The literature reviewThe literature review• Citation (referencing) patternsCitation (referencing) patterns• What is a literature review?What is a literature review?• Structuring a literature reviewStructuring a literature review• Directing the argument and Directing the argument and

synthesising sourcessynthesising sources• Being critical in your literature Being critical in your literature

reviewreview

Integral and non-integral referencesIntegral and non-integral references

Waldron (2005) suggested that water leakage Waldron (2005) suggested that water leakage targets are often inaccurate as they are targets are often inaccurate as they are based on assumptions and lack direct based on assumptions and lack direct measurement. measurement.

In contemporary U.S society, many In contemporary U.S society, many adolescents spend considerable amounts of adolescents spend considerable amounts of time in online interactions (Subramanyam, time in online interactions (Subramanyam, Greenfield, Kraut and Gross 2002)Greenfield, Kraut and Gross 2002)

Citation patterns – all these citation Citation patterns – all these citation patterns can be used in both integral patterns can be used in both integral

and and non-integral referencesnon-integral references

1) Paraphrase or summary from a single 1) Paraphrase or summary from a single source:source:

Nordquist (1896) recorded acidification Nordquist (1896) recorded acidification originating from sulphur rich soils at the originating from sulphur rich soils at the end of the 19end of the 19thth century. century.

Acidification originating from sulphur rich Acidification originating from sulphur rich soils was observed at the end of the 19soils was observed at the end of the 19thth century (Nordquist 1896).century (Nordquist 1896).

Citation patterns (2)Citation patterns (2)

2)2) Generalisation or combined attribution – a Generalisation or combined attribution – a summary from several sources which make summary from several sources which make the same pointthe same point

The unitization hypothesis (Healy & The unitization hypothesis (Healy & Drenowski, 1983; Healy, Oliver, & McNamara, Drenowski, 1983; Healy, Oliver, & McNamara, 1987) argues that rapid perception of the word 1987) argues that rapid perception of the word as a unit interferes with the perception of its as a unit interferes with the perception of its components.components.

Most of the recorded acid incidents are Most of the recorded acid incidents are associated with floods (Palko et al. 1985; Lax associated with floods (Palko et al. 1985; Lax et al. 1998).et al. 1998).

Citation patterns (3)Citation patterns (3)In-text quotationIn-text quotation

Wegner & Wheatley (1999) proposed that the Wegner & Wheatley (1999) proposed that the subjective experience of intentions causing subjective experience of intentions causing behaviour is an illusion; both intention and behaviour is an illusion; both intention and behaviour are caused by a third variable; behaviour are caused by a third variable; “unconscious mechanisms of the mind”“unconscious mechanisms of the mind” (p490). (p490).

Block quotationBlock quotation

… … Muraven et al. (1998) suggest that:Muraven et al. (1998) suggest that:

It is good to exert self-control on a regular basis It is good to exert self-control on a regular basis because in the long run, these exercises will because in the long run, these exercises will strengthen self-control and make strengthen self-control and make a person less a person less susceptible to the depleting effects of a single susceptible to the depleting effects of a single exertion (p. 456). exertion (p. 456).

What is a literature review? A definitionWhat is a literature review? A definition

The literature review is the part of the thesis The literature review is the part of the thesis where there is extensive reference to related where there is extensive reference to related research in the field; it is where you make research in the field; it is where you make connections between the source texts that connections between the source texts that you draw on, and where you position yourself you draw on, and where you position yourself and your own work amongst these sources.and your own work amongst these sources.

It is your opportunity to engage in a written It is your opportunity to engage in a written dialogue with other researchers in your field dialogue with other researchers in your field and at the same time show that you have and at the same time show that you have read, understood and responded to the read, understood and responded to the relevant body of knowledge underpinning relevant body of knowledge underpinning your research.your research.

Be careful …Be careful …

A literature review is not a A literature review is not a list of everything you have list of everything you have

read!read!

It is selective, relevant to your It is selective, relevant to your research, and integrated.research, and integrated.

The multiple purposes of the literature The multiple purposes of the literature reviewreview

• It provides a historical background for your researchIt provides a historical background for your research• It gives an overview of the current context in which It gives an overview of the current context in which

your research is situated by referring to your research is situated by referring to contemporary debates, issues and questions in the contemporary debates, issues and questions in the fieldfield

• It includes a discussion of relevant theories and It includes a discussion of relevant theories and concepts which underpin your researchconcepts which underpin your research

• It introduces relevant terminology and provides It introduces relevant terminology and provides definitions to clarify how terms are being used in definitions to clarify how terms are being used in the context of your own workthe context of your own work

• It describes related research in the field and shows It describes related research in the field and shows how your work extends or challenges this, or how your work extends or challenges this, or addresses a gap in previous work in the fieldaddresses a gap in previous work in the field

• It provides supporting evidence for a practical It provides supporting evidence for a practical problem or issue which your research is addressing problem or issue which your research is addressing thereby underlining its significance.thereby underlining its significance.

Structuring the literature reviewStructuring the literature review

It is strongly recommended that you It is strongly recommended that you include the following: include the following:

• an introduction which explains how your an introduction which explains how your review is organised, review is organised,

• headings and subheadings that provide a headings and subheadings that provide a map to show the various strands of your map to show the various strands of your argument, and argument, and

• a summary where the key arguments are a summary where the key arguments are reiterated in a concise way. reiterated in a concise way.

Structuring the literature reviewStructuring the literature review

2.0 Literature Review: introduction2.0 Literature Review: introduction2.1 The importance of value2.1 The importance of value2.2 The public interest and stakeholder 2.2 The public interest and stakeholder

relationsrelations2.3 The universal and the particular2.3 The universal and the particular2.4 The value of conservation and 2.4 The value of conservation and

regeneration in historic urban quartersregeneration in historic urban quarters2.5 Implications for conservation / 2.5 Implications for conservation /

regeneration initiatives: the case studiesregeneration initiatives: the case studies

Outlining the structure of the literature Outlining the structure of the literature reviewreview

As stated in the introduction,As stated in the introduction, this study is aboutthis study is about values in planning and uses the relationship values in planning and uses the relationship between conservation and regeneration in historic between conservation and regeneration in historic urban quarters as an illustration. urban quarters as an illustration. This chapter This chapter introducesintroduces the ‘values approach’ to planning, the ‘values approach’ to planning, looking looking firstlyfirstly at why questions of value are so important. at why questions of value are so important. It It then considersthen considers three notionsthree notions fundamental to the fundamental to the approach in more depth: those of the public interest approach in more depth: those of the public interest and stakeholder relations, the relationship between and stakeholder relations, the relationship between the universal and the particular, andthe universal and the particular, and finally finally the the implications for participatory planning. implications for participatory planning. The final part The final part of this chapter considersof this chapter considers the relationship between the relationship between the practices of conservation and regeneration and the practices of conservation and regeneration and the values surrounding them and the values surrounding them and explainsexplains the choice the choice of the case studies.of the case studies.

Being critical in your literature reviewBeing critical in your literature reviewBeing critical does not mean you always have Being critical does not mean you always have

to find fault with the work of others.to find fault with the work of others.

You can be critical in your literature review by:You can be critical in your literature review by:• selecting what is relevant from source texts selecting what is relevant from source texts

for your workfor your work• making connections between the source making connections between the source

texts that you citetexts that you cite• showing the links between the work that you showing the links between the work that you

cite and your own research, e.g. how you are cite and your own research, e.g. how you are using the work of others to shape your own.using the work of others to shape your own.

An exampleAn exampleOne reason why One reason why inclined abstainersinclined abstainers fail to act on their fail to act on their intentions might be that they simply forget them. intentions might be that they simply forget them. In a In a study ofstudy of breast self-examination (BSE) by Orbell, breast self-examination (BSE) by Orbell, Hodgkins, and Sheeran (1997), 70% of participants who Hodgkins, and Sheeran (1997), 70% of participants who intended to perform BSE in the next month and failed to intended to perform BSE in the next month and failed to do so endorsed forgetting as the reason for their non-do so endorsed forgetting as the reason for their non-performance. performance. SimilarlySimilarly, in a study of exercise behaviour , in a study of exercise behaviour by Milne, Orbell, and Sheeran (2002), 17% of inclined by Milne, Orbell, and Sheeran (2002), 17% of inclined abstainers reported forgetting as their reason for failing abstainers reported forgetting as their reason for failing to exercise (other reasons included ‘being too busy’ and to exercise (other reasons included ‘being too busy’ and ‘not getting around to it’).‘not getting around to it’).

Related to forgettingRelated to forgetting is the issue of competing action is the issue of competing action tendencies (Kuhl, 1984). tendencies (Kuhl, 1984). For instanceFor instance, achievement of , achievement of one’s goal to run a marathon requires that one balances one’s goal to run a marathon requires that one balances training with competing social commitments. Shah and training with competing social commitments. Shah and Kruglanski (2002) Kruglanski (2002) operationalised these ideasoperationalised these ideas by by repeatedly priming participants with an unrelated, repeatedly priming participants with an unrelated, secondary goal while they tried to pursue the primary or secondary goal while they tried to pursue the primary or focal goal. focal goal.

Synthesising references and directing Synthesising references and directing the argumentthe argument

• Unattributed statement at the Unattributed statement at the beginning of a paragraph followed by beginning of a paragraph followed by support from sourcessupport from sources

• A juxtaposition of definitions or A juxtaposition of definitions or points of view from different sources points of view from different sources and some conclusions drawn by the and some conclusions drawn by the dissertation writer afterwardsdissertation writer afterwards

Dissertation/thesis references are from:Dissertation/thesis references are from: Adams, S.A. (2006) Adams, S.A. (2006) Soil Bacterial and Viral Dynamics Soil Bacterial and Viral Dynamics University University

of Nottingham: PhD thesis of Nottingham: PhD thesis Accessed via http://etheses.nottingham.ac.ukAccessed via http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk

Coveney, E. (2003) Coveney, E. (2003) AA reassertion of value: a study of value as reassertion of value: a study of value as illustrated by conservation and regeneration in historic urban illustrated by conservation and regeneration in historic urban quarters: the Birmingham jewellery quarter and the quarters: the Birmingham jewellery quarter and the Nottingham lace market Nottingham lace market University of Sheffield: MA University of Sheffield: MA dissertationdissertation

Farley, B. (2006) Farley, B. (2006) Leakage reduction through mathematical Leakage reduction through mathematical modelling modelling University of Sheffield: MSc dissertationUniversity of Sheffield: MSc dissertation

Hudd, R. (2000) Hudd, R. (2000) Springtime episodic acidification as a regulatory Springtime episodic acidification as a regulatory factor of estuary spawning fish recruitment factor of estuary spawning fish recruitment University of University of Helsinki: dissertation Helsinki: dissertation

Webb, Thomas (2003) Webb, Thomas (2003) Motivational and volitional aspects of self-Motivational and volitional aspects of self-regulation regulation University of Sheffield: PhD thesisUniversity of Sheffield: PhD thesis