The Judges of the International Court of Justice 1986-1990

Roberto AGO Italy Mohammed BEDJAOUI Algeria Taslim Olawale ELIAS Nigeria

(President 1982-1985) Jens EVENSON Norway Gilbert GUILLAUME France Sir Robert Yewdall JENNINGS United Kingdom Manfred LACHS Poland

(President 1973-1976) Guy LADREIT DE France LACHARRIERE (Vice-President 1985-1987) KebaMBAYE Senegal

(Vice-President 1988-1991) Mohammed SHAHABUDDEEN Guyana NAGENDRA SINGH India

(Vice-President 1976-1979, President 1985-1988)

NIZHENGYU China Shigeru ODA Japan Raghunandan Swamp PATHAK India Jose Maria RUDA Argentina

(President 1988-1991) Stephen M. SCHWEBEL USA Jose SETTE-CAMARA Brazil

(Vice-President 1982-1985) Nikolai Konstantinovitch USSR TARASSOV

6. 2.1979-(5. 2.1997) 19. 3.1982-(5. 2.1997)

6. 2.1976-14. 8.1991( +)

6. 2.1985-(5. 2.1994) 14. 9.1987-(5. 2.2000) 6. 2.1982-(5. 2.2000) 6. 2.1967-(5. 2.1994)

6. 2.1982-10. 3.1987( +)

6. 2.1982-5.2.1991

6. 2.1988-(5. 2.1997) 6. 2.1973-11.12.1988( +)

6. 2.1985-(5. 2.1994) 6. 2.1976-(5. 2.1994) 18. 4.1989-5.2.1991 6. 2.1973-(5. 2.1991)

15. 1.1981-(5. 2.1997) 6. 2.1979- 5. 2.1988

9.12.1985-(5. 2.1997)

Judges ad hoc

Georges ABI-SAAB Mali Frontier Dis~ute (Burkina Faso v.Repu lie of Mali)

Fran~ois LUCHAIRE Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso v. Republic of Mali)

Claude-Albert COLLIARD Nicaragua Mili~ and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)

Nicolas V ALTICOS El Salvador Case concernin~ the Land, Island and Mantime Fron-tier Di~ute (El Salvador v. Hon uras)

Michel VIRALL Y Honduras Case concernin~ the Land, (died 27. 2. 1989) Island and Mantime Fron-

tier Di~ute (El Salvador v. Hon uras)

Paul Henning FISCHER Denmark Case concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway)

Santiago TORRES BERNARDEZ Honduras Case concernin~ the Land, Island and Mantime Fron-tier D~ute (El Salvador v. Hon uras)

Hubert nDERRY Guinea-Bissau Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal)

General Index

Abuse of rights see Diplomatic and con­

sular relations, abuse of diplomatic

functions

Acquiescence 128

Ad hoc judges 32 f., 117 f., 171 f., 175

f., 178, 181 f., 189

Administrative boundaries

5 f., 95 ff.

Administrative Tribunal of the United

Nations see United Nations

Advisory Opinions of the International

Court of Justice

- - discretionary character 245

- jurisdictional questions and denial of

the request for advisory opinion 242

ff.

- procedure 245 f.

- - equality of the "parties" 242 ff. - -provisional measures 212, 246

- request for the advisory opinion 213,

241 f.

- - interpretation of the request 241 f.,

250

- - right to request 242

Affidavit 201 f.

Aggression 3, 7 f., 18, 22 f., 33 f., 41

ff., 50 f., 53, 58 f.

Alabama case 27

Aliens 104 ff.

AUiances, military and political 67 f.

American Convention on Human

Rights 107

Arbitrariness 1 f., 28, 86 f.

Arbitration procedures 71, 111 ff.,

121, 168, 180, 182

Armaments, limitation of 31

Armed attack 10, 22 f., 41 ff., 46, 48

ff., 53 ff., 56 f., 58, 60 f., 78

Armed bands see Sending of armed

bands

Arms, deliveries to insut"~ents 46, 51,

54,56 f. ' 60 f., 65, 90 f., 205

Assistance to rebels 42 ff., 46, 48, 50

f., 54, 56 f., 58, 60 f., 64 ff., 88 f.

Belligerents, rights and duties 108 f.

Blockade-like measures 60 Bogobl Conference 1948 69 ff.

Bolo~ Pact of 1948 1, 69 ff., 132, 140

ff., 147 f., 166 ff.

Boundaries 5 f., 32, 92 ff., 97 f., 128,

206 - respect for 42, 95 f.

- see also Maritime boundaries

Burden of proof 131, 136, 198 f., 205

ff., 208 f., 227, 231

Chambers of the International Court of

Justice 171 rr. - constitution (Art. 26 para. 2 of the

Statute) 117 f., 171 f., 173, 179, 181

ff., 187 f.

- jurisdiction 174 ff., 188

- reform of the Chamber procedure 177

ff., 186 f.

Charter of the United Nations see

United Nations, Charter

Civil strife, instigation of acts of 42 ff.,

56 f., 61,

300 General Index

- see also Assistance to rebels; Support for subversive or terrorist armed

activities Civil war see Non-international armed

conflict Clean bands doctrine 3 ff. Coexlstence, principle 24, 42

Collectlve security 53 f., 61 f. Collectlve self-defence 22 f., 43, 48

f., 52 ff., 60 f., 204

"Colonial heritage" 97 f., 102, 206

Compeusation for expropriations 105

f.

"Com~ de Ia com~nce" 120 ff.

CooclUation 71, 145, 168

Condominium 228 ff., 231

Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe

- Declaration on principles governing the mutual relations of CSCE-States 7,

17 - Final Act of Helsinki (1975) 20, 24,

41, 64 Contadora process 1, 31 f., 142 ff.,

148, 149 ff. Continental shelf 99 f.

Convention on the Law of the Sea 29,

100

Counter-measures involvin& the use of force 44 f., 53, 56, 61, 67, 84

Covert actions 89 f., 92

Customary international law 7 ff.

- codification 47, 93 - and conventional law 9 ff., 13, 16

ff., 22 ff., 28 f., 45 ff., 52, 55, 69, 171

- - see also Customary international law, determination of rules of customary

international law through treaties

- - see also Treaties, treaty embodiment of customary international law

- determination of rules through treaties 10 f., 14, 16 ff., 22 ff., 51

- influence of treaty law on its formation 13, 16 ff., 46 f., 52,

- "instant" custom 14

- opiniojuris 7 f., 13, 15 ff., 19 ff., 33

f., 40 f., 62 f. - regional customary law 95 ff. - role of UN General Assembly

resolutions in its formation 17, 19,

24, 33 f., 43, 50, 63

- State practice 13, 15 ff., 18, 20 f.,

24, 32, 64, 95 ff.

Decolonisation 5 f., 69, 94, 95 ff., 102 ff., 206

Default, procedure in default of appearance 119 f., 129, 153 f., 195

ff., 199 ff., 201 ff., 206, 210 f. Delict, international see Violations of

international law; Responsibility of

States

Denunciation see Treaties Diplomatic protection 15, 104 f., 134

ff.

Discretion, of the Secretary-General in

appointing starr members 35 f., 37

ff.' 252 ff.' 255 Dispute settiement 111 ff.

Domestic law, relationship to international law 27 f., 112 ff., 125,

136 f.

Due process or law 1 f.

Economic sanctions 66, 81, 115 f. Effective possession, as a basis or

sovereignty 96

"EffectiviUs coloniales" 97 f. Elementary considerations of humanity

78, 84, 101, 109 f. Equality, sovereign 19, 63

Equity 5 ff., 94

Estoppel 6 f., 135 f., 192 f. European Convention on Human

Rights n; 108

Evidence see Procedure of the International Court of Justice

Ex aequo et bono decisions

5 f., 94 Exhaustion of local remedies 111, 133

ff., 192

Exclusive economic zone 99 f.

"Experts on mission" for International

Orpnizations 74 ff. Exploration, as a territorial title 96,

98,207

Expropriation 105 f.

Extinction and suspension of

international treaties

- see also Treaties, denunciation

Family life, protection of its integrity

107 f.

Force, prohibition of the use of force 7

ff., 10 ff., 16 ff., 25, 28 f., 33 f., 40 ff., 52 f., 56, 65, 68, 107, 122 f., 212

Freedom of navigation 82 f., 84, 100 f.

General Index 301

Friendly Relatiou.Declaration 17, 19,

24, 33, 41 f., 43 f., 49 f., 63

Frontiers see Boundaries Fundamental rights see Human rights Fundamental rights of States 28 ff., 62

f., 68

General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATI') 66, 80, 115

General Assembly of the United

Nations

- resolutions 17, 19, 33 f., 43, 63

General principles of law 3, 15, 107 f.

General Treaty of Inter-American

Arbitration of 1929 71

Geneva Conventions on the Protection

of Victims of War of 1949

- as an expression of fundamental general principles of humanitarian law 78 f., 92, 109 f.

- common Art.3 78 f., 109 f. - minimum rules for all types of armed

conflicts109f.

Good faith 1 ff., 127, 143 f., 147 f.,

152

Good offiCeS 145

Hque Convention No. vm of 1907 101, 108 f.

Hi&h seas 100 Human ri&hts 107 f. - mechanism of protection 107

- specific rights 107 f.

Humanitarian aid to insurgents 65 f.,

110

Humanitarian law 108 ff.

302 General Jrulex

- fundamental general principles 78. 92,

108 ff.

- Geneva Conventions 78 f., 92, 109 f.

Implied powers 32 f., 118, 184

Iojury see Responsibility of States; Violations of international law

Innocent passage 100, 108 f.

Interim measures of protection see Pro­

cedure of the International Court of

Justice

Internal waters 28 f.; 99 f.

International Court of Justice 117 ff.

- admissibility of an application 143, 146 ff.

- - date of assessment 143, 147 ff. - - potential problems 151

- Advisory Opinions see Advisory Opinions of the International Court of Justice

- applicable law 5, 128 f.

- determination of the existence of a

dispute 120 ff., 123 ff., 140, 146 f.

- ex aequo et bono decisions 5 f., 94

- exhaustion of local remedies 133 ff. - function 32 f., 94, 111, 117 f., 127

f., 146 f., 162 f., 182 ff., 212, 255 f. - judgments see Judgments of the

International Court of Justice - jurisdiction see Jurisdiction of the

International Court of Justice

- political questions 120 ff., 146 f.

- procedure see Procedure of the Inter-national Court of Justice

- Rules of Court 117 f., 119 f., 147,

172, 174 f., 177 f., 181 ff., 189 f.,

192 ff., 212 f., 214, 225 f., 232 f.,

235, 237

- selection of judges 32, 117 f., 185,

189

- simultaneous seizing of the Interna­

tional Court of Justice and of the

Security Council 120, 122 f.

- Statute

- -Art. 26 para. 2 171 ff., 174 f., 178

- - Art. 27 238

- -Art. 30 176, 183 f., 189 f.

- -Art. 31 para. 4 182

- -Art. 36 para. 1 70 f., 132, 165, 166,

234

- -Art. 36 para. 2 70, 118 f., 120 ff., 130, 132, 157, 166

- - Art. 36 para. 4 132, 166

- -Art. 36 para. 6 130, 159, 196

- -Art. 38 14, 129 f., 147, 156 - -Art. 41 212 f., 214, 217

- - Art. 50 200 - -Art. 53 119, 129, 156, 196, 198,

199, 201, 206, 210

- -Art. 59 128, 130, 147, 163, 197,

233, 240

- - Art. 60 130

- -Art. 62 173 f., 181 f., 209, 220 ff.

- - Art. 63 224' 234

- - Art. 65 242 f.' 247 International courts see International

Court of Justice; United Nations

Administrative Tribunal

International economic law 115 f. International jurisdiction see Interna­

tional Court of Justice; United Nations

Administrative Tribunal

International law

- and municipal law 27 f., 112 ff., 125,

136 f. - violation see Responsibility of States;

Violations of international law International Law Commission

8 f., 18, 41, 68, 74, 91 International organizations - privileges and immunities of its

officials 73 ff.

- relationships between the organization and its staff members 34 ff.,

- seat

- - host agreements Ill ff., 124 ff., 133 f., 138, 213, 241

- - and relations to the host State 111 ff., ff.

- specific organizations see United Nations; World Health Organization (WHO)

International organs see International organizations

International responsibility see Responsibility of States

International treaties see Treaties Interpretation, of international treaties

see Treaties, interpretation Intervention before the International

Court of Justice see Procedure of the International Court of Justice

Intervention, prohibition 8 f., 10, 16,

18 ff., 28 f., 42 ff., 49, 51, 53, 56, 58, 60, 62 ff.

Investments, protection of 104 ff. Irregular forces, organizin& or see

Sending of armed bands

Genera/Index 303

J udpnents of the International Court or Justice

- binding force 196, 237 ff., 241 - judgments of a chamber 238 f. - res judicata 88, 128, 147, 163, 228

ff., 239 ff. - -and third States 164, 239 f., 241 Judiclal control or administntive

discretion 37 ff., 255 Judiclal notice 203, 249 f. Jura novit curia 129 f., 197

Jurisdiction, international see International Court of Justice; United

Nations Administrative Tribunal Jurisdiction of the International Court

or Justice 130 ff. - concurring jurisdictions 170 f. - consent of States 118 f., 122, 131 ff.,

140, 153, 158, 162 f., 234 ff., 239 f., 243,245

- in case of continuing negotiations 140 ff.

- to decide upon the own jurisdiction •competence de la competence• 120 ff., 123 ff., 130 ff., 142, 159, 196

- jurisdiction of a chamber 171 f. - necessity of diplomatic negotiations

138 ff.

- optional clause 70, 118 f., 121 ff.,

130, 152 ff., 164, 189 ff., 216 f.

- - denunciation or later modification of a declaration (notice period in

particular) 70, 130, - - form of declarations made under Art.

36 para. 2 of the Statute

- - reciprocity 158 - -reservations 9 ff., 13 f., 70, 119,

153 ff., 216

304 General Index

- - - of participation of other parties to

multilateral treaties 9 ff., 13 f., 16,

22,59,66,69, 70, 78,109,119,153 ff., 156 ff., 165

- on the basis of a special aggreement 6, 93, 94, 162 ff., 171 f., 177 ff., 208,

210,227,240 - and third States 154 ff., 156 f., 163

f., 240 - on the basis of tiQties 70 ff., 123 ff.,

132, 164 ff. - - General Act for the Pacific

Settlement of International Disputes of 1949 132

- - General Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations

of 1946 160 ff. - - Headquarters Agreement of the

United Nations of 1947 123 ff., 138 f. - - Pact of Bogotj of 1948 69 ff., 132,

140 ff., 148 ff., 151, 166 ff. - - Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and

Naviption between the United States and Italy of 1948 15, 170

- - Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and

Naviption between the United States

and Nic:maua of 1956 79 f., 164 f., 171

Jus coaeas 7 ff., 18, 41, 68

Law of the .. see Continental shelf;

Exclusive Economic zone; Internal waters; Maritime boundaries; Territorial sea;

Law oftbe Sea Coaftlldoa 29, 100 Lex spedaU., treaty rules u 171 Uberatioa IIIOYements 124

Local remedies rule 15, 11, 133f., 192

Maps, 1epl sipificance 93 f .• 206 ff. Maritime boundaries, delimitatioas 99

f., 219 f., 228 ff.

Marteas clause 109 f. - see also Elementary considerations of

humanity ~~tion 142, 145, 148 ~erceoaries 42, 50 l\filitary assbtance 66 f., 90, 205 ~. laying in territorial waters 29,

44 f., 57, 60, 100 f., 108f., 116

~ontevideo Convention on Rights and

Duties of States ofl933 7, 17, 19,

63 ~ost-favoured-oation treatment 104

~ultilinpal treaties 71 ff., 75, 80, 105, 141 f., 168 f., 171, 199, 214

~unicipallaw, and international law

27 f., 112 ff., 125, 136 f. Mutual security arnnaements 62

Nationallibention, wars ol 69 National security exception in FCN

Treaties 54, 79 f.

National treatment 104 f. Navlption, freedom of 82 f., 84, 100 f.

Necessity 5S f., 57, 116

Neutral powers, rights and duties 108

f. Non-international armed conflict 78 f.,

109 f. Nuremberg trials 45

Objection see Procedure of the

International Court of Justice

Observer missions to the United

Nations 111 ff., 124 f., 213, 241

Optional clause see Competence of the

International Court of Justice

Organs, international see International

organizations

Organization or African Unity 95 ff.,

128

- Charter 95

Organization or American States 24 f.,

42 f., 53, 68, 80, 107

- Charter 14, 16, 22 f., 24 f., 48, 51,

60, 62, 69, 155 f., 160

Organizations, international see Inter­

national organizations

Overflipts, unauthorized 29, 45, 67

Pacta sunt servanda, principle 85, 163

Peaceful settlement or disputes 31, 42,

70 f., 88 188, 212

Political commitments 24 ff., 30,

Political questions 120 ff., 146 f.

Ports, access to 29, 100 f., 108

Preclusion 192

Preliminary objection see Procedure of

the International Court of Justice

Preparatory work "Travaux prepara­

toires" 69 ff., 74 f.

Privileges and immunities, or ofrlclals

or international organizations 73 ff. Procedure or the International Court or

Justice

- ad hoc judges 32 f., 171 f., 175 f.,

178, 181 f., 187 f., 189

- chamber 171 ff.

Genera/Index 305

- - constitution (Art. 26 para. 2 of the

Statute) 171 f., 175 f., 181 ff., 185,

187 f.

- - effects of its judgments 128 f., 176,

180

- - competence to indicate provisional

measures 212

- -relationship to the Full Court 184 ff.

- default 119 f., 129, 153 f., 195 ff.,

199 ff., 201 ff., 206, 210 f.

- duty to seek further clarification 196

ff., 199 ff., 203, 210 f., 212, 249 f.

- equality of the parties 88, 119 f., 187,

198,199,201,203,235, 242ff.

- evidence 6 f., 119, 128, 128, 197,

198 f., 199 ff., 212

- -burden of proof 131, 136, 198 f.,

205 ff., 208 f.

- - case files 208

- - documentary material 200

- - maps as evidence of boundaries 93

f., 206 ff.

- - matters of public knowledge 200

- -presentation of evidence 199

- - press reports 205

- - statements by representatives of

States 200 ff.

- -witnesses 201 ff., 205

- interim measures of protection 188,

211 ff.

- -irreparable damage 215 f., 217 f.,

220

- - and jurisdiction 216 f.

- -and merits 213 f., 217

- intervention (Arts. 62 and 63 of the

Statute) 140, 173 ff., 176, 178, 220

ff.

- -Art. 62 179, 181, 225 ff.

306 Generallndex

- --jurisdictional link 173, 220 ff., 22S, 233 ff., f.

- - orpn competent to decide upon an application to intervene 221 ff.

- - Art. 63 224, 234

- - procedure 236 f. - judicial notice 203, 249 f.

- jura novit curia 129 f., 197 - preliminary objections 189 ff., 198 - jurisdiction and the merits 190 f. - proof see Procedure of the Interna-

tional Court of Justice, evidence

- provisional measures see Procedure of

the International Court of Justice,

interim measures of protection - questions of admissibility 189 ff. Proot see Procedure of the International

Court of Justice Property, International protection 105

f.

PropordonaUty 10, 44, 49 f., 55 f., 57,

59, 116 Protection or Investments, principles

15

Protectorate 32, 96

Prol'llloual measures see Interim

measures of protection Publie blteruatloaallaw see International

Jaw

Reasonable expectations 195

Red en. 65 f., 110 Reparation 87 f. Reprisals, armed 42, 45,47

Request ror actions or collectlve self-def'ence 51 f., 55, 61

Res judicata 88, 128, 147, 163, 228 ff., 239 ff.

- and third States 164, 239 f., 241 Resenatlons 76, 167, 243 ff. Resolutions of the General Assembly of

the United Nations 17, 19, 33 ff.,

43,63 Responsibility of States 27, 56 f., 85

ff., 101

- imputability of acts of private persons 54, 88 ff., 203, 205, 210

- lawful reactions by the State claiming

to be a victim 53, 56

- obligation to make reparation 87 f.

- participation 92 - treaty violations 85 ff., 113 Rio Treaty (Inter-American Treaty of

Reciprocal Assbtance) of 1947 14, 22 f., 51, 54, 77 f., 80, 160

Sea, law or the see Continental shelf; Exclusive fishery zone; Territorial sea; Maritime boundaries;

Seat of international orpnizations see

International organizations

Security CouncU of the United Nations

23, 33 f., 52 f., 55, 57, 59, 78, 80,

122 f.

Self-defence 8, 10 ff., 13, 22 f., 43, 45

ff., 48 ff., 77 f., 80, 84, 122 f., 204 Self-determination

- principle of self-determination of peoples 8, 30 f., 42, 97, 102 ff ..

- attempt to deactivate the principle by preeminence of uti possidetis 97, 102

Senclina or armed bands 3, 42 ff.' so f., 56 ff., 89 f.

Shareholders, rilbts of foreip 15, lOS

f.

"Soft law" see Political commitments Sources of internatioaallaw 9 ff. Sovereign equality 19 Sovereipty

- principle 20, 28 ff., 44 f., 62, 64, 67 f., 90, 93, 95, 97, 101, 20S f., 228

- territorial limits 28 f. States

- equality 19, 63, f. - exclusive jurisdiction 30 f. - fundamental rights 28 ff., 62 f., 68

- responsibility see Responsibility of States

- territory see Territory of States Stimon doctrine 17, 41 Succession of States 32, 95 f., 97 f.,

104,206 Support for subversive or terrorist

armed adivities 20, 42 ff., 56 ff., 64

f., 89 f.

"Terra nullius" 98 Territorial sea 29, 99 f. Territorial title 93, 96 f., 206 Territory of States

- acquisition

- - modes of acquisition 96 - - acquisition by force 17, 41, - determination of boundaries 32, 92

ff., ff., ff.

- extension 28 f.

- - air space 29 - - internal waters 28 f. - - territorial sea 28 f.

Terrorist activities, support see Support for subversive or terrorist armed

activities Trade embaqo 81 ff., 115 f. "Travaux prfparatoires" 69 ff., 74 f.,

169, 194, 257

Treaties - concept and form of a treaty 27 - and customary international law 9 ff.,

13, 16 ff., 22 ff., 28 f.,

- - see also Customary international law, determination of rules of customary

international law through treaties

- denunciation 78 - interpretation 11, 14, 69 ff. - -context 71 - - in the consideration of general law

134 f. - - intention of the parties 132 f., 165 - -multilingual treaties 71 ff., 75, 80,

lOS, 141 f., 168 f., 199, 214 - -object and purpose 71 f., 73, 81, 85 - - in the consideration of other treaties

71,80

- - preamble 81 - - prqmatory work 69 ff., 74 f., 169,

194,257 - - systematic interpretation 71, 76, 80,

168 - Maps as annex to treaties 93 f.

- preamble 81 - reservations 76, 167, 243 ff.

- specific treaties

- - Charter of the Organization of American States 14, 16, 22 f., 24 f., 30, 48, 60, 62, 69, 155 f., 160

- - Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation of 1944 29

308 Genera/Index

- - General Convention on the Privileges

and Immunities of the United Nations

of 1946 73 ff., 160 ff., 243 f.

- - Geneva Conventions on the

Protection of Victims of War of 1949

78 f., 109 f.

- - Geneva Convention on the Territorial

Sea of 1958 29

- - Hague Convention No. VID of 1967

101, 108

- - Headquarters Agreement between the

United Nations and the United States

of 1947 Ill ff., 123 f ..

- - Law of the Sea Convention of 1982

29, 100 - - Montevideo Convention on the

Rights and Duties of States of 1933 3,

17, 19, 41, 63

- - Pact of Bogota of 1948 1, 69 ff., 132, 140 ff., 147 f., 166 ff.

- - Rio Treaty (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance) of 1947 14, 22

f., 51, 54, 77 f., 80, 160

- - Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and

Navigation between the United States

and Italy of 1948 15, 28, 73, 86 f.,

104 ff., 134 ff., 170

- - Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and

Navigation between the United States

and Nicaragua of 1956 54, 66, 79 ff., 115 f .• 130, 164 f.

- - - see also Jurisdiction of the

International Court of Justice, on the

basis of treaties

- - Vienna Convention on the Law of

Treaties 9, 11, 68, 73, 85, 93, lOS - termination and suspension of treaties

11, 82 f.

- - see also Treaties, denunciation

- treaty embodiment of customary

international law 1.0 ff., 46 f.,

- violation 10, 15, 28, 86 ff., 113, 124,

126

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and

Naviption between the United States

and Italy of 1948 15, 28, 73, 86, 104

ff., 134 ff. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and

Navilation between the United States

and Nicaragua of 1956 54, 66, 79

ff., 115 f .• 130, 164 f.

Unfriendly acts 86

Unilateral acts of States 24 ff.

Uninbabited territories 96

United Nations

- Administrative Tribunal , 34 ff., 37

ff., 246 ff.

- - Committee on Applications for

Review of United Nations Adminis­

trative Tribunal Judgments 39 f., 256

- - defects in the procedure 38 ff., 255

f.

- - revision of decisions by the

International Court of Justice 35 f.,

246 ff.

- Charter 9 ff., 16, 23, 34 ff.

- - Art.2 para.4 (Prohibition of the Use

of Force) 8 f., 10 ff., 14, 18 ff., 41,

46f.,

- - Art.6 para.2 (obli-gations of non­

members) 13

- - Art.33 (Peaceful settlement of

disputes) 31

- -Chapter VII 53, 61, 80

- - Art.51 (Self-Defence) 8, 10 ff., 14, 23, 43, 46 f., 48 ff., 52, 55, 57, 60, 77, 101,160

- - Art.96 (Advisory Opinions of the ICJ) 161, 242 f., 247

- - Art. 100 {Independence of the Agents) 153, 313

- - Art. 101 para. 1 (Competence of the General Assembly in Staff Matters) 34

ff., 252 ff. - -Art. 102 (Registration of Treaties)

132

- General Assembly 33 f. - -Resolutions 17, 19, 33 f., 43, 63

- Human Rights Commission 76 f.

- Human Rights Committee 75

- Secretary-General 34 ff., 37 ff., 246 f., 252 ff.

- - discretionary powers of the Secretary-General under the Charter 37 ff., 252 ff.

- Status of non-member states 14 - Status of officials 76 f. Universal Declaration or Human Rights

or 1948 77, 108

Use orron:e

- justification 44, 48 ff., 53, 55 ff., 61 - prohibition 7 ff., 10 ff., 16 ff., 25, 28

f., 33 f., 40 ff., 52 f., 56, 65, 68, 107, 122 f., 212

Uti possidetis 6, 32, 94, 95 ff., 206

Violatious of international law 29 ff.,

War, state or 60, 101, 108, 165

Generallndex 309