the lymphatic system - penguin prof pages · lymphatic ducts and nodes and organs • where do...
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The Lymphatic System
Guided Questionsfor Chapter 21
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The Lymphatic System• What is lymph? And what are the functions
of the lymphatic system?
• How does lymph move around the body? (and what happens when it doesn’t?)
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Lymphatic Ducts and Nodes and Organs
• Where do lymph nodes and lymphatic trunks terminate?
• Describe the asymmetrical drainage of lymph.
• Describe the structure of a lymph node
• Describe briefly the lymphatic organs
• What is the MALT? What is the BALT?
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The Immune System
• What are the functions of the immune system?
• Define “Innate Immunity” and “Adaptive Immunity”
• Give examples of innate immunity mechanisms: barriers, cells, chemicals
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Questions
• What causes disease?
• Why do animals get sick?
• Why do some recover and some die?
• How does the environment influence the virulence and spread of disease-causing agents?
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Koch’s Postulates (1890s)
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Adaptive Immunity
• Antigen-specific
• Systemic response
• Memory is involved
• Must maintain tolerance for self-antigens
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• Cell-Mediated Immunity: T cells
• Humoral (antibody-mediated): B cells
Adaptive Immunity
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Antigens
• Antigens on pathogens may be protein-based (viral, worms) or carbohydrate-based (ex: bacterial cell walls and red blood cells)
• Most antigens consist of multiple antigenic determinants (epitopes) which are small regions to which a receptor can bind
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Antigenic Determinants A typical protein antigen has multiple antigenic determinants, shown by the ability of T cells with three different specificities to bind to different parts of the same antigen.
not really how it happens;T cells do not interact
with antigens directly…
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Antigen Processing and Presentation
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Other T Cell Types
• Suppressor T cells
• Helper T cells
• Cytotoxic T cells
• Regulatory T cells
• Memory T cells
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Humoral Immunity
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Humoral Immunity
• Mediated by B cells
• Primary Response: Clonal selection
• Secondary Response (subsequent exposure to the same antigen - this is the foundation for vaccines
• requires antigenic stability over time
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Clonal Selection of B Cells During a primary B cell immune response, both antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are produced. These memory cells lead to the differentiation of more plasma cells and memory B cells during secondary responses.
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Antibody Functions
• Neutralization (makes pathogens unable to attach to host cells)
• Agglutination and Precipitation
• Activation of compliment proteins
• Attraction of phagocytes
• Enhancement of phagocytosis
• Stimulation of inflammation
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Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses Antigen A is given once to generate a primary response and later to generate a secondary response. When a different antigen is given for the first time, a new primary response is made.
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Immune Dysfunction
Depressed ImmuneFunction
Overactive ImmuneFunction
SCIDHIV / AIDS
Hypersensitivities(allergies, allergic asthma)
Autoimmune Diseases
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• Immunodeficiencies
• Production of immune cells or complement is abnormal
• Congenital or acquired
Immune Dysfunction
David, “Bubble Boy”
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Immune Dysfunction
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• In what season did polio tend to strike?
• What young politician was stricken by polio in 1921?
• Why did polio become a bigger problem after the adoption of modern sanitation protocols?
• What was the iron lung?
• When was Sabin’s vaccine ready? What advantages did it have over Salk’s?
• Post-video: Is polio still a global problem? How does the spread of polio outside the US affect us all?