the legal regime for deep seabed mining in the area · 2019-01-07 · the legal regime for deep...
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The Legal Regimefor Deep Seabed
Mining in the Area
ISA-Chile Seminar, Santiago4-5 November 2015
Michael Lodge, Legal CounselInternational Seabed Authority
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Needtoknow…• Legal context • What is the Area? • What are the resources of the Area? • How is the Area administered? • Who can exploit the Area and how? • How are benefits distributed?
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Legalcontext• 1970 Declaration of
Principles • 1982 UN Convention on the
Law of the Sea (Part XI) • 1994 Implementation
Agreement • Rules, regulations and
procedures of ISA • General principles of
international law
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LegalStatusoftheArea
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LegalStatusoftheArea
54%
The Area
38%
EEZs
8%
OCS
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Seamount
Trench
Back-arc basin
Subduction zone
Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, REEs
Polymetallic Nodules
Ocean floor4,000 – 6,000 m
Mn, Ni, Co, Pt, REEsCobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts
800 – 2,400 m
Cu, Ob, Zn, Au, AgPolymetallic Sulphides
Mid-ocean Ridge
700 – 3,000 m
ResourcesoftheArea
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HowistheAreaadministered?
SpecialstatusoftheAreaas:CommonHeritageofMankind
AdministeredbytheInternationalSeabedAuthority
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CommonHeritageofMankind•NoclaimtosovereigntyovertheAreaoritsresources(Article137)
•Allrightsinresourcesvestedinmankindasawhole(Article137)
•MineralrightstobeexercisedonlyinaccordancewithPartXIand1994Agreement(Article137)
•ActivitiesintheAreacarriedoutforbenefitofmankind(Article140)
•TheAreaexclusivelyforpeacefulpurposes(Article141)
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WhocanexploittheArea…andhow?
TheEnterpriseonbehalfofmankind
DirectlybyQualifiedEntities
OnlyunderacontractwiththeInternationalSeabedAuthorityonbehalfofmankind
• States Parties • State enterprises • Natural or juridical
persons sponsored by States Parties
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Regulatoryregime• Regulationscoverprospectingandexplorationphasesonly.• ForPolymetallicNodules,PolymetallicSulphidesandCobalt-richCrusts.
• Processessimilar,butresource-specificdifferences.
Regulationsforexploitationcurrentlyunderdevelopment
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Process…Exploration
Application
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Process…Exploration
Application
Sponsorship
AdvisoryOpinionontheObligationsandResponsibilitiesofStatesSponsoringPersonsandEntitieswithrespectto
ActivitiesintheArea(ITLOSCaseNo.17,1February2011)
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Process…Exploration
Application
Sponsorship
SizeofArea
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Process…Exploration
Application
Sponsorship
Approvalprocess
SizeofAreaCouncil shall approve recommendation by Legal and Technical Commission unless it decides to disapprove by a majority of members present and voting, including a simple majority in each of the four chambers of the Council (1994 Agreement, Annex, S.3, paras. 11 and 12).
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Process…Exploration
Application
Sponsorship
Approvalprocess
SizeofArea
Explorationcontract
• Standardcontractterms• 15yearduration• Exclusiverights• Preferenceandpriorityforexploitation• Annualreporting(includingenvironmentalandclassificationstandards)
• Mandatorytraining
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Polymetallic sulphides
Polymetallicnodules
Cobalt-rich crusts
Exploration…currentstatus
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European Union • IFREMER • UK Seabed Resources Ltd • GSR NV (Belgium) • BGR (Germany)
Non-EU • Yuzhmorgeologiya • Government of India • Government of Republic of Korea • China Minmetals Corporation • COMRA • Deep Ocean Resource Development • JOGMEC • Russian Federation • CPRM (Brazil) • Interoceanmetal Joint Organization
SIDS• Ocean Minerals Singapore• Cook Islands Investment Corporation • Nauru Ocean Resources Inc• Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd• Marawa (Kiribati)
27 Exploration contracts
Exploration…currentstatus
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TheEnterprise
Applicant(developedState)MUSTcontributeEITHER(a)reservedareaor(b)anequityinterestinajointventurewiththeEnterprise.
• Article 170 and Annex IV • Radically affected by 1994 Agreement.
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TheEnterprise
Applicant(developedState)MUSTcontributeEITHER(a)reservedareaor(b)anequityinterestinajointventurewiththeEnterprise.
JointVenturewiththeEnterprisetotakeeffectonlyonentryintoforceoffutureexploitationcontract.
•Minimum20%equityinJVtotheEnterpriseonthefollowingterms:-10%atnocost;-Balancetobepurchasedatcost,exceptthatEnterprisereceivesnoprofitonsuchequityuntilapplicanthasrecovereditsequityinJV.
•OptionforEnterprisetopurchaseafurther30%equityinJV.• Termsandconditionstobedeveloped.
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Reservedareas
Twoareasofequalestimatedcommercialvalue
AvailablefortheEnterpriseordevelopingStatesorentities
sponsoredbydevelopingStates
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Exploitation…• Initial stakeholder consultation
2014 to 2015• Framework issued by Legal and
Technical Commission in July 2015• List of ‘high level issues’ identified• ‘Zero Draft’ to be prepared by early
2016• Financial model
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Environmentalregulations
• Environmentalstudies• GatherbaselinedataandreporttoISA(guidancebyISA)• Monitorimpactsonmarineenvironment• AvoidVulnerableMarineEcosystems(VMEs)• EIAfortestmining• Maintaincontingencyplan
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Environmentalregulations
Exploration is not mining!
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• Article145,ISAtoregulatetopreventdamagetofloraandfaunaofmarineenvironment
• Article192,GeneralresponsibilityofallStatesformarineenvironment
• AdvisoryOpinion,responsibilityofsponsoringStates
• PriorEIArequired,butwhatisprocess?
• MonitoringprogrammesandinspectionbyISA
• Site-specificPRZandIRZ
EnvironmentalregulationsResponsibilitiesforISA,contractorsandStates
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Benefit-sharing
Requires ISA to develop equitable sharing criteria, taking into account: • coastal and landlocked States• interests and needs of developing States• and peoples who have not attained independence or self-governing
status
ActivitiesintheAreashallbecarriedoutforthebenefitof
mankindasawhole