8/9/2019 The letter

1/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pi_eq_C_over_d.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pi_eq_C_over_d.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pi-symbol.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pi-symbol.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-adm-2%23cite_note-adm-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-3%23cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-adm-2%23cite_note-adm-2

8/9/2019 The letter

2/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_Area.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_Area.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-adm-2%23cite_note-adm-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-4%23cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-5%23cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_that_%CF%80_is_irrationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lamberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-adm-2%23cite_note-adm-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_M._Nivenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-6%23cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-7%23cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-8%23cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Lindemannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-ttop-9%23cite_note-ttop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructible_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_and_straightedge_constructionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_and_straightedge_constructionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaring_the_circle

8/9/2019 The letter

3/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-10%23cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_approximations_of_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-11%23cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#External_links%23External_linkshttp://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A000796http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-12%23cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-13%23cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-14%23cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_decimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-15%23cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-16%23cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_for_calculating_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-NOVA-17%23cite_note-NOVA-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscribe

8/9/2019 The letter

4/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscribed_figurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-18%23cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_formula_for_pihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-19%23cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-20%23cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Wijngaarden_transformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-21%23cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_computation_of_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_approximations_of_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-22%23cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-23%23cite_note-23

8/9/2019 The letter

5/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cutcircle2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cutcircle2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archimedes_pi.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-adm-2%23cite_note-adm-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-24%23cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-ahop-25%23cite_note-ahop-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_numerical_approximations_of_%CF%80#Biblical_valuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-ahop-25%23cite_note-ahop-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-ahop-25%23cite_note-ahop-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Huihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Hui's_%CF%80_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Hui's_%CF%80_algorithm

8/9/2019 The letter

6/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Hui's_%CF%80_algorithm#Quick_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu_Chongzhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_formula_for_pihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-26%23cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-27%23cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gregory_(astronomer_and_mathematician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibnizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsh%C4%ABd_al-K%C4%81sh%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludolph_van_Ceulenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-28%23cite_note-28

8/9/2019 The letter

7/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A8te's_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Vi%C3%A8tehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-29%23cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Machinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machin-like_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias_Dasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias_Dasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gausshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lamberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien-Marie_Legendrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Eulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_problem

8/9/2019 The letter

8/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Lindemannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_(mathematician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Eulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-30%23cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-adm-2%23cite_note-adm-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematical_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-rad-31%23cite_note-rad-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudnovsky_brothershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-rad-31%23cite_note-rad-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer

8/9/2019 The letter

9/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brent_(scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Salaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Legendre_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-brent-32%23cite_note-brent-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Borweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Borweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Borweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-33%23cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasumasa_Kanadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%E2%80%93Borwein%E2%80%93Plouffe_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Plouffehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Baileyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Borweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-bbpf-34%23cite_note-bbpf-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-bbpf-34%23cite_note-bbpf-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PiHexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice_Bellard

8/9/2019 The letter

10/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PiDigits.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PiDigits.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1015http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-35%23cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Plouffehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-36%23cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelfond's_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelfond's_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piphilologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Haraguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-japantimes-37%23cite_note-japantimes-37

8/9/2019 The letter

11/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Chaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-38%23cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-39%23cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hopwood_Jeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-40%23cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-41%23cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaeic_Cadenzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-42%23cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piphilologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-43%23cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_numerical_approximations_of_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-ttop-9%23cite_note-ttop-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation#Capital-sigma_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-44%23cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_that_22/7_exceeds_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C3%BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-45%23cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-46%23cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-47%23cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_(number)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-ahop-25%23cite_note-ahop-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscribed_figurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_number

8/9/2019 The letter

12/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-48%23cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-49%23cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crandallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-50%23cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Valentinovich_Nesterenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Valentinovich_Nesterenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelfond's_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-51%23cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_formulas_involving_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-52%23cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_a_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-psu1-53%23cite_note-psu1-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-udi-54%23cite_note-udi-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_circlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-psu1-53%23cite_note-psu1-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_of_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-55%23cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_function

8/9/2019 The letter

13/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euler%27s_formula.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euler%27s_formula.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_circlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_of_unityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function

8/9/2019 The letter

14/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-56%23cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-57%23cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-ein-58%23cite_note-ein-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-59%23cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-60%23cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion#Kepler.27s_third_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimajor_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution

8/9/2019 The letter

15/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pi_plate.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-61%23cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-62%23cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-63%23cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon's_needlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-bn-64%23cite_note-bn-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-65%23cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-66%23cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-67%23cite_note-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-bn-64%23cite_note-bn-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

8/9/2019 The letter

16/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pi_plate.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-68%23cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-69%23cite_note-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-70%23cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-71%23cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-72%23cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_note-73%23cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Pi_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_that_22/7_exceeds_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_for_calculating_%CF%80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Online_Computational_Resourcehttp://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_Activities_BuffonNeedleExperiment#Buffon.27s_needle_experiment_and_estimation_of_the_constant_.CF.80http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_Activities_BuffonNeedleExperiment#Buffon.27s_needle_experiment_and_estimation_of_the_constant_.CF.80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-0%23cite_ref-0http://books.google.com/books?id=LIsuAAAAIAAJ&q=%22important+numbers+in+mathematics%22&dq=%22important+numbers+in+mathematics%22&pgis=1http://books.google.com/books?id=LIsuAAAAIAAJ&q=%22important+numbers+in+mathematics%22&dq=%22important+numbers+in+mathematics%22&pgis=1http://books.google.com/books?id=LIsuAAAAIAAJ&q=%22important+numbers+in+mathematics%22&dq=%22important+numbers+in+mathematics%22&pgis=1http://books.google.com/books?id=LIsuAAAAIAAJ&q=%22important+numbers+in+mathematics%22&dq=%22important+numbers+in+mathematics%22&pgis=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-collier_1-0%23cite_ref-collier_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-adm_2-0%23cite_ref-adm_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-adm_2-1%23cite_ref-adm_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-adm_2-2%23cite_ref-adm_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-adm_2-3%23cite_ref-adm_2-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-adm_2-4%23cite_ref-adm_2-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-adm_2-5%23cite_ref-adm_2-5http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.pi.htmlhttp://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.pi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-3%23cite_ref-3http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/bycodes.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortiumhttp://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/bycodes.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-4%23cite_ref-4http://www.wku.edu/~tom.richmond/Pir2.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Universityhttp://www.wku.edu/~tom.richmond/Pir2.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-5%23cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/007054235Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-6%23cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Nivenhttp://www.ams.org/bull/1947-53-06/S0002-9904-1947-08821-2/S0002-9904-1947-08821-2.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1947-08821-2http://dx.doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1947-08821-2http://www.ams.org/bull/1947-53-06/S0002-9904-1947-08821-2/S0002-9904-1947-08821-2.pdfhttp://www.ams.org/bull/1947-53-06/S0002-9904-1947-08821-2/S0002-9904-1947-08821-2.pdf

8/9/2019 The letter

17/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-7%23cite_ref-7http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~hr/numb/pi-irr.htmlhttp://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~hr/numb/pi-irr.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-8%23cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Jeffreyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-ttop_9-0%23cite_ref-ttop_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-ttop_9-1%23cite_ref-ttop_9-1http://dialspace.dial.pipex.com/town/way/po28/maths/docs/pi.htmlhttp://dialspace.dial.pipex.com/town/way/po28/maths/docs/pi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-10%23cite_ref-10http://www.cut-the-knot.org/impossible/sq_circle.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-the-knothttp://www.cut-the-knot.org/impossible/sq_circle.shtmlhttp://www.cut-the-knot.org/impossible/sq_circle.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-11%23cite_ref-11http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A000796http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-12%23cite_ref-12http://www.super-computing.org/pi_current.htmlhttp://www.super-computing.org/pi_current.htmlhttp://www.super-computing.org/pi_current.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-13%23cite_ref-13http://books.google.com/books?id=iEMmV9RWZ4MC&pg=PA238&dq=intitle:Excursions+intitle:in+intitle:Calculus+39+digits&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=AeLrSNKJOYWQtAPdt5DeDQ&sig=ACfU3U0NSYsF9kVp6om4Zyw3a7F82QCofQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0883853175http://books.google.com/books?id=iEMmV9RWZ4MC&pg=PA238&dq=intitle:Excursions+intitle:in+intitle:Calculus+39+digits&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=AeLrSNKJOYWQtAPdt5DeDQ&sig=ACfU3U0NSYsF9kVp6om4Zyw3a7F82QCofQhttp://books.google.com/books?id=iEMmV9RWZ4MC&pg=PA238&dq=intitle:Excursions+intitle:in+intitle:Calculus+39+digits&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=AeLrSNKJOYWQtAPdt5DeDQ&sig=ACfU3U0NSYsF9kVp6om4Zyw3a7F82QCofQhttp://books.google.com/books?id=iEMmV9RWZ4MC&pg=PA238&dq=intitle:Excursions+intitle:in+intitle:Calculus+39+digits&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=AeLrSNKJOYWQtAPdt5DeDQ&sig=ACfU3U0NSYsF9kVp6om4Zyw3a7F82QCofQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-14%23cite_ref-14http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000067000004000298000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yeshttp://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000067000004000298000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yeshttp://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000067000004000298000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yeshttp://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000067000004000298000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-15%23cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiDigits.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-16%23cite_ref-16http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/2005/050426.Fischbach.pi.htmlhttp://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/2005/050426.Fischbach.pi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Universityhttp://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/2005/050426.Fischbach.pi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-NOVA_17-0%23cite_ref-NOVA_17-0http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/pi.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/pi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-18%23cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880294183http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880294183http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-19%23cite_ref-19http://books.google.com/books?id=qZcCSskdtwcC&pg=PA53&dq=leibniz+pi&ei=uFsuR5fOAZTY7QLqouDpCQ&sig=k8VlN5VTxcX9a6Ewc71OCGe_5jkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821832468http://books.google.com/books?id=qZcCSskdtwcC&pg=PA53&dq=leibniz+pi&ei=uFsuR5fOAZTY7QLqouDpCQ&sig=k8VlN5VTxcX9a6Ewc71OCGe_5jkhttp://books.google.com/books?id=qZcCSskdtwcC&pg=PA53&dq=leibniz+pi&ei=uFsuR5fOAZTY7QLqouDpCQ&sig=k8VlN5VTxcX9a6Ewc71OCGe_5jkhttp://books.google.com/books?id=qZcCSskdtwcC&pg=PA53&dq=leibniz+pi&ei=uFsuR5fOAZTY7QLqouDpCQ&sig=k8VlN5VTxcX9a6Ewc71OCGe_5jkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-20%23cite_ref-20http://www.scm.org.co/Articulos/832.pdfhttp://www.scm.org.co/Articulos/832.pdfhttp://www.scm.org.co/Articulos/832.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-21%23cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-22%23cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Beckmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin's_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312381859http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312381859

8/9/2019 The letter

18/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-23%23cite_ref-23http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Pi/pi.htmlhttp://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Pi/pi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-24%23cite_ref-24http://www.recoveredscience.com/const303solomonpi.htmhttp://www.recoveredscience.com/const303solomonpi.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-ahop_25-0%23cite_ref-ahop_25-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-ahop_25-1%23cite_ref-ahop_25-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-ahop_25-2%23cite_ref-ahop_25-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-ahop_25-3%23cite_ref-ahop_25-3http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Pi_through_the_ages.htmlhttp://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Pi_through_the_ages.htmlhttp://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Pi_through_the_ages.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-26%23cite_ref-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521789885http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-27%23cite_ref-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-28%23cite_ref-28http://books.google.com/books?id=zDMAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=snell+descartes+date:0-1837&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=rqPgR7yeNqiwtAPDvNEVhttp://books.google.com/books?id=zDMAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=snell+descartes+date:0-1837&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=rqPgR7yeNqiwtAPDvNEVhttp://books.google.com/books?id=zDMAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=snell+descartes+date:0-1837&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=rqPgR7yeNqiwtAPDvNEVhttp://books.google.com/books?id=zDMAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=snell+descartes+date:0-1837&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=rqPgR7yeNqiwtAPDvNEVhttp://books.google.com/books?id=zDMAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=snell+descartes+date:0-1837&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=rqPgR7yeNqiwtAPDvNEVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-29%23cite_ref-29http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE0DB143FF93BA35750C0A961948260http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-30%23cite_ref-30http://www.famouswelsh.com/cgibin/getmoreinf.cgi?pers_id=737http://www.famouswelsh.com/cgibin/getmoreinf.cgi?pers_id=737http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-rad_31-0%23cite_ref-rad_31-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-rad_31-1%23cite_ref-rad_31-1http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Pi/piramanujan.htmlhttp://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Pi/piramanujan.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-brent_32-0%23cite_ref-brent_32-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brent_(scientist)http://wwwmaths.anu.edu.au/~brent/pub/pub028.htmlhttp://wwwmaths.anu.edu.au/~brent/pub/pub028.htmlhttp://wwwmaths.anu.edu.au/~brent/pub/pub028.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-33%23cite_ref-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Borweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0387205713http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-bbpf_34-0%23cite_ref-bbpf_34-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-bbpf_34-1%23cite_ref-bbpf_34-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Baileyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Borweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Plouffehttp://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/digits.pdfhttp://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/digits.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-97-00856-9http://dx.doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-97-00856-9http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/digits.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-35%23cite_ref-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice_Bellardhttp://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/pi/pi_bin/pi_bin.htmlhttp://fabrice.bellard.free.fr/pi/pi_bin/pi_bin.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-36%23cite_ref-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Plouffehttp://www.lacim.uqam.ca/~plouffe/inspired2.pdfhttp://www.lacim.uqam.ca/~plouffe/inspired2.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-japantimes_37-0%23cite_ref-japantimes_37-0http://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/fl20061217x1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Timeshttp://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/fl20061217x1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-38%23cite_ref-38http://www.pi-world-ranking-list.com/news/index.htmhttp://www.pi-world-ranking-list.com/news/index.htmhttp://www.pi-world-ranking-list.com/news/index.htm

8/9/2019 The letter

19/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-39%23cite_ref-39http://www.newsgd.com/culture/peopleandlife/200611280032.htmhttp://www.newsgd.com/culture/peopleandlife/200611280032.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-40%23cite_ref-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiWordplay.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-41%23cite_ref-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Borweinhttp://users.cs.dal.ca/~jborwein/pi-culture.pdfhttp://users.cs.dal.ca/~jborwein/pi-culture.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_Universityhttp://users.cs.dal.ca/~jborwein/pi-culture.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-42%23cite_ref-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Keith_(mathematician)http://users.aol.com/s6sj7gt/solution.htmhttp://users.aol.com/s6sj7gt/solution.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-43%23cite_ref-43http://silverchips.mbhs.edu/inside.php?sid=3577http://silverchips.mbhs.edu/inside.php?sid=3577http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-44%23cite_ref-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorldhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-45%23cite_ref-45http://www.xys.org/~xys/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/shuxuekepu.txthttp://www.xys.org/~xys/xys/ebooks/others/science/dajia/shuxuekepu.txthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-46%23cite_ref-46http://www.kaidy.com/PiReward.htmhttp://www.kaidy.com/PiReward.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-47%23cite_ref-47http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Pi/piApprox.htmlhttp://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Pi/piApprox.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-48%23cite_ref-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/NormalNumber.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorldhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/NormalNumber.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-49%23cite_ref-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Preusshttp://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/pi-random.htmlhttp://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/pi-random.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratoryhttp://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/pi-random.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-50%23cite_ref-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivars_Petersonhttp://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20010901/bob9.asphttp://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20010901/bob9.asphttp://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20010901/bob9.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-51%23cite_ref-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Valentinovich_Nesterenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l'Acad%C3%A9mie_des_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-52%23cite_ref-52http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4644103.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4644103.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-psu1_53-0%23cite_ref-psu1_53-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-psu1_53-1%23cite_ref-psu1_53-1http://www.math.psu.edu/courses/maserick/circle/circleapplet.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Universityhttp://www.math.psu.edu/courses/maserick/circle/circleapplet.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-udi_54-0%23cite_ref-udi_54-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/UnitDiskIntegral.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorldhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/UnitDiskIntegral.html

8/9/2019 The letter

20/20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-55%23cite_ref-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/SolidofRevolution.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorldhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/SolidofRevolution.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-56%23cite_ref-56http://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/teaching/astr422/lecture12.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Parkhttp://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/teaching/astr422/lecture12.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-57%23cite_ref-57http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/jan27/hup.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregonhttp://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/jan27/hup.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-ein_58-0%23cite_ref-ein_58-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://www.alberteinstein.info/gallery/gtext3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Physikhttp://www.alberteinstein.info/gallery/gtext3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-59%23cite_ref-59http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html#c3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperPhysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Universityhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html#c3http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/elefor.html#c3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-60%23cite_ref-60http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mu0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Data_for_Science_and_Technologyhttp://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mu0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-61%23cite_ref-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/GaussianIntegral.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorldhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/GaussianIntegral.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-62%23cite_ref-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/CauchyDistribution.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorldhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/CauchyDistribution.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-63%23cite_ref-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/ProbabilityFunction.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorldhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/ProbabilityFunction.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-bn_64-0%23cite_ref-bn_64-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-bn_64-1%23cite_ref-bn_64-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weissteinhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/BuffonsNeedleProblem.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorldhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/BuffonsNeedleProblem.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-65%23cite_ref-65http://www.cut-the-knot.org/ctk/August2001.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-the-knothttp://www.cut-the-knot.org/ctk/August2001.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-66%23cite_ref-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2317945http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-67%23cite_ref-67http://www.datastructures.info/the-monte-carlo-algorithmmethod/http://www.datastructures.info/the-monte-carlo-algorithmmethod/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-68%23cite_ref-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387989464http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-69%23cite_ref-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591022008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591022008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-70%23cite_ref-70http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8456677/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi#cite_ref-71%23cite_ref-71http://www.piday.org/discussions/teachers-what-are-the-most-successful-pi-day-activities