The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine

Dr. Michael P. GillespieDr. Michael P. Gillespie

Chapter 14Chapter 14Lymphatic and Immune SystemsLymphatic and Immune Systems

2

Identify the structures and analyze terms related to the lymphatic and immune systems.

Learn basic terminology, combining forms, and other word parts related to these systems.

Identify laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

Lymph: clear watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in system of lymph vessels throughout the body

originates in blood rich in lymphocytes and monocytes flows in lymph capillaries and vessels flows through lymph nodes and lymphatic organs (liver, spleen, thymus, and nodes)

absorbs lipids in the intestine

Lymphatic System Functions1. Transports proteins and fluid that have

leaked, back to the bloodstream2. Lymphatic vessels absorb lipids from

intestines and transport them to the bloodstream

3. Lymphocytes and monocytes protect the body by mounting a cellular attack on foreign cells and organisms.

Lymph capillariesLymph vesselsLymph nodes

Macrophages phagocytose foreign substances.

B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies.

T lymphocytes (T cells) attack bacteria and foreign cells.

• Destroys old red blood cells Destroys old red blood cells

• Filters microorganisms Filters microorganisms and other foreign material and other foreign material out out of the bloodof the blood

• Activates lymphocytes Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies)cells produce antibodies)

• Stores blood, especially Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) erythrocytes (RBCs)

and and plateletsplatelets

• Provides immunity in Provides immunity in fetal life and in early fetal life and in early years of growth. years of growth.

• Makes cells Makes cells immunocompetent in immunocompetent in early life early life

• Early removal from an Early removal from an animal impairs its ability animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and to make antibodies and produce cells to fight produce cells to fight antigens antigens

Natural immunity: genetic predisposition

Phagocytosis Macrophages Natural killer cells

Acquired immunityActive

by contracting a disease by vaccination stem cell transplant

B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity. originate in bone marrow from stem cellstransform into plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins, antibodies that neutralize antigens

Cytotoxic T cells (T8 cells) attach to and attack antigens.

Other T cells secrete interferons and interleukins that help cells respond to antigens.

Helper T cells promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells.

Suppressor T cells inhibit B and T cells.

Dendric cells are a macrophage derived from monocytes.

They recognize and digest foreign antigens. They present antigens on surface to stimulate B and T cells.

They transfer immunity by exposing dendritic cells in culture; then transfuse them and get them to stimulate T and B cells.

Vaccines: killed tumor cells that produce cytokines that enhance the immune response

Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside body and reinfused

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells

Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment)

1. Lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies?

A. dendritic cellB. helper T cellC. B cellD. cytotoxic T cell

2. Which is the formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen?

A. cell-mediated immunityB. acquired immunityC. natural immunity

COMBINING FORMS

immun/o protectionlymph/o lymphlymphaden/olymph nodesplen/o spleenthym/o thymus glandtox/o poison

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Prefixes, Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminologyand Terminology

PREFIXES

ana- again, anewinter- between

PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Prefixes, Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminologyand Terminology

Immunodeficiency Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells)

opportunistic infections malignancies (Kaposi sarcoma, Wasting syndrome)

Candidiasis Cryptococcus (Crypto) Cryptosporidiosis Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection Herpes simplex Histoplasmosis (Histo) Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) Tuberculosis (TB)

Drugs to Treat AIDS

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) inhibit viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase.

Protease inhibitors inhibit viral proteolytic enzyme.

Combiniation of RTI and Protease inhibitors is HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy).

Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen Ranges from

allergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxis

Other allergies: atopic dermatitis asthma urticaria (hives)

Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg cell)

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular lymphoma, large cell lymphoma)

Multiple myeloma: malignant tumor of bone marrow cells

Thymoma: malignant tumor of the thymus

3. What is a malignant condition associated with AIDS?

A. anaphylaxisB. non-Hodgkin lymphomaC. Kaposi sarcomaD. Hodgkin disease

CD4+ cell count: measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream with patients with AIDS

ELISA test: detects anti-HIV antibodies; Western blot given as follow-up

Immunoelectrophoresis: separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD)

Computed tomography (CT) scan:

X-ray imaging in the transverse plane produces cross-sectional views of anatomic structures. These x-ray views show abnormalities of lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland.

COMBINING FORMS

axill/o ___________ cervic/o ___________ immun/o ___________ inguin/o ___________ lymph/o ___________ lymphaden/o___________

Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning

COMBINING FORMS

axill/o armpit cervic/o neck; cervix

(neck of uterus) immun/o immune; protection; safe inguin/o groin lymph/o lymph lymphaden/o lymph gland (node)

Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning

COMBINING FORMS

splen/o ___________ thym/o ___________ tox/o ___________

Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning

Review SheetReview Sheet

COMBINING FORMS

splen/o spleen

thym/o thymus gland

tox/o poison

Combining Form Combining Form Meaning Meaning

SUFFIXES

-cytosis ___________ -edema ___________ -globulin ___________ -megaly ___________ -oid ___________ -pathy ___________

SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning

SUFFIXES

-cytosis condition of cells; slight increase in numbers

-edema swelling -globulin protein -megaly enlargement -oid resembling -pathy disease; emotion

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

SUFFIXES

-penia ___________ -phylaxis ___________ -poiesis ___________ -stitial ___________ -suppression ___________

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

SUFFIXES

-penia deficiency -phylaxis protection -poiesis formation -stitial to set; pertaining to

standing or positioned -suppression to stop

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

PREFIXES

ana- ___________auto- ___________hyper- ___________inter- ___________retro- ___________

PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning

PREFIXES

ana- up; apart; backward; again; anew

auto- self; ownhyper- above; excessiveinter- betweenretro- behind; back; backward

Prefix Prefix Meaning Meaning

4. What is the name of the fluid that lies between cells throughout the body?

A.atopyB.lymphademaC.interstitialD.lymphopoiesis

5. Malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and spleen marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes…

A. HIVB. Kaposi sarcomaC. Non-Hodgkin lymphomaD. Hodgkin disease