THE LINUX OPERATING SYSTEMA Case Study

THE POWER OF OPEN SOURCE IS THE POWER

OF PEOPLEPhilippe Kahn

WHAT IS LINUX ?

➤ According to wikipedia Linux is a Unix-like and mostly POSIX-compliant computer operating system ‘assembled’ under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution.

➤ In Simple words Linux is a Kernel that is assembled with free software components(Not a Necessary Condition)to form Linux Based Operating Systems. Eg: Gnu/Linux ,Android.

➤ The ‘Kernel’ is a computer program that constitutes the central core of a computer's operating system.

➤ Every operating system has a Kernel.

Source : The Linux Gamer

What is Linux ? (Video)

HISTORY OF LINUX

➤ Linux was Developed by a person named ‘Linus Torvalds’ In 1991, while attending the University of Helsinki,Finland.

➤ He became curious about operating systems and was frustrated by the licensing of MINIX OS, which at the time limited it to educational use only. So he began to work on his own operating system kernel, which eventually became the Linux kernel.

Linus Torvalds. Principal author of the Linux kernel

THE PHILOSOPHYBe the change that you wish

to see in the world.

THE LINUX PHILOSOPHY

➤ Linux is based on the Principle’s of Free Software and Open Source.

➤ Free Software is a Software that respects users freedom.

➤ Free Software need not be free or gratis in terms of price. It only means Freedom to Run,Modify,Redistribute the source code as one wishes.

➤ Free Software concept was Introduced by the ‘Free Software Foundation’ and the ‘GNU Project’ founded in 1985 by Richard Stallman.

➤ Most Prominent Free and Open Source software’s today are Under ‘GNU GPL’ licence created by the Free Software Foundation and GNU Project.

THE LINUX PHILOSOPHY

➤ Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner.

➤ Open Source software is a more or less a technical term used in the Industry due to the model followed called “Open Source Development Model”

➤ Open Source and Proprietary Software can co-exist in a System together. This is the main difference between Free Software and Open Source.

➤ Famous Examples of Open Sources Software are Mozilla Firefox,Thunderbird,Eclipse etc..

THE DESIGNNecessity is the mother of

Invention

THE DESIGN

➤ A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s.

➤ Linux is ‘Monolithic’ in Nature.

➤ A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture where the entire operating system is working in kernel space and is alone in supervisor mode.

➤ Here the Kernel controls and coordinates the entire system and its resources.

➤ A set of primitives or system calls implement all operating system services such as process management, concurrency, and memory management. Device drivers can be added to the kernel as modules.

➤ Linux is Primarily written in Assembly language and C.

By Golftheman - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:OS-structure.svg,

Credits :

Different Types of Kernel Architecture’s

THE DESIGN

➤ Linux Uses ‘GNU Userland’ which Provides the most Common implementations of C Library.

➤ It also makes use of CLI Shell and many of the common Unix tools which carry out many basic operating system tasks.

➤ The graphical user interface (or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the’ X Window System’.

➤ Most Recent and advanced development in terms of GUI is the development of ‘Wayland’ a new display server which community believes will replace the X Window System in the near future.

THE DESIGN

➤ The Linux Uses many other tools and components from various free and open source projects.

➤ Components like Boot-loader,init programs,Software Libraries and other toolkits are used from a variety of projects.

➤ GRUB is a famous Boot-loader in the Linux Space.

➤ Primarily Linux was designed to run on Desktop Computers but it now covers almost 80% of the Server market.

➤ Linux has a very adaptable and open designs and practices which allows the linux into different spheres such as Mobile, Cloud,Embedded Devices etc..

THE USER INTERFACE

What you see is what you get

THE USER INTERFACE

➤ Linux is traditionally known for its Command-line interface (CLI) although a lot Graphical user interface’s (GUI) exist for the platform.

➤ The User Interface in Linux is Commonly Known as Shell.

➤ For desktop systems, the default mode is usually a graphical user interface, although the CLI is available through terminal emulator windows or on a separate virtual console.

➤ Linux Widely uses BASH(Bourne Again Shell) which is developed by GNU.

➤ There are many GUI’s available Such as Gnome,KDE,XFCE,WVM etc..

Bash Shell

Gnome Shell

THE DEVELOPMENTEternal vigilance is the price of eternal development

THE DEVELOPMENT

➤ Linux is developed on the Open Source Development model.

➤ Any Person with the knowledge and skill can contribute to growth of the project.

➤ Linux Development uses ‘Git’ Revision Control System to maintain millions of lines of code ,used by thousands of free and open source projects and ‘Git’ was developed by Linus Torvalds himself.

➤ Linux is the largest Coillabrative Development project in history of computing and still growing to this date.

➤ Every new feature or a fix goes through heavy scrutiny before it gets into the linux platform. Hence Linux guarantees high standards of Security and Stability.

THE DEVELOPMENT

➤ The heart and Soul of Linux Developments are the Community.

➤ Every Variant of Linux that are called ‘Distributions’ aka ‘Distros’ have their own Communities built to help with development and get continuous feedback.

➤ In many cities and regions, local associations known as Linux User Groups (LUGs) seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software.

➤ They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users.

THE DEVELOPMENT : HOW LINUX IS BUILT ?

Credits : The Linux Foundation

THE DEVICES AND DIVERSITYAn Essential part of creativity is not being afraid

to fail

THE DEVICES AND DIVERSITY

➤ The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers.

➤ Linux kernels are ‘forked’ and modified to meet the needs of the device.

➤ ‘Fork’ is nothing but a copy that is later modified or updated.

➤ Beside the Linux distributions designed for general-purpose use on desktops and servers, distributions may be specialised for different purposes including: computer architecture support, embedded systems, stability, security, localisation to a specific region or language, targeting of specific user groups, support for real-time applications, or commitment to a given desktop environment.

➤ Examples are Kali Linux (Security),Ubuntu(Desktop),CentOS(Server)

THE DEVICES AND DIVERSITYLinux is also used in Embed devices and SBC’s(Single Board Computers) that have

Revolutionised the education and Maker Spaces.

A Sample of Raspberry Pi A Camera made with Raspberry Pi

Build A Low-Cost Home Surveillance Camera With A Raspberry Pi

http://blog.initialstate.com/3-raspberry-pi-camera-projects/

THE DEVICES AND DIVERSITY

In-car entertainment system of the Tesla Model S is based on Ubuntu

THE DEVICES AND DIVERSITY

➤ Linux is used in all the major Industries such as Space,Production,Entertainment,Defence,Energy etc.

➤ The Famous NYSE(New York Stock Exchange) and BSE(Bombay Stock Exchange) use Linux as their platform for trading every day.

➤ The Ubuntu derivatives Edubuntu and The Linux Schools Project, as well as the Debian derivative Skolelinux, provide education-oriented software packages. They also include tools for administering and building school computer labs and computer-based classrooms, such as the Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP).

➤ Due to Stability,Reliability and Security Linux has found its way into many sectors and sky seems to be only the limit.

LOOKING FORWARD

The Best way to predict the future is to create it.

LOOKING FORWARD

➤ Linux has always been the fastest to catch up with the technology and trends and has shown the promise of growth over the years.

➤ Linux and Linux based companies are growing over a rapid pace.

➤ As Computers get smaller and problems around us get complex there is need to use the technology and harness the powers of linux and technology to solve problems of future.

➤ Internet of things,Quantum Computing and Virtual and Augmented Reality are the challenges that linux has to face in the upcoming days.

LOOKING FORWARD

Investment and Revenues in Open Source firms and Linux Based Companies.

LOOKING FORWARD

Augmented Reality and Linux

AR Desktop Built using open source ARToolkit

https://www.assetstore.unity3d.com/jp/#!/content/19492

Watch Video at :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amxO38aoKZc

LOOKING FORWARD

Linux foundations Project ‘Zephyr’ a tiny OS for Internet of things

Internet of things and Linux

Zephyr Architecture Zephyr Microkernel

http://thehackernews.com/2016/02/zephyr-internet-of-things-os.html

“Future depends on what we do in the present…

-Mahatma Gandhi