the last glacial maximum. what was it like during the last glacial max? about 21k yrs ago ice sheets...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Last Glacial Maximum
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The Last Glacial Maximum
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The Last Glacial Maximum
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What was it like during the last glacial max?
• About 21K yrs ago ice sheets were at a max and CO2 was at a min.
• The ice volume was the product of successive 41K cycles that added ice volume until we maxed out.
• Oddly the insolation then was about what it is now….
• Why the difference in climate?– Ice Volume– CO2
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The effect of ice sheets• The ice sheets are
bigger…..• The fundamental
characteristic of ice…..it’s cold (duh…)– Ice will cool the surround
air and water– Lots of ice will cool a lot….
• Ice sheets are huge….2-4 km in height.– They act as mountain
ranges to deflect weather patterns
– They are bright….and will reflect much more sunlight back into space
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So how are things different with ice sheets?
• North Atlantic ocean temps are much colder
• Air temps are also much colder
• Since you get less evaporation from cold water into cold air, Northern Europe is dryer
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The Last Glacial Maximum
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The northern hemisphere climate was ice-driven
• Large ice volumes hammered sea-surface temps
• Water temps in the north atlantic (not exactly balmy now) were about 10C colder
• Downstream the climate was much colder and drier.
• Europe was mostly devoid of trees, mostly tundra grasses
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There were some other interesting climate
changes
• We see climate shifts at the equator
• Generally…high ice volumes result in more grassland– Probably drier….
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Even farther south• We see the same strong
response to the ice volume signal in New Zealand
• Probably what is happening is we are seeing a global response to a global change….
• CO2 is dropping as ice volume rises
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It was dry...m
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It was dusty
• Loess is glacial-derived fine silt….glaciers grind rock into fine powder.
• This is what washes out from melting glaciers.
• And it is very windy around glaciers.
• Glacial age layers show about 10 times as much dust as now!
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Loess in China
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Thick Loess in Nebraska, note the road for scale
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Loess was widespread on the glacial margins
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What was the vegetation like?
• Pollen is a great paleo-climate marker
• We know what conditions species like….
• AND we can use 14C to date the pollen
• So we can track the changes in rainfall and temperature during the last ice age.
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What was the vegetation like?
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What was the climate
like ?
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Much colder North
Atlantic
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Much wetter
Southwest
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• Even in the tropics there was some cooling due to reduced CO2
• However, the cooling was probably not as much as suggested by the drop in treelines
• Effect of changes in moisture, sea level, and even the effect of lower CO2 on planet growth
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Muir Glacier 1941
Muir Glacier 2004
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Ice Cores
• 18O record
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Ice Core Layering
• This shows 11 annual layers• Summer layers are lighter, winter darker• Note the bubbles…..
19 cm
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These bubbles do trap the current atmosphere
36Cl from 1960s nuclear bombs in US glacier ice
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Sealing takes time…• Depends on
accumulation rate…• Fast accumulation
and the bubbles get sealed off in a few 10s of years
• Slow accumulation and it could take 100’s of years
• This has been checked with CFC’s and radioactives
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Muir Glacier 1941
Muir Glacier 2004
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What do the bubbles tell us?
• CO2 and CH4 march in lock step with ice volume.
• During glacial max atmospheric CO2 dropped to <200 ppm (it is now about 390)
• That removes about 180 billion tons from the atmosphere…. Where did it go?
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Where did it go….?
• Vegetation? During glaciation we had less veg• Shallow Ocean? The shallow ocean actually lost CO2• Deep Ocean….turns out there is a lot of evidence for this
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The Carbon Pump
• Critters in the surface waters take CO2 and make organic material thru photosynthesis
• As they die, the organic tissue sinks to the deep ocean
• As long as there have nutrients…..they breed
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• Ocean productivity varies a lot
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So what happens….?
• What is needed is a mechanism to crank up ocean productivity• Remember, things are much dryer and dustier during glacial times• The dust provides iron fertilizer from glacial margins and
simulates critters growth…..
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Methane• Methane from the ice
cores shows an interesting pattern
• Most methane is produced by decaying plant matter in wetlands (swamp gas)– Produced when oxygen is
absent
• Methane follows the insolation cycle very closely
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Methane• What this is tracking is
the monsoon cycle
• The idea is that higher summer insolation cranks up the monsoons
• Stronger monsoons create more wetlands, which make more methane
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What happens is …
• There is a relationship between ice volume, insolation, and greenhouse gases
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The 100K cycle
• We have been seeing steady climate cooling for millions of years as continents moved north and more CO2 has been lost from the atmosphere
• The gradual cooling eventually got to the point that the weakened insolation maxima was not able to melt all the northern ice (like now)
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The 100K cycle
• Now only the strongest insolation peaks result in deglaciation
• The threshold for deglaciation seems to be rising
• The exact cause of the 100K is probably the feedback of reduced CO2, combined with the general cooling of continental movement
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The 100K cycle
• What is happening is that the insolation cycles are now mostly too weak to melt all the ice that grows during the 41K cycles.
• The last three 41K cycles combined to produce steadily increasing ice volumes since the subsequent insolation max (until the one we are in) were too weak to do significant melting.
• It was only when we had a strong insolation max and a strong increase in CO2 and methane that we got rapid deglaciation