Kensu's Murder Conviction Overturned By Michigan Federal Judge....................................................................................................5The Philippines Considers Compensating The Wrongly Convicted......................................................................................................................6The Innocents Database Now Includes Over 3,000 Wrongly Convicted People...................................................................................................6Man Acquitted By Rhode Island Supreme Court Of Drug Convictions Based On Speculation...........................................................................6Troy Anthony Davis “Is Not Innocent” Rules Federal Judge................................................................................................................................7Judge Michael Heavey Admonished For Advocating Amanda Knox Is Innocent................................................................................................7Ex-FBI Agent Fired By Pepperdine University For Advocating Amanda Knox Is Innocent................................................................................7Five Camden, New Jersey Police Officers Charged In Fake Evidence Scandal....................................................................................................8Alan Newton Awarded $18.59 million For 12 Years Wrongful Imprisonment....................................................................................................8Murder Conviction Overturned Because Of Prosecution’s Reliance On Blind “Eyewitness”..............................................................................8Paddy Hill Awarded Trauma Counseling For 17 Years Wrongful Imprisonment................................................................................................9Norfolk Four Detective Convicted Of Extortion And Lying To The FBI.............................................................................................................921 Defendants Freed In Tulsa Police Corruption Scandal — Convicted Police Officers Will Collect Pensions..................................................9Aquariums of Pyongyang: Ten Years in the North Korean Gulag — Review of the book.................................................................................10Police Torture Victims Awarded $493,000.........................................................................................................................................................11Gladys and Jamie Scott Getting National Publicity In Bid For Mississippi Pardons..........................................................................................11Zhao Zuohai Released After 11 Years Imprisonment When Murder Victim Turns Up Alive............................................................................12China Raises Wrongful Conviction Compensation To $18.50 Per Day..............................................................................................................12Kirstin Blaise Lobato Files 770-page Habeas Corpus Petition............................................................................................................................12Is “Conviction” Factual, Or A Fictionalized Movie Of Kenneth Waters’ Case?.................................................................................................13Compensation Awarded In The U.S. To The Wrongly Convicted In 2009.........................................................................................................14International Compensation 2009........................................................................................................................................................................14Justice:Denied’s Bookshop..................................................................................................................................................................................15

Information About Justice:DeniedJustice:Denied promotes awareness of wrongful convictions andtheir causes. It provides information about convicted peopleclaiming innocence, exonerated people, and compensationawards, and provides book and movie reviews, and reports aboutcourt decisions, and law review and journal articles related towrongful convictions.

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If you have an account of a wrongful conviction that you want toshare, send a first-class stamp or a pre-stamped envelope with arequest for an information packet to, Justice Denied, PO Box68911, Seattle, WA 98168. Cases of wrongful conviction submit-ted in accordance with Justice:Denied’s guidelines will be re-viewed for their suitability to be published. Justice:Deniedreserves the right to edit all submitted accounts for any reason.Justice:Denied is published four times yearly. Justice:Denied is atrade name of The Justice Institute, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organi-zation. If you want to financially support the important work ofpublicizing wrongful convictions, tax deductible contributions canbe made to:

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Message From The PublisherJustice:Denied’s article in 2000 about four young Navy men con-victed of the 1998 rape and murder of an 18-year-old woman inNorfolk, Virginia was the first published article that questioned themen’s guilt. Those four men became known as the Norfolk Four,and as of August 2009 they were released from prison. The leaddetective on the Norfolk Four case was convicted in October 2010of lying to the FBI and extortion. See p. 9.Numerous experiments and real life cases have established thateyewitness testimony is unreliable under the best of circumstances.But it pushed the envelope when prosecutors in Baltimore, Mary-land relied on a legally blind eyewitness to ensure Tony Williams’1999 murder conviction. See page 8.Dr. Adrian Grounds’ research has discovered wrongful imprison-ment has a similar psychological effect on a person as being in a warzone. After years of effort by Paddy Hill the British governmentfinally approved special trauma counseling to help him deal with theafter-effects of 17 years of wrongful imprisonment for 21 murdersthat he and his five co-defendants did not commit. See page 9.The consequences of publicly advocating a convicted person isinnocent have been separately experienced by two supporters ofSeattle native Amanda Knox who was convicted in 2009 of mur-dering a woman in Italy. See page 7.Two major police scandals, one in Tulsa, Oklahoma and the otherin Camden, New Jersey, involve the framing of dozens of innocentpeople by planting evidence, falsifying police reports, perjury, andother techniques. See pages 8 and 9.Justice Denied is proud to announce that it has published From TheBig House To Your House, a cookbook written by six Texas womenprisoners, two of whom claim innocence of their murder convictions.The 200 recipes can be made by people in an out of prison. See p. 13.Hans Sherrer, Editor and Publisherwww.justicedenied.org – email: [email protected]

logo represents the snake of eviland injustice climbing up on the scales of justice.

Justice:Denied - Issue 44, Fall 2010Table of Contents

ISSN: 1937-2388


Rachel Jernigan was arrested onNovember 10, 2000 and charged

with the September 2000 robbery of aBank of America branch in Gilbert,Arizona, a few miles east of Phoenix.She was also charged with two otherPhoenix area bank robberies commit-ted in October 2000. She was not re-leased on bail.

Based on grainy bank surveillance videoand witness statements the robber of all thebanks was described as a very short (5')Hispanic woman with severe acne or pock-marked skin. The robber said nothing anddemanded money from the teller with ahandwritten note that said she had a firearm.

The 31-year-old Jernigan was about 5', His-panic, and she acne, but when questioned bythe FBI she denied being the robber orknowing anything about the robberies. Shetold thr FBI she was a homemaker andmother of four children, not a bank robber.

Within weeks of Jernigan’s arrest Bank ofAmerica branches in the Phoenix suburbs ofChandler and Tempe were robbed by awoman fitting Jernigan’s description andusing the same method of operation as thethree robberies she was charged with. Thenless than a month after Jernigan’s arrest adifferent Bank of America in Gilbert wasrobbed by a silent woman of the same de-scription and using the same M.O.

The judge granted s defense motion to severthe September 2000 bank robbery chargefrom the other two robberies. Her federalcourt trial for the September 2000 robberybegan in March 2001. Neither prior to norduring Jernigan’s trial did the prosecutiondisclose to her lawyer that at least threebanks were robbed in the greater Phoenixarea after her arrest by a woman fitting herphysical description and using the sameM.O. as the robberies she was charged with.

The prosecution did not present any physi-cal or forensic evidence during Jernigan’strial linking her to the September 2000 bankrobbery. Their only evidence was the grainybank surveillance video and the testimonyof five eyewitnesses – none Hispanic – whoidentified Jernigan in court. Not knowingabout the bank robberies after Jernigan’sarrest, the jury rejected her mistaken identi-ty defense. Jernigan was convicted and sen-tenced to 14 years in prison and five yearsof supervised release. The governmentagreed to dismissal of Jernigan’s indictmentfor the two October 2000 bank robberies.

Nine months after Jernigan’s convictionsomething remarkable happened. In De-

cember 2001 a woman fitting Jernigan’sdescription robbed the same bank that Jerni-gan had been convicted of robbing in Sep-tember 2000, and she robbed it using asimilar note and she said nothing. Less thanan hour after the robbery the woman wasarrested. The physical description of thewoman – Juanita Rodriguez-Gallegos – wasnearly identical to Jernigan. Gallegos wascharged with three bank robberies, but shepled guilty to a firearms charge in exchangefor the bank robbery charges being dropped.

Jernigan eventually learned of Gallegos’arrest from fellow prisoners. She immedi-ately informed her attorney who investigat-ed and discovered the prosecution failed todisclose the three bank robberies that werecommitted after her arrest and before hertrial. Since less than three years had elapsedsince her conviction, in January 2004 Jerni-gan filed a motion for a new trial based onnew evidence under Federal Rule of Crimi-nal Procedure 33, and the U.S. SupremeCourt’s ruling in Brady vs Maryland(1963). The Brady decision requires theprosecution to disclose potentially exculpa-tory evidence to a defendant. Her motionalleged she was denied a fair trial becausethe prosecution failed to disclose to herlawyers that a similar looking woman usingthe same M.O. robbed a number of Phoenixarea banks after her arrest.

To prove a Brady violation Jernigan had toestablish that the non-disclosed evidencewas material, i.e., that if her jury had knownabout the continuing bank robberies there isa “reasonable probability” her trials’ out-come would have been different. Jernigan’strial judge denied her motion, ruling theevidence of the bank robberies wasn’t mate-rial because even though they were thesame size, Hispanics and had skin prob-lems, Jernigan and Gallegos were not look-a-likes and the eyewitnesses had identifiedJernigan as the robber. Since the judge ruledthe new evidence wasn’t material, it didn’tsupport a new trial under Rule 33 or Brady.

The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals agreedto review the denial of Jernigan’s motion. A

three-judge panel upheld the lower court’sruling by a two to one vote, agreeing thatthe new evidence wasn’t material so itdidn’t support granting a new trial.

The Ninth Circuit agreed to review thepanel’s decision en banc. The Court over-turning Jernigan’s conviction by a vote of13-2. U.S. v. Jernigan, No. 05-10086 (9thCir., July 9, 2007) The opinion stated theprosecution’s case was solely based on the“inaccurate or inconsistent” eyewitness tes-timony, and the witnesses identification ofJernigan were “questionable” because fourof the five witnesses weren’t asked to iden-tify Jernigan until about the time of her trialsix months after the robbery. The identifica-tions of Jernigan were “particularly sus-pect” because none of the witnesses wasHispanic, and psychology research by psy-chologist Elizabeth Loftus and others hasdemonstrated the tendency for cross-racialidentifications to be inaccurate.

The Court’s opinion also emphasized theremarkable similarity of how all the robber-ies were executed, and that FBI statisticsreveal that women and Hispanics rarely robbanks: “The likelihood of two short, Hispan-ic female robbers with pockmarked skinholding up banks in the same area is there-fore extremely low.” The opinion concluded:

The existence of another bank robber forwhom Jernigan may well have beenmistaken also magnifies the significanceof the gaps and inconsistencies in theprosecution’s case. The most obviousgap, as noted earlier, was the completelack of physical evidence connectingJernigan to the crime. Even after Jerni-gan was arrested, the police failed toproduce any physical evidence connect-ing her to the crime: a fingerprint liftedfrom the victim teller’s window did notmatch Jernigan’s print, and, after Jerni-gan was arrested, the police failed tofind the stolen money, the firearm usedto conduct the robbery, or any clothingresembling that worn by the robber.

Mother Of Four MistakenFor Bank Robber Freed After

Seven Years ImprisonmentBy Hans Sherrer

Jernigan cont. on p. 4

“The government has deprived Jerni-gan of a fair trial and placed a possi-bly innocent woman behind bars.”Federal 9th Circuit Court of Appeals

Rachel Jernigan and her attorney, Alan Simpson,look at pictures of a lineup which led to herwrongful conviction of bank robbery in 2001.(AP photo)


…As we view the withheld evidence in thecontext of the entire record, it is appar-ent to us that the evidence [of other bankrobberies] was material and that Jerni-gan was prejudiced by its suppression.Withholding knowledge of a secondsuspect conflicts with the SupremeCourt’s directive that “the criminal trial,as distinct from the prosecutor’s privatedeliberations, [be preserved] as the cho-sen forum for ascertaining the truthabout criminal accusations.” Kyles, 514U.S. at 440. By suppressing this evi-dence, the prosecution arrogated to itselfa central function belonging to the crim-inal jury and pursued its role as adver-sary to the exclusion of its role asarchitect of a just trial. The governmenthas deprived Jernigan of a fair trial andplaced a possibly innocent woman be-hind bars. Because the evidence with-held by the government was material,we reverse the decision of the panel anddistrict court, and remand to the districtcourt for further proceedings consistentwith our opinion. U.S. v. Jernigan, No.05-10086 (9th Cir., July 9, 2007)

For seven months Jernigan remained im-

prisoned in a limbo-land. She did not knowif the government was going to drop thecharges or retry her. Then on February 5,2008, the government submitted a motion todismiss Jernigan’s indictment. The motiondetailed that two days earlier Gallegos con-fessed to federal law enforcement officialsthat she robbed the three banks Jernigan hadbeen indicted for robbing. Due to the unusu-al circumstances the judge immediatelygranted the motion and ordered Jernigan’srelease from custody after 7 years and 4months of imprisonment.

The night of her release she had dinner at aPhoenix area McDonald’s with her hus-band, children and other family members.Two days after Jernigan’s release she toldreporters she needed a job. “I don’t carewhat it is. I’ll work at McDonald’s, I’llwork at Jack in the Box, Circle K, whatever.I’ll do whatever they’ll let me do.”

Jernigan’s attorney was Alan Simpson, whorepresented Ray Krone when he was re-leased from Arizona’s death row in April2002 after new DNA evidence proved hedid not commit a Phoenix murder. Simpsontold reporters about Jernigan, “This is aclassic misidentification. Misidentificationsdo happen. (Witnesses) aren’t being meanor nasty, but psychologically, if you have a

bad lineup, that can taint what happens inthe courtroom.”

Gallegos remained in federal prison untilher release on November 27, 2009. She wasnot charged with the bank robberies sheconfessed to committing.

Jernigan filed a federal civil rights lawsuitin December 2008 that named as defendantsthe FBI agents involved in her case, the cityof Gilbert, and several other people. In June2010 the judge denied Jernigan’s motion toamend her complaint. As of November2010 her lawsuit has not been resolved.

Sources:U.S. v. Jernigan, No. 05-10086 (9th Cir., July 9,2007).“Mom freed; served 7 years for heist she didn’tcommit,” Arizona Republic, February 7, 2008.Jernigan v. Richard et al, No CV-08-2332-PHX-GMS (filed December 23, 2008).

Jernigan cont. from p. 3

Mikhail Khodorkovsky was Russia’srichest man and the 16 wealthiest

man in the world when he was arrested in2003 and charged with tax evasion. Therewas widespread speculation the chargeswere politically motivated because he waspublicly critical of then Russian PresidentVladimir Putin and he funded oppositionparties. Khodorkovsky’s prosecution neu-tralized his influence on the 2004 RussianPresidential election.

Khodorkovsky was the largest stockholderin the oil company Yukos. Khodorkovsky’spartner and Yukos’ second largest stock-holder, Platon Lebedev, was also chargedwith tax evasion. The two were held withoutbail. After an 11 month trial they were con-victed in May 2005 and sentenced to 9 yearsin prison, which was later reduced to 8 years.

Khodorkovsky’s conviction made news inthe U.S. when it was reported that PresidentGeorge Bush expressed concern to RussianPresident Putin that Khodorkovsky “had

been judged guilty prior to a fair trial.”

Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were severalmonths from being eligible for parole in2007 when they were charged with embez-

zlement and money laundering. The newcharges prevented their release prior to the2008 Russian Presidential election. If convict-ed of the new charges they would be impris-oned during both the 2012 and 2016 electionsthat Putin is expected to participate in.

The men’s trial began in March 2009 and theclose of evidence didn’t end until 19 monthslater in October 2010. Khodorkovsky, 47,gave his own closing argument on October26. It lasted for three hours. The men areaccused of stealing oil worth $27 billion andKhodorkovsky told the judge that if thatamount of oil were placed in freight trainsthey would circle the equator twice. He thentold the judge, “I am sure that you are com-petent enough to understand that the allega-tions made by the prosecution are utterrubbish” that hadn’t been proven, and heurged the judge to dismiss the charges.

When Khodorkovsky was brought hand-cuffed into the courtroom dozens of hissupporters, including former World Chess

Champion Garry Kasparov, cheered andchanted “Freedom, freedom!” Kasparovtold reporters , this “political trial will deter-mine the configuration of the future govern-ment in Russia.”

The verdict in Khodorkovsky and Lebedev’scase is expected on December 27, 2010.

Once a multi-billionaire, Forbes magazinehas estimated that because of his legal trou-bles and the collapse of Yukos that Khodor-kovsky has only a fraction of his wealth left.

Khodorkovsky and Lebedev’s official web-site is, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com

Mikhail Khodorkovsky (left) and Platon Lebedevin 2004 during their first trial. In Russia defendantsare kept in a cage in the courtroom. (Life magazine)

Mikhail Khodorkovsky TellsJudge The Case Against Him

Is “Utter Rubbish”

www.justicedenied.org- Visit JD on the Internet -

Order books and videos related towrongful convictions, read back is-sues and much more!


Temujin Kensu's MurderConviction Overturned By

Michigan Federal Judge

Temujin Kensu? (formerly known asFred Freeman) was convicted in 1987

of murdering a man in Port Huron, Michi-gan in 1986. His defense was that at thetime of the murder he was 450 miles awayin Escanaba, Michigan

Kensu’s case was taken up by the InnocenceClinic at the University of Michigan LawSchool, and Proving Innocence, a Michiganbased organization that investigates cases ofwrongful conviction.

After almost 24 years of incarceration U. S.District Judge Denise Page Hood grantedKensu’s federal habeas corpus petition onOctober 14, 2010. Judge Hood grantedKensu’s habeas petition based on 3 grounds:

1. Ineffective Assistance of Counsela. Obstruction of Petitioner’s Right toTestify in his own Defenseb. Failure to Call Michelle Woodworth(his main alibi witness)2. Prosecutorial Misconducta. Jailhouse Informant’s Concealment

of Promises By Prosecution (Philip Jop-lin, who made up a Kensu confession inexchange for leniency)3. Ineffective Assistance of AppellateCounsel

Judge Hood’s 52-page ruling concludes:It is hereby ordered that petitioner's ap-plication for writ of habeas corpus isconditionally granted, unless the statetakes action to afford petitioner a newtrial within ninety (90) days of the dateof this opinion. If no appeal is taken,otherwise, within ninety (90) days afterany appellate avenues are exhausted anda mandate issued, petitioner may applyfor a writ ordering respondent to releasehim from custody forthwith.

When notified of Judge Hood's ruling, Ke-nus’ wife A’miko Kensu was overjoyed,telling reporters, “It’s been 24 years. To sayyou’re innocent for 24 years and to finallyhave someone acknowledge that thingsweren’t right in the trial is uplifting.”

Although the State appealed Judge Hood’sruling, and Kensu has not yet been released,years of effort by the Innocence Clinic atthe University of Michigan Law School andProving Innocence has overcome the huge

hurdle of getting a federal judge to ac-knowledge Kensu didn’t receive a fair trial.

Ironically, Judge Hood found that prosecu-torial misconduct was committed by fellowfederal judge Robert Cleland, who in 1987was the lead St. Clair County prosecutor inKensu’s case.

Sources:Overturning convictions uncommon, The TimesHerald (Port Huron, MI), October 16, 2010.Freeman v. Trombley, No 07-10350 (USDC EDMI, October 14, 2010.

A'miko Kensu, left, and her husband TemujinKensu. (2004 prison photo)

Woman Too Short To BeCriminal Is Exonerated

Malenne Joseph testified during herJune 2010 trial in Orlando, Florida

that she was not working as a painter inDecember 2007 and she was not the“Marlene” who splashed paint in a housecausing $10,000 dollars in damage after shewasn't paid for a painting job.

The contractor who built the house testified,and even though he had not seen the culpritfor 2-1/2 years, he identified Ms. Joseph.Based primarily on his identification thejury convicted her of felony criminal mis-chief.

While awaiting sentencing Ms. Joseph in-sisted to her new lawyers that she was inno-cent. Her lawyers decided to interview thecontractor and when told that Ms. Josephwas 5'-2" tall, he said she couldn't havecommitted the crime because the womanwho splashed the paint was taller than himand he is 5'-6". Ms. Joseph’s lawyers alsofound new evidence that during the week ofthe crime she was working two jobs -- oneat Burger King and the other at a nursing-home facility -- but not as a painter.

Her lawyer’s filed a mo-tion for a new trial basedon the new evidence, andthe Orlando Sentinel pub-lished a story about hercase on September 1,2010. After reviewing themotion and investigatingits claims, the Orange-Os-ceola State Attorney’s Of-fice agreed to release Ms.Joseph on bail on Septem-ber 15, 2010, after she hadbeen jailed for 3 months.

The State’s Attorney’s Office filed a motionon September 28 to set aside her conviction.

Ms Joseph would have been acquitted if hertrial lawyer had simply had her stand upwhen the contractor testified at trial, be-cause he would have known then that shewas the wrong person.

Malenne Joseph’s attorneys, Paula Coffmanand Nicole Benjamin, deserve credit for be-lieving her when she insisted she was inno-cent and finding the evidence to prove it.Source:Prosecutors ask judge to throw out guilty verdictagainst Malenne Joseph, Orlando Sentinel, September28, 2010.

Malenne Josephafter her release.(Joshua C. Cruey)

Freeing The InnocentA Handbook for the

Wrongfully ConvictedBy Michael and Becky Pardue

Self-help manual jam packed withhands-on - ‘You Too Can Do It’ - ad-vice explaining how Michael Parduewas freed in 2001 after 28 years ofwrongful imprisonment.

Soft-cover. Send $15 (check, moneyorder or stamps) to: Justice Denied;PO Box 68911; Seattle, WA 98168.(See Order Form on p. 17). Or orderwith a credit card from JD’s website,www.justicedenied.org

“I congratulate you on your marvel-lous book .”Paul Wilson, Professor of Criminology,

Bond University

“Thank you for the great book. Ihave to share it with so many thathave helped and continue to help on

my appeal.”JD, Florida Death Row Prisoner


The Innocents DatabaseNow Includes Over 3,000

Wrongly Convicted People

The Innocents Database linked to fromJustice Denied's website is the world

largest database of wrongly convicted peo-ple. As of November 2010 the database lists3,105 cases. All the cases are supported bysources for research. Those sources includebooks, newspaper and magazine articles,and court decisions.

The Innocents Database includes: 542 innocent people were sentenced todeath.

626 innocent people were sentenced tolife in prison.

1,315 innocent people convicted of mur-der were imprisoned an average of 9-1/4years before their exoneration.

456 innocent people convicted of rapewere imprisoned an average of 10 yearsbefore their exoneration.

450 innocent people were exonerated af-ter a false confession by him or herself ora co-defendant (216 of these people wereconvicted in the U.S. and 219 in othercountries.)

138 innocent people were convicted of acrime that never occurred.

49 innocent people were convicted of acrime when they were in another city,state or country from where the crimeoccurred.

789 innocent people had 1 or more co-defendants. The most innocent co-defen-dants in any one case was 28, and twoother cases had 12 co-defendants each.

11% of wrongly convicted persons arewomen.

The average for all exonerated persons is7-1/2 years imprisonment before their ex-oneration.

31 is the average age when a person iswrongly convicted.

Innocent people convicted in 93 countriesare in the database.

The Innocents Database is on the Internet at,www.forejustice.org/search_idb.htm

Man Acquitted By RhodeIsland Supreme CourtOf Drug ConvictionsBased On Speculation

In November 2003 Robinson Berroapicked up two women at the airport in

Warwick, Rhode Island. His car was subse-quently stopped by police, and Berroa fullycooperated in providing his identification,vehicle registration, and he consented to asearch of his car.

During the search cocaine was found in thepurse of both women. Berroa was eventual-ly charged with possession of a controlledsubstance (cocaine) and conspiracy to vio-late Rhode Island’s Uniform ControlledSubstances Act.

Berroa waived his right to a jury trial. Theprosecution had no evidence that Berroa hadany knowledge there was cocaine in thewomen’s purses, so their case was based onthe fact that since he picked them up from theairport he must have known they had cocaine.In May 2008 a judge found him guilty of thecharges. After the verdict Berroa’s attorneymade a motion for a judgment of acquittal

based on insufficient evidence, which thejudge denied. Berroa was sentenced to 10years in prison and 10 years probation.

The Rhode Island Supreme Court acquittedBerroa of all charges on November 1, 2010.In their opinion the Court ruled there wasinsufficient evidence of Berroa’s guilt be-cause it was pure speculation that he hadany knowledge the women had cocaine intheir purse, and the prosecution substitutedtheir speculative “pyramiding of infer-ences” as a substitute for actual evidenceBerroa had committed any crime. The Courtstated in part:

“In our opinion, this case is firmly con-trolled by a myriad of holdings thatprohibit the pyramiding of inferences.We have said, “it is well established that‘[t]hrough a process of logical deduc-tion, the state may prove guilt from anestablished circumstantial fact through aseries of inferences.’” [citation omitted]However, “[i]f [the] pyramiding of in-ferences becomes speculative, [then]proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubtwill not be found.” [citation omitted]“We have recognized that pyramidingof inferences becomes speculative whenthe initial inference rests upon an am-biguous fact that may support other

inferences which are clearly inconsis-tent with guilt.”Furthermore, when the evidence beforethe trial court was insufficient to sup-port a conclusion beyond a reasonabledoubt that the defendant had knowledgeof and intended to exercise control overthe cocaine found in the women’s purs-es, it defies logic to extract from thesame set of facts a supportable inferencethat he agreed with these same womento traffic in drugs. ... Here, there is sim-ply no evidence that can serve as a rea-sonable foundation for an agreementbetween Mr. Berroa and the two womenhe picked up at the airport.For the reasons set forth in this opinion,we vacate the judgment of conviction.The record is remanded to the SuperiorCourt for entry of judgment of acquittal.”

Robinson Berroa was subsequently releasedfrom prison.

Sources:State v. Robinson Berroa, No. 08-53-C.A.(RI Sup. Ct., November 1, 2010.)New Bedford man’s RI drug convictionvacated, Boston Herald , November 2, 2010.

The PhilippinesConsiders CompensatingThe Wrongly Convicted

A bill has been filed in the PhilippinesSenate to compensate an innocent per-

son for their wrongful imprisonment. Sen-ate Bill 1409 authorizes compensating aperson for as much as twice the amount ofhis or her income during the year prior tohis or her incarceration, or the amount of$2,200 (P100,000) for each year of incar-ceration, whichever is higher.

The proposed bill would require that a“claimant” establish by clear and convinc-ing evidence that: He/she was unjustly convicted of a crimeand subsequently sentenced to a term ofimprisonment, and has served all or anypart of his sentence.

He/she did not commit the crime forwhich was convicted.

He/she did not, by their own conduct,cause or bring about their conviction.

“No justice system is perfect,” said SenatorLoren Legarda who filed the bill, “but be-cause the State is the guardian of the

people’s rights it is mandated to protect therights of persons wrongfully convicted of acrime.”

Source:Compensation for person wrongfully convictedurged, Manila Bulletin, August 19, 2010.


Judge Michael HeaveyAdmonished For

Advocating AmandaKnox Is Innocent

Amanda Knox is a 23-year-old Seattle,Washington native whose prosecution

for the November 2007 murder of her col-lege roommate in Perugia, Italy is an inter-national cause célèbre. She and herboyfriend Raffaele Sollecito were convictedof the murder in December 2009. Knox wassentenced to 26 years in prison and Sol-lecito was sentenced to 25 years in prison.

King County Superior Court Judge MichaelJ. Heavey’s daughter went to school withKnox, and he became an outspoken advo-

cate for Knox’s innocence. Among JudgeHeavey’s activities on behalf of Knox is hewrote three letters to officials in Italy thatincluded a judge.

After an investigation, in April 2009 theWashington Commission on Judicial Con-duct began proceedings based on allegedethical wrongdoing by Judge Heavey foradvocating Knox’s innocence. After negoti-ations with Judge Heavey, on September24, 2010, the Commission released itsSTIPULATION, AGREEMENT, ANDORDER OF ADMONISHMENT thatfound Heavey guilty of violating three Can-ons of judicial ethics -- Canons 1, 2(A), and2(B). Those Canons relate to a judge lend-ing the prestige of their office to advancethe private interests of the judge or others,and that activity doesn’t uphold the integri-

ty of the judiciary by failing to avoid impro-priety and the appearance of impropriety,and by acting at all times in a manner thatpromotes public confidence in the integrityand impartiality of the judiciary.

Judge Heavey’s punishment was an admon-ishment, which is the least severe punish-ment the Commission can impose.

Amanda Knox’s appeal of her convictionbegan on November 24, 2010.

Sources:In re The Honorable Michael Heavey, NO.5975-F-145, WA CJC, September 24, 2010(Stipulation, Agreement, and Order of Admon-ishment)“As appeal approaches, Knox circus won’t slowdown,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September28, 2010.

Ex-FBI Agent Fired ByPepperdine University

For Advocating AmandaKnox Is Innocent

Steve Moore was an FBI Special Agentfor 25 years. With the FBI he was a

Supervisory Special Agent with the investi-gation and prosecution of violent crime,from murder to mass-murder and terrorism.He was the supervisor of the Al QaedaInvestigations squad, and ran the FBI’s LosAngeles-based “Extra-Territorial Squad”responding to terrorism against the UnitedStates in Asia.

After his retirement from the FBI Pepper-dine University in Malibu, California hiredMoore as deputy director of public safety.

At the urging of his wife, in his spare time

Moore began looking into the case ofAmanda Knox and her boyfriend RaffaeleSollecito. They were convicted in Decem-ber 2009 of the November 2007 murderKnox’s roommate in Perugia Italy, wherethe two women were attending college.Knox, 23, is from Seattle, Washington andshe attended the University of Washingtonbefore going to Italy to study. She wassentenced to 26 years in prison and Sol-lecito was sentenced to 25 years in prison.

Moore became convinced that Knox andSollecito are innocent. He then began advo-cating for them by writing online articlesand speaking out publicly. The Injustice inPerugia website has Moore’s articles online.

Although Moore only conducted is activi-ties on behalf of Knox and Sollecito whenhe was not working, Pepperdine reacted tothe media attention Moore was garnering byfiring him on September 28, 2010. Moorefiled a wrongful termination lawsuit against

Pepperdine University on October 7, 2010.

Amanda Knox’s appeal of her conviction be-gan on November 24, 2010 in Perugia Italy.An appeal in Italy consists of a retrial that caninclude consideration of new evidence.

Sources:Pepperdine fires man trying to free AmericanAmanda Knox, Ventura County Star, October 8,2010.

Steve Moore and his wife Michelle Moore(Photo by Karen Quincy Loberg / Ventural County Star)

Troy Anthony Davis “IsNot Innocent” Rules

Federal Judge

U.S. District Court Judge William T.Moore Jr. denied Troy Anthony Davis’

habeas corpus petition on August 24, 2010.In his 172-page ruling Judge Moore ruled“Mr. Davis is not innocent” of murdering“City of Savannah Police Officer Mark AllenMacPhail on August 19, 1989.” Davis’ habe-as corpus petition was based on his claim ofbeing actually innocent of the crime, andJudge Moore’s determined that Davis hadfailed to prove by “clear and convincing

evidence” that he was in fact innocent.

Davis has garnered international publicityin his effort to overturn his capital convic-tion and death sentence, based on the recan-tation of seven of the nine eyewitnesseswho testified at his trial. Judge Moore ruledin regard to the new evidence:

Ultimately, while Mr. Davis's new evi-dence casts some additional, minimaldoubt on his conviction, it is largelysmoke and mirrors. The vast majority ofthe evidence at trial remains intact, andthe new evidence is largely not credibleor lacking in probative value. After care-ful consideration, the Court finds thatMr. Davis has failed to make a showing

of actual innocence that would entitlehim to habeas relief in federal court.Accordingly, the Petition for a Writ ofHabeas Corpus is DENIED. (170-171)

Davis may be able to bypass the 11th CircuitCourt of Appeals by directly appealing JudgeMoore’s ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Davis’ sister Martina Correia has led thecampaign to free her brother, and the offi-cial Troy Anthony Davis website is at,http://www.troyanthonydavis.org

Source:In Re Troy Anthony Davis, No. CV409-130(USDC SD GA, 8-24-2010).


Alan Newton Awarded$18.6 Million For 12 YearsWrongful Imprisonment

By John Schutty

Alan Newton was wrongfully incarcerat-ed a total of 22 years for a rape he did

not commit. He was released in 2006 afterDNA testing of the victim’s rape kit exclud-ed him as her assailant.

Newton filed a federal civil rights lawsuitagainst the New York City, the NYPD, andseveral officers. False arrest and maliciousprosecution claims were dismissed by thejudge prior to trial, principally on the groundthat the arresting police officers could rea-sonably rely on the two eyewitness identifi-cations that allegedly led to Mr. Newton’sarrest and conviction. The judge also ruled

that Newton could onlyclaim damages for the last12 years of his incarcera-tion. During those yearsNew York City failed toproduce a misplaced rapekit to him for DNA testingbetween 1994 and 2005.

After a 3-½ week trial thejury awarded Newton a total of $18 millionin damages against New York City; the juryalso awarded Newton $500,000 against asenior police supervisor, Deputy Chief JackTrabitz; and $92,000 against another super-visor, Sergeant Patrick McGuire, for“intentionally inflicting emotional distress”upon Newton.

About the author: John Schutty was AlanNewton’s civil attorney. His website is,www.johnschutty.com

Murder ConvictionOverturned Because OfProsecution’s RelianceOn Blind “Eyewitness”

Tony Williams was convicted in 1999 ofthe 1998 murder of his fiancee in Balti-

more based on the testimony of two wit-nesses. His conviction was overturned in2003 and a new trial ordered because theprosecution failed to disclose that one oftheir two key witnesses was a paid policeinformant who was expecting a sentencereduction for his testimony.

The other witness was a woman who testifiedthat from her bedroom window she saw Wil-liams leaving the apartment building wherethe shooting took place. It was disclosed forthe first time by a detective during a hearingpreceding Williams’ 2007 retrial that thewoman was legally blind when she identifiedWilliams from a lineup and at his trial. Thewoman had died, but the prosecution soughtto admit her videotaped testimony from hisfirst trial. Williams’ lawyers objected on theground that because she was dead Williamswas unable to use the new evidence to cross-examine her about her eyesight and the accu-racy of her identification. However, the trialjudge allowed her videotaped testimony, rul-ing that the defense could argue during open-ing and closing statements that her blindnessprevented her from accurately identifying thatWilliams was the person she saw leaving theapartment building after the woman was shot.

The informant did not testify at Williams’second trial.

On November 3, 2010, Maryland’s Court ofAppeals overturned Williams’ convictionand ordered a retrial. The Court ruled theprosecution had an obligation to disclosethe woman’s impaired eyesight to Wil-liams’ lawyers prior to his first trial, andtherefore his lawyers did not have an oppor-tunity to effectively cross-examine herabout her impaired vision. Consequently,the judge abused his discretion in allowingher videotaped testimony at his second trialabout anything she may have seen.

Although the Court didn’t bar Williams’from a third trial, the prosecution now hasno witness identifying him as being in-volved in the crime.

Source: Tony Williams v Maryland, No. 30 (MDCt of Appeals 9-27-2010). Available at,www.mdcourts.gov/opinions/coa/2010/30a09.pdf

Alan Newton

Five Camden, NewJersey Police Officers

Charged In FakeEvidence Scandal

The FBI’s two year investigation into theCamden, New Jersey Police Depart-

ment has resulted in the United State’s larg-est scandal involving the framing ofinnocent people since the discovery that 38innocent people were convicted of drugcharges in Tulia, Texas in the late 1990s andearly 2000s, and the discovery that over 100innocent people were convicted based onwrongdoing by the Los Angeles PoliceDept’s Rampart Unit in the late 1990s.

From May 2007 until 2009 a group of Cam-den police officers systematically robbeddrug dealers of money and drugs, and thenplanted the drugs on people who they hadno evidence were involved in drug activity.

In early 2010 three Camden police officerspled guilty to federal charges resulting fromthe FBI investigation. Those officers, KevinParry, 30, Jason Stetser, 32 and Dan Morris,47, are awaiting sentencing and face up to10 years in prison.

On October 13, 2010, two more Camdenpolice officers were indicted on federalcharges related to falsifying police reportsand planting drugs on innocent people. Thetwo officers are Antonio Figueroa 34, andRobert Bayard, 32.

The Camden County Prosecutor's Office

reports the FBI investigation has resulted inthe dismissal of charges against at least 210people. That includes at least 171 defen-dants whose indictments were dismissedeither prior to or after their conviction. Be-cause a judge has sealed the court records,the prosecutor’s office has declined to pro-vide specific information about the cases.

Dozens of defendant’s have been releasedfrom prison, and numerous lawsuits havebeen filed against the Camden Police De-partment, the City of Camden and the offi-cers involved.

At the news conference announcing theindictment of the two officers, U.S. Attor-ney Paul Fishman said the Camden policeofficers "intentionally and systematicallyabused their authority" and carried out a“lengthy and frightening pattern of crimes.”

Sources:Officers accused of planting evidence on drugsuspects, Courier Post (Camden, NJ), October15, 2010.Camden drops charges against 185 people afterpolice misconduct investigation, The AssociatedPress, March 19, 2010.

“A lie goes ‘round the worldwhile truth’s still putting its

boots on, sweetheart.”

Dialogue in A Cry in the Dark, amovie about the 1982 wrongful

conviction of Lindy Chamberlain forthe murder of her infant daughter who

was actually killed by a dingo.


21 Defendants Freed InTulsa Police CorruptionScandal -- ConvictedPolice Officers Will

Collect Pensions

A police corruption scandal in Tulsa,Oklahoma has resulted in the overturn-

ing of 21 state and federal convictions. Thedefendants were framed on drug and/orweapons charges by a variety of police tac-tics. The most recent overturned convictionwas on October 27, 2010, when Demario T.Harris was freed from a life sentence for afederal drug conviction.

Six current and former law enforcementofficers have been indicted on federalcharges that include allegations the officersstole drug money, falsified reports, planteddrugs, tampered with witnesses, and com-mitted perjury and civil rights violations.

There has been testimony in federal courtby Tulsa Deputy Police Chief Mark McCro-ry that at least one of the officers, John K.Gray, is also implicated in a multi-stateburglary ring that may be linked to severalhomicides. Gray has pled guilty to stealingmoney during an FBI sting.

Sheila Devereux is serving a life sentencefor a state drug conviction. She may haveher conviction overturned because the offi-cers involved were two of those indicted inthe cases already overturned. Devereuxturned down a plea deal of 7 years, claimingshe was innocent, and she was sentenced tolife in prison after her conviction by a jury.

One thing the indicted officers won’t have toworry about if they are convicted and sent toprison, is receiving their pension payments.Under the rules of the Oklahoma Police Pen-sion and Retirement System pension pay-ments are not affected by a conviction forengaging in criminal activity while a policeofficer, unless the officer was convicted ofstealing from the OK Retirement System.

A spokesman for the Oklahoma Police Pen-sion and Retirement System said that ifconvicted and imprisoned the officer’s pen-sion benefits of about $30,000 per yearwould be deposited directly into an accountof the holder’s choosing.

Sources:Tulsa man’s life sentence vacated, TulsaWorld, October 28, 2010.

Paddy Hill AwardedTrauma Counseling For

17 Years WrongfulImprisonment

Paddy (Patrick Joseph) Hill was one ofsix men exonerated and released in

1991 after 17 years of wrongful imprison-ment for several IRA bombings of pubs inBirmingham, England in 1974 that killed 21people and injured 162. The press dubbedthe men the Birmingham Six.

The intense media coverage of the wrongfulconviction cases of the Birmingham Six(1991), the Guildford Four (1989) (madeinto the movie In the Name of My Fatherstarring Daniel Day-Lewis), and the Magu-ire Seven (1991) were the driving forcebehind creation of England’s Criminal CaseReview Commission in 1995. Since it be-gan operating in 1997 England’s CCRC hasassisted in the exoneration of 302 people.

The Birmingham Six were financially com-pensated, but the British government refusedto provide specialized psychological counsel-ing required by an innocent person trauma-tized by many years of wrongfulimprisonment. Dr. Adrian Grounds, the lead-

ing researcher on the psy-chological effects ofwrongful imprisonmenton an exonerated person,has described it as a formof post-traumatic stressdisorder similar to that ex-perienced by combat sol-

diers after they return home. In 2007 Dr.Grounds reported the Birmingham Six’s mis-treatment had been so severe that they hadsuffered “irreversible psychological damage.”

Lawyer Gareth Peirce represented the Bir-mingham Six and the Guildford Four, andafter many years of effort she was able toget the British government to agree to pro-vide special trauma counseling to PaddyHill. Peirce told reporters, “There simply isnot any treatment available in the NationalHealth Service for victims like Paddy, whohave experienced such extreme torture andfalse imprisonment at the hands of theirown government.”

Sources:Paddy Hill wins trauma counselling for Birming-ham Six ordeal, Guardian (London), October 19,2010.British justice’s shaky history, New Statesman(London), November 15, 2007.Criminal Case Review Commission,www.ccrc.gov.uk

Norfolk Four DetectiveConvicted Of ExtortionAnd Lying To The FBI

Robert Glenn Ford is the retired Norfolk,Virginia homicide detective who ex-

tracted the false confessions of four youngnavy men convicted of the rape and murderof Michelle Moore-Bosko in July 1997.Those four men became known as the Nor-folk Four. During the post-conviction in-vestigation of their case by supporters, itwas discovered there were numerous alle-gations made against Det. Ford during hiscareer that he had extracted a false confes-sion from a suspect.

False confession expert Dr. Richard Leoco-wrote The Wrong Guys (The New Press,2008) about the Norfolk Four case.

All of the Norfolk Four have been released.Eric Wilson was released after 8-1/2 yearsin prison in 2005 when he completed hissentence. On August 6, 2009, the otherthree defendants were released when theywere conditionally pardoned by VirginiaGovernor Tim Kaine. Derek Tice, DanialWilliams, and Joseph Dick, Jr. were wrong-

ly imprisoned for morethan 11 years.

On September 14, 2009, afederal judge grantedTice’s federal habeas pe-tition and overturned hisconviction.

On October 27 Ford wasconvicted by a federal court jury in Norfolkof two extortion counts and one count oflying to the FBI.

During the trial numerous witnesses testi-fied that Ford accepted bribes in exchangefor favors. In 2003 he took a $19,000 bribeto stop a drug raid. There was testimony thatmost of Ford’s bribes were for between$3,500 and $4,500.

Ford retired in 2007, and he is free on bailpending his sentencing scheduled for Feb-ruary 25, 2011. He could be sentenced tobetween 5 and 10 years in prison.

Sources:Witness: Norfolk detective took $19,000 bribe,The Virginian-Pilot, October 21, 2010.Former Norfolk detective guilty of 2 extortioncharges, The Virginian-Pilot, October 27,2010.

Paddy Hill

Robert Glenn Ford


Aquariums of Pyongyangis Kang Chol-hwan’s

first person account of hislife in North Korea and even-tual escape to South Korea.

Chol-hwan was born in 1968in Pyongyang, North Korea’scapital and largest city. Hisgrandfather was a high gov-ernment official, and his fam-ily had a lavish standard ofliving by North Korean standards. However,his grandfather courted danger by being anoutspoken critic of the government’s ineffi-cient bureaucracy. Chol-hwan was nine inJuly 1977 when his grandfather disappeared,a typical fate of government critics.

In North Korea an arrested person’s familyis considered culpable for that member’sreal or imagined offense, so a few weeksafter his grandfather disappeared the Securi-ty Force (North Korea’s equivalent of theFBI) arrested Chol-hwan, his sister, father,grandmother and uncle. Political prisonerssuch as Chol-hwan’s family are confined inNorth Korea’s Gulag, which is comprised ofa nationwide network of forced labor camps.(North Korea is about the size of Pennsyl-vania.) There is no intermixing betweenconvicted criminals that are confined in reg-ular prisons, and political prisoners in theGulag. Chol-hwan’s family was immediate-ly transported to the labor camp at Yodok.

Yodok is a very large valley enclosed onthree sides by mountains that was turnedinto a vast labor camp by the erection of abarbed wire fence across its open end. Thevalley is also divided by barbed-wire fencesinto several camps that have no contact withone another. Many thousands of politicalprisoners are interned at Yodok.

Chol-hwan’s family was sent to Yodok’scamp for “redeemables.” Which meant thatwhile they hadn’t been accused, tried, con-victed or sentenced for committing anycrime, they would only be released if theauthorities thought they had successfullybeen re-educated into having unwaveringloyalty to North Korea’s government. Thatalso meant loyalty to KimIl-sung and hisson, Kim Jong-il, who were not just NorthKorea’s leaders – but worshiped as gods.

There was also a camp at Yodok for“irredeemables” and their unfortunate familymembers. “Irredeemables” would never bereleased because their transgression – such asspying for South Korea or the United States –was considered too severe to be correctable.There were camps for “irredeemables” in oth-

er places – such as those set-up to build top secret militaryfacilities – in which the pris-oners were deliberatelyworked so hard and so ill-treated that none would survive to tell anyoneoutside the camp what they knew of the facility.

Chol-hwan candidly acknowledges the con-ditions at his family’s camp were better thanwhat was experienced by the“irredeemables.” However, his descriptionof the horrid living and working conditionsat his camp and the punishments meted outfor the slightest transgression makes youwonder how that is possible. The prisonerswork seven days a week with two days offper year. The day begins at 5 a.m. and workgenerally ends at dark. A major industry isthe brutally hard work of harvesting timberalmost entirely by manual labor. The work-ers are slave laborers only provided withroom and board, and the rudimentaries oflife. The staple food is corn, but the foodrations aren’t nutritious enough to stave offstarvation or vitamin deficiency diseases.So survival depends on learning to acquirea taste for insects such as grasshoppers,roaches and ants. Rats are the only source ofmeat. Chol-hwan writes about how hethought of rats as vile disgusting creatureswhen he arrived at Yodok, but he learned toconsider them as friendly animals vital tokeeping him and his family alive.

People who can’t adapt to the back-break-ing work schedule and a meager unconven-tional diet die quickly. Chol-hwan writesthat if a person learns the skills to survivethe first year, they have a good chance ofliving for years. Unless of course the personbecomes gravely ill or suffers a seriousinjury. In that case the medical care consist-ed of being given one or more days off fromwork and treatment by a prisoner with no

medical supplies to speak of.A prisoner who needs a life-saving operation or medicinesimply dies from lack of care.

Absolute obedience is expect-ed and discipline is swift andsevere. Anyone captured aftertrying to escape is immediate-ly and publicly executed. Be-ing caught stealing food fromthe camp’s stock can also re-sult in summary execution. Aminor rule violation is re-warded with a severe beating.While a serious transgressionearns a three month stay in the

“sweat box,” which is Yodok’s form of soli-tary confinement. One offense that is guar-anteed to result in a “sweat box” visit for aman is being caught engaging in sexual rela-tions – even with one’s wife – since it isprohibited. The “sweat box” is an uninsulat-ed wooden box located outdoors that is onlylarge enough inside for a person to squat. Aperson can’t stand, lie down or even sitduring their three months in the “sweat box.”The person is not allowed out for any reason.Many people don’t survive the “sweat box,”and those that do often have their healthbroken and are physically crippled.

No contact is allowed between a person inthe labor camps and the outside world. Nomail or visits are allowed. So people atYodok literally live in a limbo land, andrelatives and friends on the outside don’tknow if they are alive or dead.

Once a year a dozen or so “redeemable”families are released. After ten years Chol-hwan’s family was deemed rehabilitated.On the same day they were told they werebeing released, they were transported to livein a rural community. Chol-hwan was 19.Six years later he and a friend escapedacross the border into China. As a controlmechanism North Korean authorities typi-cally punish the family members of an es-capee, so Chol-hwan knew his familywould likely suffer in the wake of him flee-ing the country. After months dodging Chi-nese authorities that would have forciblydeported the two young men to North Ko-rea, they made their way to South Korea.

The book’s title comes from the fish aquari-ums that Chol-hwan had at the time of hisarrest in Pyongyang. They symbolize the ci-vility of his life in the city contrasted with thebrutishness of life at Yodok. Co-author PierreRigoulot describes North Korea as the lastStalinist regime, and writes that upwards of

Aquariums of Pyongyang:Ten Years in the North

Korean GulagBy Kang Chol-hwan and Pierre RigoulotTranslated from French by Yair Reiner

Basic Books, NY, 2005, softcover, 238 pgs

Review by Hans Sherrer

Aquariums cont. on page 11

In North Korea an arrestedperson’s family is considered culpablefor that member’s real or imagined of-fense. ... No contact is allowed between aperson in the labor camps and the outside

world. No mail or visits are allowed.


Police Torture VictimsAwarded $493,000

On July 21, 2010, twenty-one peopletortured by the police were awarded a

total of $493,000 (Kshs. 39.2 million) byKenya’s High Court.

The 21 plaintiffs were tortured between 1982and 1997 in what is now known as the NyayoHouse Torture Chamber in Kenya’s capitalof Nairobi. After their arrest for a variety ofoffenses, each of the twenty-one received thesame treatment. They were stripped nakedand held incommunicado in a small com-pletely dark waterlogged basement cell.When interrogated to obtain information orextract a confession, they were blasted withpressurized cold water, subjected to extremeheat and cold air, and denied sleep and nutri-ents during long interrogation sessions.

Some of the plaintiffs confessed and weresentenced to a prison term after pleadingguilty. While those who didn’t confess con-tinued to be held in the dungeon and interro-gated – some for more than two years.

The twenty-one plaintiffs filed separatelawsuits against Kenya’s Attorney Generalseeking compensation for breach of theirfundamental rights and freedoms under var-ious sections of the Constitution of Kenya.

Because they made similar claims all thelawsuits were combined.

The Attorney General’s four primary de-fenses were: the fundamental rights of Ke-nyans are not absolute so the plaintiff’streatment was not illegal; the lawsuits werefiled after expiration of the one-year statuteof limitations; the lawsuits did not disclosethe complete facts of their claims; and theirclaims of mistreatment should be handledby Kenya’s Truth, Justice and Reconcilia-tion Commission. The High Court ruled inregard to those defenses:

Kenya is a signatory to the “UN Conven-tion against Torture, and other Cruel, In-human and Degrading Treatment orPunishment” that was ratified by Kenya,and its definition of torture is applicable tothe Kenyan Constitution’s protection offundamental rights and freedoms. NyayoHouse was a government institution andthe acts of physical and mental torturealleged by the plaintiffs were committedby government employees.

“There was no limitation period forseeking redress for violation of the fun-damental rights and freedoms of theindividual under the Constitution of Ke-nya.”

The plaintiffs had given sufficient par-ticulars of their arrest and confinementto enable the A.G. to know the nature ofthe plaintiff’s claims.

The plaintiffs were “seeking declaratoryrelief and monetary redress for violationof their fundamental rights and free-doms under the Constitution,” not tosimply have the truth of what was doneto them exposed publicly.

The High Court ruled it had the Constitu-tional authority to award damages for viola-tion of a plaintiff’s fundamental rights andfreedoms by the A.G.’s deliberate endan-germent of their health and infliction ofmental pain that amounted to torture. TheHigh Court also opined that in addition toactual damages it could award punitivedamages based on the rights violated andthe period of time the violations occurred.

In conclusion the High Court determinedthe twenty-one plaintiffs had each estab-lished substantial violations of their funda-mental rights and freedoms under theKenyan Constitution. The High Courtawarded damages to the plaintiffs that var-ied from $12,579 (Kshs. 1 million) to$37,736 (Kshs. 3 million).

Note: Kshs. Are Kenyan shillings.

Sources:Harun Thungu Wakaba and 20 others v TheAttorney General [2010] eKLR“Torture Victims awarded close to Kshs. 40million in damages,” Kenya Law Reports week-ly e-newsletter, July 30, 2010.

Gladys and Jamie ScottGetting National

Publicity In Bid ForMississippi Pardons

For years Nancy Lock-hart was a lone voices

in the wilderness advocat-ing on behalf of the inno-cence of Gladys andJamie Scott. In 1994 thesisters were convicted ofrobbing two men in ScottCounty, Mississippi of$11. The men were not injured. Three boysconfessed to the robbery and agreed to pleadeals giving them jail sentences of less thana year in exchange for testifying against thesisters, who insisted at their trial they werenot involved in the robbery. Both sisters wereconvicted and sentenced to life in prison.

One of the boys has signed an affidavit thesisters didn't have anything to do with therobbery and he only testified they were so

he would get a short jail sentence. There arealso two other affidavits clearing the sistersof the crime.

The Scott sisters filed a pardon petition, andthe outrageousness of thier case has attract-ed national attention, even being featured

on MSNBC. Even with-out their credible claim ofinnocence, life in prisonfor a non-violent $11 rob-bery is draconian.

More than three hundredpeople rallied in supportof the Scott Sisters at thecapital in Jackson, Mis-

sissippi on September 15, 2010. The Jack-son Clarion-Ledger published a majorarticle with pictures.

For current information about the Scott Sis-ters and who you can contact to help themin their effort to be pardoned. See theirwebsite maintained by their mother,http://www.freethescottsisters.blogspot.com

Jamie & Gladys Scott

200,000 political prisoners are incarcerated atany given time in its forced labor camps –which is about 1% of the country’s population.

Aquariums of Pyongyang is the first pub-lished true-life account about the inner work-ings of the North Korean Gulag. It makes itevident that there is a rule of law in NorthKorea, but it is the rule that a person is subjectto summary arrest and indeterminate confine-ment as a slave laborer with no option forchallenging their imprisonment. Chol-hwandescribes a Kafkaesque world in which inno-cence is irrelevant and no one knows whetherhe or she will ever be allowed to emerge frombeing buried alive in hell on earth.

Aquariums of Pyongyang is available fromJustice:Denied’s BookShop for $15.95.(check, money order or stamps) Use theorder form on page 15, or order with a creditcard from Justice Denied’s website at,http://justicedenied.org/books.html

Aquariums cont. from page 10


Kirstin Blaise LobatoFiles 770-page Habeas

Corpus Petition

Kirstin Blaise Lobato’s story of twicebeing convicted in the murder of a

homeless man in Las Vegas on July 8,2001, when the then 18-year-old was 170miles from the crime scene, was recount-ed in Justice Denied Issues 26 (Fall 2004)and 34 (Fall 2006). After her convictionsbecame final Lobato filed a pro se 770-pageNevada state petition for a writ of habeas

corpus to be granted a newtrial. The petition includes 79grounds, including 21 newevidence grounds, 2 groundsthe prosecution concealed ex-culpatory evidence, 1 groundeach of prosecutor, police andjury misconduct, 52 groundsof ineffective assistance ofcounsel, and one ground ofher actual innocence.

The new evidence includes reports by:Four forensic entomologists; a forensic pa-thologist; two impressions experts; a foren-

sic scientist; a dental expert; a polygraphexpert; and a psychology expert.

In November 2006 Travis Barrick, the los-ing candidate for Nevada Attorney Generalin the 2010 election agree to represent Loba-to pro bono in her state habeas petition.

The revised and updated version of KirstinBlaise Lobato’s Unreasonable Convictionby Hans Sherrer was published in Novem-ber 2010. See page 15 for order information.

Extensive information about Lobato’s caseis at, www.justicedenied.org/kbl.htm

In February 1998 the nephewof Zhao Zhenshang reported

his uncle was missing to the po-lice in Zhaolou, a village inChina’s Henan province. He re-ported his uncle had not beenseen for more than four months.He also told the police he sus-pected a man named Zhao Zuohai killed hisuncle. The police detained Zuohai whilethey investigated, but they did not find anyevidence Zhenshang was murdered or thathe was even dead. Zuohai told the policethat he and Zhenshang had gotten into afight in October 1997 and after Zhenshanghit him hard on the head he disappeared. Thepolice released Zuohai for lack of evidenceafter detaining him for more than 20 days.

The next year, in May 1999, a corpse wasfound while a well was being dug in Zhao-lou. It couldn’t be identified because thehead was missing and the body was badlydecomposed. Zhenshang’s relatives told thepolice they believed it was his corpse. OnMay 9 detectives held a village meetingduring which the corpse was tentativelyidentified as Zhenshang. Zuohai was imme-diately detained as his suspected murderer.The police vice-director – Ding Zhongqiu –

instructed that Zuohai would be interro-gated continuously by investigators di-vided into three groups.

For more than a month, from May 8 to June10, Zuohai was tied either to a chair leg, theleg of a bed, or a motorcycle. During inter-rogations a gun was held to his head and hewas beaten with a stick or the handgun. Hewas not allowed to rest for long periods oftime and poorly fed. Zuohai confessed ninetimes, but after his interrogations ended herecanted them, claiming he had been tor-tured to make them.

Zuohai's wife was also arrested and detainedfor more than a month. She was beaten untilshe confessed that plastic bags found aroundthe headless body came from their house.After her release she recanted, saying shehad been forced to make her confession.

In spite of Zuohai and his wife’s confes-sions, prosecutors twice did not approve thepolice’s application to prosecute him, be-cause there was no reasonable proof thecorpse was Zhenshang. Although the prose-cutors refused to consider the case again,the police insisted Zuohai was guilty anddetained him indefinitely without charges.

After Zuohai had been in custody for almost3-1/2 years, in August 2002 there was anational campaign to review cases involv-ing a suspect’s extended detention. Thepolice submitted Zuohai’s case to the localpolitical-legal committee. The committeeapproved Zuohai’s prosecution based on hisnine confessions and his wife’s confessions.Within 45 days Zuohai was tried for capital

murder. Zuohai’s defensewas there was no positiveevidence the corpse wasZhenshang’s body or that hewas dead, and his nine con-fessions and his wife’s con-fessions were false andcoerced. Zuohai was convict-ed in October 2002 ofZhenshang’s murder and sen-

tenced to death. His sentence was later com-muted to 29 years in prison at forced labor.

On April 30, 2010, Zhenshang dramaticallyappeared 12-1/2 years after his nephew lastsaw him. Zhenshang told the police that theday he left he had fought with Zuohai over awoman and hit him on the head with a kitch-en knife. He thought Zuohai might die fromthe blow so he ran away to avoid beingcharged with murder. He only returned be-cause he was seriously ill and needed to filehis claim for government welfare paymentsin his home village of Zhaolou.

Less than a week after Zhenshang’s returnthe High Court of Henan province beganreviewing Zuohai’s case. On May 8 the HighCourt ruled Zuohai was innocent of murderand ordered his immediate release. Five dayslater Zuohai was awarded “state compensa-tion” of US$96,000 (650,000 yuan) for his7-1/2 years of imprisonment after hisconviction. He was not compensated for his3-1/2 years of pre-trial detention.

In July 2010 five police investigators werecriminally charged with torturing Zuohai toforce his false confessions. The head ofZuohai’s investigation – former police vice-director Ding Zhongqiu – was charged withdereliction of duty.

About the author: Hong Liu is a lecturer oflaw at the East-China University of PoliticalScience and Law in Shanghai, China.

China RaisesWrongful Conviction

Compensation To $18.50 Per Day

China increased its compensation to awrongly convicted person to $18.50

per day (125.43 yuan), from the currentrate of about $2 per day (13.44 yuan) ofimprisonment. The new compensationrate that equals $6,750 per year of wrong-ful imprisonment, took effect on Decem-ber 1, 2010.

Source: China Raises Compensation Levelfor Wrongful Imprisonment,CriEnglish.com, July 16,2010.

Zhao Zuohai Released After11 Years Imprisonment WhenMurder Victim Turns Up Alive

By Hong Liu

Zhao Zuohai

Kirstin Blasie Lo-bato while await-ing her 2006 retrial


Is “Conviction” Factual,Or A Fictionalized Movie

Of Kenneth Waters’ Case?

The movie “Conviction” is about thecase of Kenneth Waters, who was re-

leased from prison in 2001 after 18 years ofwrongful imprisonment for robbery andmurder. The movie began showing in the-aters in October 2010, and it focuses on therole his sister Betty Anne Waters played inher brothers exoneration and release. Themovie received some good reviews, andthere is buzz that Hilary Swank may getanother Best Actress Oscar nomination forher role as Betty Anne Waters. The movieis being promoted as factually true.

However, a Providence Journal interviewof Kenneth Waters’ sister Carolyn Watersand two of her grown children suggests thatBetty Anne Waters may be falsely takingcredit for work done on Kenneth’s case thatwas actually done by Carolyn Waters.

The article about the interview states:“... it was Carolyn Waters? who did themany years of legwork to help herbrother.Beginning in the early 1980s, CarolynWaters communicated with lawyers andothers, took information to national tele-vision programs, such as “Geraldo,” and

found out in 1992about DNA evi-dence kept in Ay-ers,Massachusetts.,where the murderoccurred in 1980.It was Carolyn,who regularly vis-ited the numerousMassachusetts

prisons where Kenneth Waters spent his18 years, with other family membersgoing only if Carolyn was driving.”

The interview also suggests that the oldadage of ‘follow the money’ may help ex-plain how the role Carolyn Waters played inhelping her brother has been written out ofthe “official” history of Kenneth Waterscase. Kenneth died in September 2001about six months after his release, frominjuries suffered in a fall.

In July 2009, the Town of Ayer, Massachu-setts and five of its insurers settled a federalcivil rights lawsuit filed on behalf of Ken-neth Waters, for $3.4 million. In September2009 a federal judge ruled that the Ayer’ssixth insurer was liable for an additional$7.3 million. So the total awarded to Ken-neth Waters’ estate is $10.7 million. Thatdoesn’t even include the money paid toKenneth Water’s estate or directly to BettyAnne Waters for the movie.

The Providence Journal article also states:“Carolyn Waters said Betty Anne Wa-ters had indicated she and [Barry]Scheck would represent all of the familywhen the suit was filed. But thingschanged, and it is her sister who hasprofited, Carolyn Waters said. In themonths since the settlement, she and herchildren contend, her sister shared set-tlement money with the other familymembers. Carolyn Waters said her sisterhad offered her $30,000 from the settle-ment, but she turned it down, given allthe time she had devoted to her brother’scase. She said she has not received anymoney and does not want any.”

So Betty Anne Waters is not only gettingthe public credit for her brother’s exonera-tion ... she is apparently also getting themoney or at least control of how it is spent.

‘Conviction’ is worthwhile to see for itsentertainment value, but as a Hollywoodmovie it is too much to expect for it not toshade or ignore truths that are inconvenientto its story line, and that could reduce itsbox office value.

Source: Sister disputes Betty Anne Waters’role in freeing brother, The ProvidenceJournal, October 10, 2010.

WithCeyma Bina, Tina Cornelius,

Barbara Holder, Celeste Johnson,Trenda Kemmerer, and Louanne Larson

From The Big House To Your House hastwo hundred easy to prepare recipes

for meals, snacks and desserts. Writtenby six women imprisoned in Texas, therecipes can be made from basic items aprisoner can purchase from their commis-sary, or people on the outside can pur-chase from a convenience or grocery store.

From The Big House To Your House is theresult of the cooking experiences of sixwomen while confined at the MountainView Unit, a woman’s prison in Gatesville,Texas. They met and bonded in the G-3dorm housing only prisoners with a sen-

tence in excess of 50 years. While thereisn’t much freedom to be found whenincarcerated, using the commissary tocook what YOU want offers a wonderfulavenue for creativity and enjoyment!They hope these recipes will ignite yourtaste buds as well as spark your imagina-tion to explore unlimited creations of yourown! They encourage you to make substi-tutions to your individual tastes and/oravailability of ingredients. They are con-fident you will enjoy the liberty found increating a home-felt comfort whetheryou are in the Big House, or Your House!

$14.95(postage paid to U.S. mailing address)(Canadian orders add $4 per book)

Use the order forms on pages 15 or 17to order with a check or money order.Or order with a credit card from JusticeDenied’s website:www.justicedenied.org/fromthebighouse.htm

Or order from: www.Amazon.com


Nam

eCom

pensationPaid By

StateConvicted

ReleasedExonerated

YearsA

vg. Yearly

Aw

ardedExonerated By

Crime

Sentence

Ulysses R. Charles

$ 500,000State of M

assachusettsM

A1984

20012001

19$ 26,316

2009D

NA

Robbery & Rape

72-80 yrs

Ulysses R. Charles

$ 3,250,000City of Boston

MA

19842001

200119

$ 171,0532009

DN

ARobbery &

Rape72-80 yrs

Thomas D

oswell

$ 3,780,000City of Pittsburgh

PA1987

20052005

19$ 198,947

2009D

NA

Rape13-26 yrs

Shawn D

rumgold

$ 14,000,000City of Boston

MA

19892003

200315

$ 933,3332009

Brady violationM

urderLife in prison

Kenneth Foley

$ 50,000Santa Clara County

CA1996

20072007

11.5$ 4,348

2009A

ctual culprit foundBurglary

25 yrs to life

Antoine G

off$ 2,900,000

City of San FranciscoCA

19902003

200314

$ 207,1432009

Brady violationM

urder27 yrs to life

Louis Greco

$ 28,000,000U

.S. Governm

entM

A1968

1995-DP

200428

$ 1,000,0002009

Frame-up exposed

Murder

Death - then LI

Olm

edo Hidalgo

$ 2,000,000City of N

ew Y

orkN

Y1992

20052005

14$ 142,857

2009N

ew evidence

Murder

25 yrs to life

Olm

edo Hidalgo

$ 625,000State of N

ew Y

orkN

Y1992

20052005

14$ 44,643

2009N

ew evidence

Murder

25 yrs to life

Madison H

obley$ 6,500,000

City of ChicagoIL

19902003

200313

$ 500,0002009

Brady violationM

urderD

eath

Juan Johnson$ 21,015,000

City of ChicagoIL

19912002

200411.25

$ 1,868,0002009

Retrial acquittalM

urderLife in prison

Juan Johnson$ 15,000

Reynaldo Guevara

IL1991

20022004

11.25$ 1,,333

2009Retrial acquittal

Murder

Life in prison

Shirley Kinge

$ 250,000State of N

ew Y

orkN

Y1990

19921992

2$ 125,000

2009Police m

isconductBurglary and arson

18 to 47 yrs

Peter Limone

$ 26,000,000U

.S. Governm

entM

A1968

20012001

33$ 787,879

2009Fram

e-up exposedM

urderD

eath - then LI

Dennis M

aher$ 3,100,000

City of Ayer

MA

19832003

200319.5

$ 158,9742009

DN

ARape

Life in prison

Javier F. Ovando

$ 750,000Los Angeles County

CA1997

19991999

2.5$ 300,000

2009Police m

isconductA

ttempted m

urder23 yrs

George Rodriguez

$ 5,000,000City of H

oustonTX

19872004

200518

$ 237,7782009

DN

ARape

60 yrs

Jeffrey Rodriguez$ 1,000,000

Santa Clara CountyCA

20022007

20075

$ 200,0002009

Witness recantation

Robbery25 yrs to life

Joseph Salvati$ 29,000,000

U.S. G

overnment

MA

19681997

200130

$ 966,6672009

Frame-up exposed

Murder

Life

John Stoll$ 5,500,000

Kern County

CA1985

20042004

20$ 275,000

2009W

itness recantationChild Rape

40 yrs

Enrico Tameleo

$ 13,000,000U

.S. Governm

entM

A1968

1985-DP

200217

$ 764,7062009

Frame-up exposed

Murder

Death - then LI

John J. Tennison$

4,600,000City of San Francisco

CA1990

20032003

14$ 328,571

2009Brady violation

Murder

25 yrs to LI

Paul Terry$ 2,700,000

City of ChicagoIL

19762003

200327

$ 100,0002009

DN

ARape &

Murder

Life in prison

Teddy P. Thompson

$ 257,000State of V

irginiaV

A2000

20072007

7$ 36,714

2009W

itness recantationRobbery

17 yrs

Kenneth W

aters$ 3,400,000

City of Ayer

MA

19832001

200118

$ 188,8892009

DN

AM

urder and robberyLife in prison

Kenneth W

aters2

$ 7,300,000City of A

yerM

A1983

20012001

18 $ 405,556

2009D

NA

Murder and robbery

Life in prison

John Jerome W

hite$ 500,000

State of Georgia

GA

19802007

200720

$ 25,0002009

DN

ARape

Life in prison

Arthur W

hitfield$ 632,867

State of Virginia

VA

19822004

200422

$ 28,7672009

DN

ARape

63 yrs

Totals (U.S.)

$185,624,867336

1$552,735

1 This total doesn’t double count the years for the four people who have aw

ards from tw

o different sources, so this total is the actual years the 24 people were im

prisoned.

2 Waters’ settled his law

suit with five of A

yer’s six insurers for $3.4 million. In Septem

ber 2009 a federal judge awarded W

aters a total of $10.7 million for his law

suit, so Ayer's sixth insurer is liable for the $7.3 m

illion balance.

Compensation Awarded In The United States To The Wrongly Convicted In 2009International

Com

pensation 2009

In 2009 at least $4,892,205 w

as awarded

to wrongly convicted people in coun-

tries other than the United States. The

follow are there nam

e, country, offense,years im

prisoned and amount aw

arded: M

oses Kutum

ela, South Africa, robbery, 4

yrs, $5,850. A

ndrew M

allard, Australia, m

urder, 12yrs, $2,540,314.

Erin Walsh, Canada, m

urder, 10 yrs,A

mount not publicly disclosed.

Ellis Sherwood, England, M

urder andR

obbery, 11 yrs, $2,346,041.

(All am

ounts adjusted to US dollars on the

day of the award.)


65% of FACE VALUEComplete books or sheets of “Forever” stamps

60% of FACE VALUEComplete books or sheets of 44¢ stamps

55% of FACE VALUEPartial books/sheets of “Forever” or 44¢ stamps

50% of FACE VALUEUnlimited amounts of stamps accepted.Cost of the money order & postage included.Provide the complete name and address

where you want your funds sent.Provide any special instructions or forms

that your system may require.DO NOT send used, torn, damaged or

taped stamps.DO NOT send stamps with a face value

of less than 20 cents each.DO NOT request money orders for less

than $15 each.CLN

PO Box 687Walnut, CA 91788Write for free brochure!

Citizens United for Alterna-tives to the Death Penalty

Promotes sane alternativesto the death penalty. Com-munity speakers available.Write: CUADP; PMB 335;2603 Dr. MLK Jr. Hwy;Gainesville, FL 32609www.cuadp.org 800-973-6548

Prison Legal News is amonthly magazine reportingon prisoner rights and prisonconditions of confinement is-sues. Send $2 for sample is-sue or request an info packet.Write: PLN, 2400 NW 80thSt. #148, Seattle, WA 98117

www.justicedenied.org- Visit JD on the Net -

Read back issues, orderbooks and videos relatedto wrongful convictionsand much more!

Coalition For Prisoner Rights is a monthlynewsletter providing info, analysis and alter-natives for the imprisoned & interested out-siders. Free to prisoners and family.Individuals $12/yr, Org. $25/yr. Write:CPR, Box 1911, Santa Fe, NM 87504

“Thank you for the great book. I have to shareit with so many that have helped and continue

to help on my appeal.”JD, Florida Death Row Prisoner

Humor! Puzzles! Recipes! Legal stuff!24-page magazine for prisoners. Send5-41¢ stamps, or 9x12 envelope with3-41¢ stamps, or $2 check or m/o.

The Insider MagazineP.O. Box 829; Hillsboro, OR 97123

Freeing The InnocentA Handbook for the Wrongfully Convicted

By Michael and Becky PardueSelf-help manual jam packed with hands-on - ‘YouToo Can Do It’ - advice explaining how MichaelPardue was freed in 2001 after 28 years of wrong-ful imprisonment. Order with a credit card fromJustice Denied’s website, http://justicedenied.org,or send $15 (check, money order, or stamps) foreach soft-cover copy to:

Justice DeniedPO Box 68911

Seattle, WA 98168Mail to:Name: _____________________________________ID No. _____________________________________Suite/Cell ___________________________________Agency/Inst__________________________________Address :____________________________________City: ____________________________________State/Zip____________________________________Freeing The Innocent - ___ copies at $15 = _________From The Big House -___copies at $14.95 = ________(No postage to U.S. Mailing address. $4 per book to Canada)

Total Amount Enclosed $_______________________

Justice:Denied DisclaimerJustice:Denied provides a forum for people who can makea credible claim of innocence, but who are not yet exoner-ated, to publicize their plight. Justice:Denied strives toprovide sufficient information so that the reader can makea general assessment about a person’s claim of innocence.However unless specifically stated, Justice: Denied doesnot take a position concerning a person’s claim of innocence.

Bookshopwww.justicedenied.org/books.htmlAlmost 100 books available related to

different aspects of wrongful convictions.There are also reference and legal self-

help books available.

Win Your Case: How toPresent, Persuade, and Prevail

by Gerry SpenceCriminal attorney Spence shareshis techniques for winning whathe calls the courtroom “war.”Including how to tell thedefendant’s story to the jury,present effective opening andclosing statements and use ofwitnesses. $14.95 + $5 s/h, 304pgs. (Use the order form on p.15, or write: Justice Denied; POBox 68911; Seattle, WA 98168

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