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1SPACE TIMES•November/December2013

MARCH / APRIL 2014

THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICANASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETYISSUE 2–VOLUME 53

2 SPACE TIMES•March/April2014

MARCH / APRIL 2014

ISSUE 2–VOLUME 53

T H E M A G A Z I N E O F T H E A M E R I C A N A S T R O N A U T I C A L S O C I E T Y

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 2014 Off to an Exciting Start! 3

FEATURE The Penn State Lunar Lion Mission: University-led and privately-funded lunar pursuit 4 Penn State is pursuing the first privately funded mission to the surface of the Moon. byMichaelPaul Project Apollo, NASA, and Technological Versimilitude 7 The success of Project Apollo in the 1960s helped to create a culture of competence for NASA that translated into a level of confidence in American capability. byRogerD.Launius Team Project KOASTAL: Strategies for improving clean water access in Kenya 10 During Summer 2013, thirty professionals from twelve nations gathered together in Strasbourg, France for ISU’s Space Studies Program (SSP) and performed a nine-week academic study on water management in Kenya. byCharlotteKiang,ValentinaBoccia,andErikaKupperAAS TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES – 2014 15 byDavidB.Spencer

BOOK REVIEW Beyond the God Particle 16 ReviewedbyRogerD.Launius3RD ANNUAL ISS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE 17NEW AAS BOARD MEMBERS 18 AAS ANNUAL AWARDS AND FELLOWS 192014 ROBERT H. GODDARD MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM 20NEW CORPORATE MEMBER 22 UPCOMING EVENTS 23

ON THE COVERFRONT:Incelebrationofthe24thanniversaryofthelaunchofNASA’sHubbleSpaceTelescope,astronomershavecapturedinfrared-lightimagesofachurningregionofstarbirth6,400light-yearsaway.ThiscolorfulHubbleSpaceTelescopemosaicofasmallportionoftheMonkeyHeadNebulaunveilsacollectionofcarvedknotsofgasanddustsilhouettedagainstglowinggas.Thecloudissculptedbyultravioletlighteatingintothecoolhydrogengas.(Source: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA))BACK:April18,2014-TheDragonspacecraftseparatesfromtheupperstageoftheFalconrocketminutesafterliftoff.TheenhancedDragonincludesadditionalpoweredcargolocationsanddoublecoldbags,avionicswater-proofingforpostsplashdownsurvivability,enhancedcargoracksfordownmassreturnandcamerasandlightsintheunpressurizedsection.(Source: NASA Television)

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AAS OFFICERSPRESIDENT LynD.Wigbels,RWI International Consulting ServicesEXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT J.WalterFaulconer,Strategic Space Solutions, LLCVICE PRESIDENT–TECHNICAL DavidB.Spencer,The Pennsylvania State UniversityVICE PRESIDENT–PROGRAMS HarleyA.ThronsonVICE PRESIDENT–PUBLICATIONS RichardD.BurnsVICE PRESIDENT–STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH MaryLynneDittmar,Dittmar Associates, Inc.VICE PRESIDENT–MEMBERSHIP LarryRichardson,United Launch AllianceVICE PRESIDENT–EDUCATION LanceBush,Challenger Center for Space Science EducationVICE PRESIDENT–FINANCE PaulEckert,Federal Aviation AdministrationVICE PRESIDENT–INTERNATIONAL SusanJ.Irwin,Irwin Communications, Inc.VICE PRESIDENT–PUBLIC POLICY EdwardGoldstein,Aerospace Industries AssociationLEGAL COUNSEL FranceskaO.Schroeder,Fish & Richardson P.C.EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR JamesR.Kirkpatrick,American Astronautical Society

AAS BOARD OF DIRECTORSTERM EXPIRES 2014PeterM.Bainum,Howard UniversityRobertH.Bishop,Marquette UniversityMarkK.Craig,SAICLauraDelgadoLópez,Secure World FoundationJ.R.Edwards,Lockheed MartinZigmondV.Leszczynski,VCSFA/MARSPatrickMcKenzie,RUAG Aerospace USA Inc.SuneelSheikh,ASTER Labs, Inc.PatriciaGraceSmith,Patti Grace Smith ConsultingGreggVane,Jet Propulsion Laboratory

TERM EXPIRES 2015A.WilliamBeckman,The Boeing CompanyVincentC.Boles,The Aerospace CorporationSandyColeman,ATKDavidA.King,Dynetics, Inc.CarolS.Lane,Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.KimLuu,Air Force Research LaboratoryIanW.PrykeFrankA.Slazer,Aerospace Industries AssociationMarciaS.Smith,Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC

TERM EXPIRES 2016StephanieBednarekOrton,SpaceXRonaldJ.Birk,Northrop GrummanThomasF.Burns,National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPeggyFinarelli,George Mason University/CAPRRobFulton,Orbital Sciences CorporationRebeccaL.Griffin,Rebecca Griffin SpaceHalE.HagemeierMollyKennaMacauley,Resources for the FutureKathyJ.NadoJohnOlson,Sierra Nevada Corporation

SPACE TIMES EDITORIAL STAFFEDITOR,DianeL.Thompson

PHOTOANDGRAPHICSEDITOR,DianeL.ThompsonPRODUCTIONMANAGER,DianeL.Thompson

SPACE TIMESispublishedbimonthlybytheAmericanAstronauticalSociety,aprofessionalnon-profitsociety.SPACE TIMES isfreetomembers of theAAS. Individual subscriptionsmaybe orderedfromtheAASBusinessOffice.©Copyright2014bytheAmericanAstronauticalSociety,Inc.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ISSN1933-2793.

PERIODICALSSPACE TIMES,magazine of theAAS, bimonthly, volume 53,2014—$80domestic,$95foreign(Toorder,contact theAASat703-866-0020.)The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,quarterly,printandonline(Toorder,contactSpringerat1-800-777-4643.)

REPRINTSReprintsareavailableforallarticlesinSPACE TIMESandallpaperspublishedinThe Journal of the Astronautical Sciences.

3

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

SPACE TIMES•March/April2014

AAS–AdvancingAllSpace

LynD.Wigbels [email protected]

“ScienceandExploration:EngineeringtheFuture”wasthethemeofthe52ndRobertH.GoddardMemorialSymposiumheldMarch5and6inGreenbelt,Maryland.AsNASAAdministratorBoldensaidinhiskeynote,“Thisyear’ssymposiumcouldn’tbemoretimely.”TheAdministration’sFiscalYear2015budgetrequestwasreleasedjustthepreviousday,andAdministratorBoldencalledit“astrongvoteofsupportforwhatwedo.”ItwasawonderfulopportunityforSymposiumattendeestoquicklyhearaboutthemajorfeaturesofthebudgetrequestdirectlyfromtheNASAAdministratorandhavetheopportunitytoaskquestionsaboutitsprospectsandimplications.Followinghisspeech,wewereverypleasedtopresentAdministratorBoldentheSpaceFlightAward,ourSociety’shighesthonorgivenannuallytothepersonwhoseoutstandingeffortsandachievementhavecontributedmostsignificantlytotheadvancementofspaceflightandspaceexploration.

NASAAssociateAdministratorsJohnGrunsfeld,BillGerstenmaier,JaiwonShin,andMikeGazarikprovidedSymposiumattendeesadetailedlookintotheirportionsofthebudgetrequest,followedbyagoodexchangewiththeaudience.SymposiumattendeesalsoheardfromNOAAAdministratorKathrynSullivanandVirginGalacticCEOGeorgeWhitesides,guestspeak-ersatourhonorsandawardsluncheonswherewepresentedseveralotherAASawardsandrecognizedtennewFellowsoftheSociety(awardeesandnewFellowsarefeaturedinthisissueofSpace Times).OtherhighlightsoftheSymposiumincludedpresentationsandlivelydiscussionsonspacescienceactivitiesandthefutureofhumanexplorationinvolvingseniorgovernmentandprivatesectorrepresentatives.WehaveheardfromseveralattendeesthatthiswasthebestGoddardSymposiumprogram

2014 Off to an Exciting Start!

Suszann Parry, Executive Secretary, The British Interplanetary Society, and Lyn Wigbels signing and confirming the publication cooperation agreement (Source: Claire Graham, Communications Manager, IAF Secretariat)

AAShaseverputtogether.ManythankstotheSymposiumPlanningCommittee,ledbyHarleyThronson,AASVicePresidentforPrograms,andAASExecutiveDirectorJimKirkpatrickfortheiroutstandingeffortsthatmadethisSymposiumacompletesuccess!

DuringtheSymposium,KenWashington,VicePresident,AdvancedTechnologyCenter,LockheedMartinSpaceSystems,gavea60thAnniversarySalutetoAAShighlightingitsaccomplishmentsandcontributionsto thespaceenterpriseandprofession.Duringhisremarks,heannouncedthatthecompanyhasgivenourSocietyaspecialgiftof$50,000tomarktheoccasion.WearehonoredandgratefulforLockheedMartin’sconfidenceinandgeneroussupportofAAS!

Ourtechnicalactivitieshavealsogottenofftoagreatstart!The24thAAS/AIAASpaceFlightMechanicsMeetingand37thAASRockyMountainGuidanceandControlConfer-encewereheldinthefirsttwomonthsof2014.Botheventswereverywellattended,anditiswonderfultoseethelargenumberofstudentattendees!Othertechnicalactivitiesarebeingplannedin2014,includingtheAIAA/AASAstrodynamicsSpecialistsConferenceinSanDiegothisAugust.DetailsontheseactivitiesareprovidedinthisissuebyAASVicePresidentTechnicalDavidSpencer.

DuringtheIAFSpringMeetingsinParis,Iwasverypleasedtosignanagreementwith theBritish InterplanetarySociety (BIS)which grantsAAS access to publishedarticles fromBIS’sSpaceflightpublicationandBISaccess topublishedarticles fromSpace Times.Throughthiscooperation,wewillbeabletobringyouanexpandedrangeofarticlespublishedonspaceactivities.ItwillalsoexposemorespaceprofessionalstoAASpublishedauthors.

AASisbusyplanningournextbigeventin2014–the3rdAnnualInternationalSpaceStationResearchandDevelopmentConferencethatwillbeheldJune17to19inChicago.Thethemeis“Discoveries,ApplicationsandOpportunities”andwillfeaturekeynotespeeches,plenaries,panels,andparalleltechnicalsessions.Ihopetoseemanyofyouthere!


PennStateispursuingthefirstprivatelyfundedmissiontothesurfaceoftheMoon.Since2011,thePennStateLunarLionteamispursuingtheGoogleLunarXPRIZEastheonlyuniversity-ledteaminthecompetition.ThewinneroftheGrandPrizemustlandaroboticspacecraftonthemoon,returnHDvideosandpicturesbacktoEarth,andtraverse500m.Successfulcompletionwillprovideaproof-of-conceptforPennState’smodelforcollaborationbetweentheuniversity,privatecompanies,andNASA.Withover80studentsontheteam,PennStateiscreatingnotonlyamodelforfuturemissionsbutalsoprovidinghands-onexperiencetothenextgenerationofleadersofthisindustry.

The Penn State Lunar Lion Mission:University-led and privately-funded lunar pursuitbyMichaelPaul

Figure1:TheLunarLionMission(Source: Chris Olds)

The Lunar Lion TeamUniversity Students Leading the Way

LunarLionisledbyagroupofPennStatestudents,faculty,andstafffromarangeofacademicdisciplinesfromEngineeringtoBusinesstoJournalism,makingitatrueuniversity-wideendeavor.Theirmomentumcontinuestoescalateeachdayasinterestintheirendeavorgrows.Theirachievementswillsolidifyuniversitiesasleadersinspaceexplorationasprivatefundinginthespaceindustryincreases.

Asauniversity-ledteam,LunarLionisabletoofferPennStateundergraduateandgraduatestudentstheopportunitytogetreal,hands-onexperienceinboththetechnicalandbusinesssideofspaceexploration.Studentsareinvolvedineveryaspectoftheenterprise,comingintocontactwithgovernmentandindustryleadersateveryturn.ThroughtheLunarLionmission,studentsaregetting:

• Hands-ontrainingfromPennStatefaculty,governmentexperts,andprivateindustryleaders• Afoundationinthecross-disciplinarysystematicnatureofspacemissiondevelopmentandexecution• Extracurricularexperienceintheirfield

5SPACE TIMES•March/April2014

• Thechancetoengagewithkeyplayersinthespaceindustry• Theabilitytosaytheywerepartofthefirstuniversity-ledteamtosendaspacecrafttotheMoon

Figure2:GraduatestudentMichaelPolicelliworkingonrocketengineteststand(Source: Penn State/Lunar Lion Team)

Withthismagnitudeofpracticalexperience,graduatesfromtheLunarLionteamarecontinuingontobecomeleadersinamulti-tudeofindustries.LunarLionstudentshavealreadybeenacceptedintointernshipprogramswithNASAandSpaceX,andothercorporationsareactivelylookingtorecruitstudentsfromourgroup.NewsoftheirachievementwillprovidefuturestudentsanewprospectiveonwhattheycanachieveduringtheiryearsatPennState,andstudentinvolvementinspaceexplorationwillonlycontinuetogrowyearafteryear.

uSpace: University Leadership In Space ExplorationA new model for executing missions into the Solar System

PennStatehascreatedanewparadigmforspaceresearchandexploration.Ithascoinedtheterm“uSpace”todescribethebusinessmodel–universityleadershipinspaceresearchandexplorationthroughpartnershipswithindustry,contributionsfromphilanthro-pists,andcontractswiththegovernment.ThisuniquedevelopmentatPennStatemirrorstheentrepreneurialgrowthinthespaceindustrydrivenbywealthyvisionarieswhoarealsophilanthropists.Asthesecompaniesreducethecostofaccesstoandopera-tionsinspace,PennStateseestheopportunitytoleveragetheirsuccessesagainstitsownrobustresearchcapabilities,creatingandleadingitsownexplorationandsciencemissions.

Industry PartnershipsBridging Private Interests With Research and Education Goals

TheLunarLionteamhasalreadydevelopedcloseworkingrelationshipswithseveralkeyindustrypartners.Whileremaininganonymousfornow,thesecompaniescanbecategorizedas:

• Ahighlysuccessfulstart-uprocket-poweredvehiclecompany• Anestablishedrocketenginecompanywithdecadesofsuccessfuldevelopment• AleadingspacesystemsengineeringfirmthathasregularworkwithNASAandafocusonmilitaryspaceapplications• Acommercialcommunicationssatellitebuilder


• Amilitary-gradeavionicsmanufacturer• Adomestic(U.S.)launchprovider

ThesecompaniesrecognizePennState’scurrentcapabilitiesasthe9thlargestresearchuniversityinthecountryandbelieveintheUniversity’spotentialtobecomethefuturehuboftheuSpaceworld.PennState’sattractivenesstoprivateindustrywasincreasedin2011afterenactinganacademia-leadingpolicyonintellectualpropertyownership.PennStatehaselectedtoallowthetechnology,patents,copyrightsandotherintellectualproperty(IP)thatresultsfromcorporate-fundedresearchtobecomethesolepropertyofthesponsoringcompanyatnoadditionalcost.RatherthanmanagetheIPitself,andthenlicenseittothesponsoringcompany,PennStatewillgivetheIPtothecompany.Thegoalistoreturntheuniversitytoitsrightfulplaceofeducationandresearch,forgoingthepotential,butlowprobability,“blockbuster”returnonresearch.RatherthantrytoprofitfromtheIPitself,theuniversityisusingthispolicytoencouragefurtherinvestmentinresearchandeducationatPennState.

CrowdfundingA New Approach to Fundraising

TheworkofthepasttwoyearshasbeenfocusedonestablishingtheuSpacemodelbyfirstbuildingthecorporaterelationships.Intandem,theteamhasbeenbuildingphilanthropicinterestinsupportingthelargerMissionoftheuniversitythroughthisfocusedmissiontotheMoon.Largedonorsarebeingcourted,withconsiderableinterest,andcommitmentssoughtintheupcomingmonths.

Inconjunctionwiththeseefforts,theLunarLionteamhaskickedoffanon-goingcrowdfundingcampaignonthesiteRocketHub.com,focusingongarneringincreasedawarenessandcourtingtheinterestofsmallerdonors.ThecrowdfundingcampaignwrappedupitsfirstroundattheendofFebruarywithover800peoplejoiningtheteamandraisingover$135,000.Thecampaigniscontinu-ingon,andtheteamislookingtoraise$406,536tobuildandtesttheprototypeoftheLunarLioncraft.Donorsreceivedifferentincentivesfortheircontributionlevel,includingthechancetosigntheirnametobeetchedingoldonthecraftitself.

uSpace: The Future of Space ExplorationBeyond the Lunar Lion

PennState’sexistingcollaborationswiththeprivatespaceindustryandNASA,coupledwithitsownpotentialresearchcapabili-ties,arethefoundationforfutureexplorationandsciencemissions.Increasinginterestinourinauguralmission,theLunarLion,andtheresultingpartnerships,havecreatedaviablemodelforanewtypeofmission.BuildingonthesuccessoftheLunarLion,weenvisionfutureroboticmissionsasprecursorstofurtherhumanexplorationoftheMoon,low-costin situ explorationofthelunarpoles,demonstrationmissionsforvaluabletechnologiesthatcomewithhighrisk,andlow-costsamplereturnmissionsfromthelunarsurface.

TheUniversityisitselfconsideringfurtherinvestmentintheuSpacemodelthroughtheestablishmentoftheuSpaceCenterforResearchandExplorationatPennState,increasingitscurrentinvestmentintheeffort.AftertheLunarLionmissioniscompleted,PennStatewillcontinueontodevelopandexecuteothermissions,exploringspaceandexpandingwhatstudentscandoduringtheircollegeyears.

TheuSpacemodelwillenableexplorationofthesolarsystembycombiningthebestofwhatourindustry,ournation,andourUniversityhastooffer.

TolearnmoreaboutthedetailsoftheLunarLionmissionanditsdevelopment,pleaserefertothearticleat:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576513004049

Michael Paul is a space systems engineer at Penn State’s Applied Research Laboratory where he works on advanced au-tonomous vehicles and space system development. He was at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory from 2000 to 2008, where he was the spacecraft systems engineer for NASA’s MESSENGER Mission to Mercury. Michael also worked on NASA’s twin Solar Terrestrial Observatories and the Comet Nucleus Tour. While at Johns Hopkins, he earned an M.S. in applied physics.


There isnoquestion that thesuccessofProjectApollointhe1960shelpedtocreateacultureofcompetenceforNASAthattranslatedintoalevelofconfidenceinAmericancapability,andespeciallyintheabilityofgovernmenttoperformeffec-tively,toresolveanyproblem.Somethingthatalmostsoundsunthinkableintheearlytwenty-firstcenturybutsuchwasindeedthecaseinthe1960s.

RecollectionsoftheApolloprogram’stechnology leadmany to expresswon-deratthesophisticationofthetechnicalcompetencethatmadetheMoonlandingspossibleandthegeniusofthosethatbuiltthe rockets and spacecraft that carriedAmericans into space.Farouk el-Baz, ascientistwhoworkedontheprogram,ex-pressedwellthissenseofaweattheMoonlandings:“Oh,theApolloprogram!Itwasauniqueeffortalltogether.WhenIthinkaboutitsome40yearslater,Istilllookatthattimewithwonder.”Hebemoansthat“theApollospiritofinnovationandcan-doattitudedidnotlastlong.”

This isall themore thecasebecauseoftherelativelackofcomplexityofthetechnologyusedtogototheMooninthe1960s.Many expresswonder that thereismorecomputingpowerinapocketcal-culatorthanintheApolloguidancecom-puter.Othersaresurprisedthatsomethingassimpleaswritinginspacerequiredthedevelopmentofanewtypeofpen,withtheinkunderpressuresothatitcouldwriteinaweightlessenvironment.

Americanbelief in the technical vir-tuosity ofNASA, an agency that couldaccomplishany taskassigned it, canbetraceddirectlytotheexperienceofApolloanditslegacyofsuccess.ThesuccessinreachingtheMoonestablishedapopularconceptionthatonecouldmakevirtuallyanydemandandthespaceagencywould

Project Apollo, NASA, and TechnologicalVersimilitudeby Roger D. Launius

Apollo14ModoularizedEquipmentTransport(Source: NASA)

deliver.Thishasremainedapowerfulim-ageinAmericanculture.

Despitetragediesalongtheway,includ-ingtheneardisasterofApollo13andtheverypublicChallengerandColumbiaac-cidents that killed fourteen astronauts,the vastmajority of the public remainsconvincedthatNASAhasthecapabilityto succeed atwhatever it attempts.TheMoonlandingsestablishedthatimageintheAmericanmindandithasbeendifficulttotarnishdespitethespaceagency’sverypublicfailuresafterApollo.

Ofcourse,therehasalsobeenconcernabout an undefined sense of declension

presentinsomanypartsofrecentAmeri-cansociety.Theyhaveexpressedadesireto recapturewhatmaybe conceived ofasacan-dospiritandagenuinetechno-logicalvirtuositythatexistedinthe1960sbuthasdeclinedsince.Forone,Faroukel-Bazbemoanedthat“theApollospiritofinnovationandcan-doattitudedidnotlastlong.”Heconcluded:“ThisiswhyIbelievethatmygenerationhasfailedtheAmericanpeopleinonerespect.Wecon-sideredApolloasanenormouschallengeandasingulargoal.Tous,itwastheendgame.Weknewthatnothinglikeiteverhappenedinthepastandbehavedasifit


wouldhavenoequalinthefuture.”The technologyrequired toreach the

Moonwascertainlymorecomplexthananythingeverattemptedbefore,butwasfirmlyunderstoodatthetimethatthepro-grambegan.NASAengineersreasoned,first, that they needed a truly powerfulrocketwith a larger payload capacitythananyenvisionedbefore.Asasecondpriority, they recognized the need for aspacecraft that could preserve the lifeoffragilehumanbeingsforat least twoweeks;thisincludedbothavehicleakintoasmallsubmarinebutonethatcouldoperateinspaceandasecondspacecraftintheformofaspacesuitthatallowedtheastronauts to perform tasks outside thelargervehicle.Third, theyneededsome

typeoflandingcraftthatwouldbeabletooperateinanenvironmentattheMoonfardifferentfromanythingfoundonornearEarth.Finally,theyneededtodevelopthetechnologiesnecessaryforguidanceandcontrol, communication, andnavigationtoreachtheMoon.

Ineverycase,andthisprovedcritical,plannersatNASAunderstoodthenatureofthetechnicalchallengesbeforetheminreachingfortheMoonsotheycouldchartareasonableandwell-definedtechnologydevelopmentcourseforovercomingthem.

ForthegenerationofAmericanswhogrewupduringthe1960swatchingNASAastronautsflyintospace,beginningwith15-minutesuborbitaltrajectoriesandcul-minatingwithsixlandingsontheMoon,

ProjectApollosignaledinaverypublicmannerhowwellthenationcoulddowhenitset itsmindtoit.Televisioncoverageof real space adventureswas long andintense,thestakeshigh,andtherisksoflife enormous.Thereweremoments ofbothgreatdangerandhighanxiety.

ProjectApollowasatriumphofman-agementinmeetingenormouslydifficultsystems engineering, technological, andorganizationalintegrationrequirements.

Indeed, theMoon landing programcame to exemplify the bestAmericanscouldbringtoanychallenge,andhasbeenroutinelydeployedtosupportthenation’ssenseofgreatness.AsoneexampleActorCarrollO’ConnorperhapssaiditbestinthemidstoftheMoonlandingeffortinan

ApolloLunarLandingMissionProfile(Source: NASA)


Roger D. Launius is associate director for collections and curatorial affairs at the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonion Institution, Washington, D.C.

episodeofAll in the Familyin1971.Por-trayingthecharacterofArchieBunker,thebigotedworking classAmericanwhoseperspectivesweremorecommon inoursociety thanmanyobserverswerecom-fortableadmitting,O’ConnorrepresentedwellhowmostAmericansembracedthesuccess of theApollo program.ArchieBunkerobservedtoavisitortohishouseinthesitcomthathehad“agenuinefac-simileoftheApollo14insignia.That’sthethingthatsetstheUSofAapartfrom…allthemotherlosers.”Inveryspecificterms,ArchieBunker encapsulated formanywhatsettheUnitedStatesapartfromothernations:successinspaceflight.

Morerecently,anotherreferencefrompopularculturepointsupthelastingnatureofthissenseofsuccessgrantedthenationthroughitsApolloMoonlandings.Inthe

critically acclaimed television situationcomedySports Night,abouta teamthatproducesanightlycablesportsbroadcast,one episode in 2001 included a tellingdiscussionofspaceexploration.Thefic-tionalsportsshow’sexecutiveproducer,IsaacJaffee,playedbyRobertGuillaume,is recovering from a stroke and disen-gaged from thedailyhubbubofputtingtogetherthenightlyshow.Hisproducer,DanaWhitaker,playedbyFelicityHuff-man,keepsinterruptinghimashereadsamagazineaboutspaceexploration.Isaactellsher,“They’retalkingaboutbio-engi-neeringanimals and terraformingMars.WhenIstartedreportingGeminimissions,justwatchingaTitanrocketliftoffwasasighttosee.IntheprocesstheIsaacJaffeecharacteraffirmshisbasicfaithinNASAtocarryoutanytaskinspaceexploration.

“YouputanXanyplaceinthesolarsys-tem,”hesays,“andtheengineersatNASAcanlandaspacecraftonit.”

Thetechnologicalvirtuosityremainstothisday.Ithaslongsupportedanemphasisonnationgreatnessandofferssolaceinthefaceofothersetbacks.AtabasicleveltheMoonlandingsprovidedtheimpetusfortheperceptionofNASAasasuccessfulorganization, and theU.S. as theworldleaderinscienceandtechnology.MightNASA and theUnited States return tothose thrilling days in the twenty-firstcentury.

SPACE TIMES is a magazine, as opposed to a technical journal, and articles are written in active voice with a clear explanation of technical concepts. The tone leans more toward conversational rather than formal. Articles are written for a well-educated audience that has a great interest in space topics but may not necessarily be familiar with your specific topic.

Virtually any topic involving space science, technology, exploration, law, or policy may be covered. Issues relevant to the civil, commercial, and military and intelligence space sectors alike are also welcomed.

Feature articles (600-3,500 words), op-eds (500-1,500 words), and book reviews (600 words or less) are ac-cepted. Exceptions are handled on a case-by-case basis.

Articles must be submitted in Microsoft Word format, Times New Roman font, 10.5 pt. Other formatting is handled by the production manager during the editing process.

Submission of photos or other visual support is strongly encouraged but is not required. If graphics are submitted, the images must be provided in JPG format in high resolution of at least 300 dpi (CMYK for color and grayscale for black and white). PDFs may also be accepted, depending on the item. Caption(s) and source(s) of the image(s) must be provided.

Visuals may not be embedded in the final submitted article but must be provided separately. However, a copy of the article with the visuals embedded should be provided for layout purposes. Proof of permission from the owner of any photos or other visuals, or contact information for the owner if permission has not been secured prior to submission of an article, should be provided.

Articles must include: (1) a title; (2) a one to two sentence summary of the article for index purposes (optional); (3) if applicable, subheadings providing separation between major sections of the article; (4) a one to two sen-tence byline/author biography which will appear at the end of the article; and (5) the current mailing address of the author(s). Five complimentary copies of the issue in which the article appears will be mailed to each author. A PDF of the article will be emailed upon request only to the primary author. The full magazine is also available in PDF at www.astronautical.org.

The standard submission deadline is the 15th of the month prior to the issue date (i.e., December 15 for the January/February issue). Please submit articles or inquiries to [email protected], or contact Diane Thompson at the AAS office at 703-866-0020.

Guidelines for Submitting Articlesfor Publication in SPACE TIMES


What is TP KOASTAL?

Eachyear,astheworld’spremierinstitutionofhighereducationdedicatedtospace,theInternationalSpaceUniversity(ISU)providesprofessionalsfromdifferentculturesandbackgroundswiththeuniqueopportunitytointeractwithhundredsoffacultyandlecturersfromindustry,academia,andgovernmentsaroundtheworld,andtofaceimportantcurrentchallengesforthebenefitofhumankindthroughthepeacefuluseofouterspace.UndertheguidanceoftheISUfacultyandvisitingexperts,ISU’sTeamProjectsproducecomprehensiveanalysesandeffectiveproposalstoaddresspresentchallengestothespacesector.TeamProjectparticipantsaretaskedwithcreatingtheirownteamstructureandassessingthecomplexinterdisciplinaryissuesassignedtothemtodevelopefficientandsuitablesolutions.Allofthisworkmustbeaccomplishedwithintheprogram’stimeconstraints,andthesolutionsmustbepresentedfromaninternational,interdisciplinaryandinterculturalperspective.

DuringSummer2013,30professionals fromtwelvenationsgathered together inStrasbourg,Francefor ISU’sSpaceStudiesProgram(SSP)andperformedanine-weekacademicstudyonwatermanagementinKenya.TeamProjectKOASTAL(KenyancoastObservationsthroughAffordableSpaceTechnologyAppLications)wassponsoredbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)withtheobjectiveofsuggestingcost-effective,space-integratedsolutionsforsustainablemanagementofresourcesandactivitiesconductedinKenya’scoastalregions.Theteamperformedacomprehensiveassessmentofenvironmental,political,andsocioeconomicconditionsofKenya,andanalyzedexistinginstitutionalinfrastructuresandavailablespaceandgroundtechnologies.TheKOASTALReportincludedanexaminationofcoastalareamanagement,existingpolicies,andlawsestablishedandimplementedbytheKenyangovernmentandotherorganizations;currentinternationalinitiativesandEarthobservationmis-sionsthatcoverKenyawerealsoconsidered.

What is the current situation in Kenya?

Kenya’scoastlinestretchesfor536kmalongtheIndianOceanandisahabitatformanyspeciesoffish,birds,andlandanimals,aswellashometouniquecoastalcommunities.Thesehighlypopulatedenvironmentsprovidemanynaturalresourcesforinhab-itants,,andoftenplayasignificantroleintransportation,tourism,andtrade.Astheregion’spopulationgrows,coexistenceanddependenceamonglargehumancommunitieswiththeirrelatedactivitiesandessentialnaturalresourcescreateastrainonthecoastalenvironmentandleadtolargeamountsofpollution.Minorchangestotheocean’sequilibriumresultingfrompollution,risingwaterlevels,ortemperaturefluctuations,cancreatecatastrophicshiftsinthefragileecosystemandthelifeitsupports.Inadditiontothesedirectconsequences,damagestotheecosystemimpactthelocaleconomybyweakeningKenya’ssizabletourismindustry.Afterconductingsomepreliminaryresearch,TeamKOASTALfocusedprimarilyonterrestrialandmarinewaterpollutionbecauseofitsimpactonallaspectsofcoastalmanagement.Fittingly,the2010KenyanConstitutiondeclarestherightofeveryKenyan“tocleanandsafewaterinadequatequantities.”OurteamfoundthatthemajorityofKenya’sproblemsincoastalregionswereeitherdirectlyorindirectlylinkedtoinadequatewaterpollutionmanagement,andthus,thereportfocusesonseveralkeyaspectsofwaterpollutionincludingoilspills,agriculturalfertilizers,naturaldisasters,andwastemanagement.

What can TP KOASTAL do?

Toformulateitssolution,theKOASTALteamfirstresearchedtheexistingresourcesavailabletoKenyaformonitoringandcon-trollingwaterpollution.AnotablefindingwasthatthoughKenya’sGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)isnotparticularlyhigh,thenationboastswidemobilephonecoverage:84%oftheregioniscoveredbymobilenetworks,and75%ofKenyansusemobile

Team Project KOASTAL: Strategies forimproving clean water access in KenyabyCharlotteKiang,ValentinaBoccia,andErikaKupper


phonesdaily.The536kmcoastlineofthecountry-thetargetregionoftheTPKOASTALstudy-isfullycoveredbymobilenetworks.Thecountryisalsonostrangertomobileapplications,asmanycitizensuseane-commerceapplicationcalledM-Pesatocompleteeverydaymoneytransactions.Theprevalenceofmobilephoneanddatausagesuggeststhatacost-effectivecommu-nicationprotocolinKenyacouldexploitthesemobilenetworksratherthanrelyingonsatellitecommunications,whicharemoreexpensivetoimplementandmaintain.

Equallyimportantareexistinginstitutionalresources,whichtheteamalsoinvestigatedbeforeconstructingitssolution.RelevantresourcesincludedtheSERVIRProgram-runjointlybyNASAandUSAID-whichprovidessatelliteimagesandotherdatatodevelopingnations;theIndianTsunamiWarningSystem,whichofferstsunami-relatedrawdataandalerts;andGEONETCast,asourceofmeteorologicalsatellitedatausedforcyclonedetectionandtracking.ThesedatabasesarecurrentlyusedbyseveralexistingKenyanorganizationsandinstitutions:theKenyaNationalDisasterOperationsCenter;theKenyaMarineandFisheriesResearchInstitute;theRegionalCenterforMappingofResourcesforDevelopment(RCMRD),andtheKenyaMeteorologicalDepartment.Inparticular,RCMRD,whichpromotessustainabledevelopmentthroughthegeneration,applicationanddissemina-tionofgeographicalinformation,servesasahubfortheSERVIRprogram,makingitalogicalhubforanyremotesensingdataandprocessingnecessarytoaprojectsuchasthatrecommendedbyTPKOASTAL.Withknowledgeoftheexistingframeworkinplace,ourteamconductedagapanalysistodeterminethemosteffectivefocalpointsfortheKOASTALsolution.SomekeyelementsmissingfromKenya’scurrentinfrastructureinclude:waterpollutiondatafromgroundobservations;disasterinforma-tionandwaterpollutiondataprocessing;terrestrialmobilecommunicationsaboutwaterpollutionlevels;pollutioncontrolandenvironmentalmanagement;andfinally,publicawarenessaboutwaterpollution.Accordingly,TPKOASTALaddresseseachofthesegapsinitsproposedsolution.

What is the TP KOASTAL solution?

Basedupontheidentifiedexistingresources,TeamKOASTALproposesathree-levelsolutionforthedetection, response, and regulationofwaterpollutioninKenya(Figure1).Italsosuggeststheimplementationofaneducationandoutreachprogram.Theintendedusersofthethree-stepsolutionareindividualslivingonthecoast,andauthoritiesinvolvedintheintegratedcoastalzonemanagement.

Detection:Forthearchitecture,ourreportsuggestsanewframeworkofintegratedcoastalzonemanagement.Tomaximizecosteffectiveness,dataprocessingshouldtakeplaceunderoneroof,suchasRCMRD.Thefirstsolutionlevel-detection-usesbothspace-andground-basedsensorstodetectmarineandterrestrialwaterpollution(Figure2).TPKOASTALsuggestsemployingawirelesssensornetworknearthecoast,usingdeep-seaArgobuoysandmeasurementinstrumentsonboatsasground-basedsensors.Terrestrialwirelessnetworksusedfordatacollectionandbroadcastingwouldkeepthesystemcosteffective.

Toprovidepreliminarydata,terrestrialandmarinewirelesssensornetworkswillmeasurewaterparametersneartheshore.Boatswillhavesensorsmountedonthem,andtheywilltransmitdatathroughthemobilephonenetwork.Deepseabuoyswilltransmitdataviacommunicationsatellites,astheywillbetoofarfromtheshoretousethemobilephonenetwork.Inaddition,theTPKO-ASTALsolutionmakesuseofcrowdsourcingtocollectgrounddata.Kenya’slocalpopulationwillbeabletosenddatathroughtheinternetandmobilephoneapplications.Datafromallofthesesourceswillbegeo-taggedusingGPSsignalsfromposition,navigation,andtiming(PNT)satellites,andearthobservation(EO)satelliteswilldownloaddatatothedataprocessingfacility.

Space-baseddatacollectionwillbeusedspecificallyforderivingseasurfacetemperature,mangrovedegradation,coralbleaching,wastedumpsites,algalblooms,andoceanwind.Fortunately,thethreemaindatasourcesfortheTPKOASTALsolutionarealreadyinoperation:SERVIR,GEONETCast,andtheIndianOceanTsunamiWarningSystem.

Regardinghardware,theTPKOASTALsolutionwillrequireanewnetworkofgroundsensors.Thesewirelesssensorswillbeplacedinlandanduptoonekilometeroffshore,andthenetworkwillusetheZigbeenetworkprotocoltosenddataforprocessingthroughtheGPRSnetwork.Ourresearchhasidentified13primelocationsaffectedbywaterpollutionatwhichtoplacethesen-sorsinclusters.Threenodesperclusterareequippedwithwaterpollutionsensorstomonitor21pollutants,and65sensorclustersformthecompletenetwork.Twentygeo-taggedArgobuoysthatwillrecordthesamepollutantsasthewirelesssensornetwork,willbeplacedupto55kmfromtheshoretorecorddatafurtherouttosea.TheseArgobuoysarebothcost-effectiveandeasytomaintain;withalifespanofapproximatelyfiveyears,theyareaneconomicallyviableresource.


ThegroundsensorsanddeepseabuoysrepresenttheonlynewhardwarerequiredbytheTPKOASTALsolution,astherestofthehardwareemployedinthesolutionisalreadyavailable.Fordataprocessing,existingcapabilitiesoftheRCMRDmaybeused.Theoverallresultisahighlycost-effectiveframework,sinceminimalphysicalimplementationtasksareneededtorealizethesolution.

Response:TPKOASTALsuggestsdataprocessingandadecisionsupportsystem(DSS)thattriggersalarmsfortheresponsesubsystemthatwillmanagethesituationandcontactstateauthorities.Thesystemshouldalsoissuealertstothepublicthroughmobilephonesandothermasscommunicationchannels,asthesechannelsarealreadyusedforlessurgentdatabroadcastingtoauthoritiesandscientists.ThedataprocessingcenterinKenya–whichwouldlikelybeRCMRD–wouldreceiveEarthobserva-tiondatafromNASA’sSERVIRprogram.

TheKOASTALgapanalysisdeterminedthatmobilephoneswouldbethemethodbestsuitedfordatadisseminationbecauseoftheirlowcostandcomparativelyshorttimefromtransmissiontoenduserreception.Thus,wesuggestthefollowingfourmobilephoneapplicationsforinformationexchangewiththelocalpopulation:

–M-Fishing.Thisapplicationistargetedatfishermentoeasilylocatepotentialfishingzones.Whilethepotentialfishingzonelocationscanbesentbytextmessage,thisapplicationaddsamapofthosezoneswithnavigationandweatherdata,tripstatistics,andmarkettrends.–M-Spill.Thisapplicationsendsinformationtocoastguard,allowingrapidreactiontooilspills.Theapplicationprovidesamapofthespilllocationwithnavigation,forecastspread,andgeo-taggedimagetransfer.–M-Eye.Thisapplicationcollectsreal-timegeo-taggedimagesandvideosusingcrowdsourcingtohelpauthoritiestakeappro-priateactionsafteranaturaldisaster.–M-Collect.Thisapplicationinterfaceswithpollutionmonitoringequipmentonboats,extractsdata,andpushesittoadistribu-tioncenterovermobilenetworks.

Figure1:Flowchartillustratingdetection,response,andregulationsequence


Regulation:TPKOASTALintroducespoliciesandlawsthatmustbeformulatedandexecutedwiththehelpofKenya’sgovern-ment.Tocomplementinitiativesatnationalandpan-Africanlevels,TPKOASTALrecommendsgreaterobservanceofinterna-tionaltreatiesandUnitedNations(UN)resolutions,includingthe1967OuterSpaceTreatyandthe1986UNPrinciplesRelatingtoRemoteSensingoftheEarthfromOuterSpace.TheUNCharterforSpaceandMajorDisastersshouldbemodifiedtoincludeaccesstoEarthObservationdatatopreparefornaturaldisasters,andalegalframeworkshouldexistforlocaldecisionmakerstoacquireandprocessforeign-ownedsatellitedatadomestically.

Finally,TPKOASTALproposesaneducationandoutreachprogramtoinformtheKenyanpeopleontheissuesof:waterpollu-tionanditsinfluenceonthecoast;cleandrinkingwaterandhygienetoavoidspreadingwater-bornediseases:andotherissuesrelatedtopotability.TPKOASTALsuggestsdisasterpreparednesstrainingforthepopulationofthecoastalregions.Somepossiblechannelsforthedisseminationofthisinformationincludetelevision,radio,communitycenters,andschoolswithexistinginternetfacilitiesaswellasmobilephones.

Conclusion

TPKOASTALoffersacosteffectivesolution-onethatcanbeimplementedinphasestocovertheentireKenyancoast.ThebasicdesignistocollectanddistributewaterqualitymeasurementswithacostofapproximatelyUSD16,000persensornode.Ifimplementationweretobeginexclusivelywithhighly-populatedcities,thestart-upcostwouldbeonlyUSD1.1m,andtherunningcostwouldbeUSD0.89mperyear.IfthesolutionisimplementedcomprehensivelythroughoutKenya,thetotalestimatedcostisUSD7.1mforstart-upandUSD4.5mperyearforrunningcosts.

Figure2:DiagramofhardwaresetupforKOASTAL’sproposeddetectionandresponsesystem


In addition to the three listed authors, Charlotte Kiang, Valentina Boccia, and Erika Kupper, this article reflects the work of the 27 other members of TP KOASTAL: Adrian Gerber, Andrée Anne Parent, Anthony Burn, Anurag Verma, Ayyappan Balasubramanian, Baoning Yang, Billy Jenck, Daiki Muto, David Bekaert, Ewan Reid, Hilel Rubinstein, Jianguang Feng, John Mathew, Julien Harrod, Kathleen Samoil, Koichi Fujihira, Lianzhong Chen, Martin Tétreault, Runjie Zhang, Sarah Lammens, Silvia Pantanella, Tomoya Kobayashi, Xiaobo Quan, Yan Zhao, Zhengmin Liu, Zhiwei Ma, and Øystein Grøndahl. Acknowledgements are due to the NASA Earth Science Division’s Applied Science Program as well as NASA’s Office of the Chief Scientist for their sponsorship and expertise. Furthermore, the authors would like to extend a huge thanks to project Chair Olga Zhdanovich and Teaching Associate Scott MacPhee for their invaluable support throughout the program, as well as Carol Carnett and Jim Burke for their involvement in and help with the project.

In sum,our strategy forwaterpollutionmanagement isbasedon space- andground-integratedapplications. It is affordable,multi-disciplinary,andconsistentwithKenya’snationalgoals.OursolutionusesexistinginternationalandregionalinfrastructureforEarthObservationdataprocessingandinvolvesstateauthorities.Themethodofwaterpollutionandwaterleveldatacollec-tionoutlinedusesadvancedtechnologicalsolutionswithwirelesssensornetworksandArgobuoys.Fournewinnovative,mobilephone-basedapplicationsareproposedtoaidinthecollectionanddisseminationofwaterpollution-relatedinformation.Finally,TPKOASTALsuggestsstrengtheningpolicyandregulationsrelatedtomarineandterrestrialwaterpollution,whichwillallowthetechnicalhardwareandsoftwaretobeusedtoitsfullpotential.

WhilethecasestudyofTPKOASTALisfocusedontheKenyancoastline,theproposedintegratedwaterpollutionmanagementandlivelihoodsupportsystemisadaptabletomanyoftheworld’scoastalenvironments.Withminorchangestothemonitoringsoftware,weexpectthetechnologytobeapplicabletodisasterreliefandpollutionregulationbeyondtheregionalfocusinourreport.TheTPKOASTALteamhopesthatitsreportwillserveasamodelsolutionforfuturechallengesinwaterpollutionandshorelineregulation.

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AAS TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES - 2014

AAS Technical Activities – 2014byDavidB.Spencer

2014isshapinguptobeanothersuccessfulyearindeliveringtechnicaleventsfortheSociety.

InJanuary,theSpaceFlightMechanicsTechnicalCommittee(withco-sponsorshipoftheAIAAAstrodynamicsCommittee)hostedthe24thAAS/AIAASpaceFlightMechanicsMeetinginSantaFe,NewMexico.Thismeetinghosted240engineers(includ-ingover100students!).Approximately220paperswerepresentedin28technicalsessions,withvarioustopicsrangingfromSpaceSituationalAwareness,SpacecraftOrbitalandAttitudeDynamicsandControls,SpaceMissionDesign,andOrbitDetermination.SpecialsessionswerepresentedinAeronomy,aswellasa“townhall”stylemeetingontheU.S.AirForceSpaceCommand’sAstrodynamicsInnovationCommittee.TheannualDirkBrouwerAwardwaspresentedtoDeanRobertH.BishopofMarquetteUniversity.ThenextSpaceFlightMechanicsMeetingwillbeheldinWilliamsburg,VirginiaduringJanuary11-15,2015.

AttheendofJanuaryandintoearlyFebruarythe37thAASRockyMountainGuidance,NavigationandControl(GNC)Confer-encetookplaceatBreckenridge,Colorado.Thisconferencehad180attendees(sameaslastyear),from9countries,50companies,and12universities.66paperswerepresented,alongwithseveralclassifiedpresentations(heldattheLockheedMartinWatertowncampuspriortothebeginningoftheconference).Therewasastudentpapersessionandthreecashprizesthatweresponsoredbyvariousparticipatingcompanie,wereawarded.Inadditiontoatechnicalexhibitssession,othermainstaysessionsintopicssuchasAdvancesinGNCHardware,AdvancesinGNCSoftware,andRecentExperienceswereheld.SeveraluniquesessionsincludedtopicssuchasAdaptiveandOptimalControl,CubeSatsandSmallSats,HostedPayloads,SavingtheSpacecraft,ORIONGNC,MixedActuatorAttitudeControl,Hardware-in-theloop(HWIL)TestbedsandDemoLabs.AnetworkingeventwithNeilDennehy(NASAGNCFellow)andStephenAirey(ESA)providedkeyinsightsofhowtechnologydevelopmentisdoneatNASAandESA.Nextyear’sconferencewillbeheldagaininBreckenridge.Thedatesarestillbeingdetermined.

InJune,the3rdAnnualInternationalSpaceStationResearchandDevelopmentConferencewillbeheldinChicago(June17-19).Thisconferencefollowstwoverysuccessfulconferencesin2012and2013.Thisyear’sthemeis“Discoveries,ApplicationsandOpportunities.”Theconferencewillbemadeupofacombinationofkeynotespeeches,plenaries,panelsandparalleltechnicalsessions.Dailythemesinclude“WhyshouldIusetheISS,”,“WhattheISSoffersandhowtogeti,”,and“HowtousetheISSandmakeabusinessoutofi.”.ThenewISSUtilizationTechnicalCommitteewillalsomeetduringtheconference.

AugustbringstheAIAAco-sponsoredAIAA/AASAstrodynamicsSpecialistsConferenceinSanDiego(August4-7).UsingAIAA’snewconferencemodel,thisconferencewillbepartofthebiggerSPACE2014conference.TheAASSpaceFlightMechan-icsTechnicalCommitteeleadsthesummerAstrodynamicsconferencesinoddnumberedyears,andnextyear’sconferencewillbeheldinVail,ColoradoonAugust9-13,2015.

Inadditiontoorganizingconferences,theAASTechnicalActivitiesTeamco-sponsorsothertechnicalactivities.Weareaco-sponsorofthe2ndInternationalAcademyofAstronauticsConferenceonDynamicsandControlofSpaceSystems,heldinRome,Italy,March24-26,2014.AASisalsoamemberoftheInternationalAstronauticalFederation,andwewillbeparticipationintheInternationalAstronauticalCongressthisyearinToronto.

Aswemoveforward,wearecontinuallylookingfornewopportunitiestoexpandtechnicalofferingstoourmembers.Ifyouhaveideasorsuggestionsastotechnicalactivitiesyouwouldliketosee,pleaseletusknowatAASHeadquarters.

David B. Spencer is a professor of aerospace engineering at The Pennsylvania State University and Vice President-Technical, AAS.


BOOK REVIEW

Beyond the God ParticlebyLeonLedermanandChristopherHill.Amherst,NY: Pro-metheusBooks,2013.325pages(acknowl-edgments, appendix, notes, index). $24.95USD,ISBN:978-1-61614-801-0(hardcoverwithdustjacket).

Itwashardtomissthestoryaboutfindingtheso-called“GodParticle”when itbrokeonJuly4,2012.OnthatdatescientistsattheLargeHadronCollider(LHC)nearGeneva,Switzerland,announcedthattheyhadfoundthelongsoughtafterHiggsboson.Lessthanayear later,onMarch14,2013,physicistsat theEuropeanOrganization forNuclearResearch,knownasCERN,confirmed thisdiscovery.

Presumably theHiggsboson subatomicparticleisubiquitousintheuniverse,form-ingafieldthatconnectseverythingtoevery-thing.Hence thename thathasbeengivento theHiggs boson, the “GodParticle.” Itis thecentralelementofall theelementaryparticlesthatprovidethebuildingblocksoftheuniverseregardlessoftypeorsubstanceorlongevity.Sowhatdoesallofthismean?That,ofcourse,isthesubjectofthisbook.

In an earlier book titledThe God Par-ticle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?(1993)NobelLaureateLeonLedermanwithDickTeresi discussed thesearch for this connecting particle or par-ticles, exploring the theoretical reasoningandexperimentationthathadbeencompletedby1993tounderstandthisbafflingscientificproblem.Also, in this bookLedermanun-apologetically labeled theHiggsboson the“GodParticle”solelyformarketingpurposes.Twentyyearslater,Lederman,thistimewithcoauthorChristopherHill,notethatthequestfortheHiggsbosonwashalfthefun,buttherecentfindingsatLHCandCERNopensasmanyquestionsastheyanswer.

Thisnewbook,Beyond the God Particle,emphasizeswhatwe nowknow about thephysics of theHiggs field, explaining atlengthwhatparticlephysicistsarepresentlydoing, how they are accomplishing it, andwhythiseffortisnecessaryforthefuture.TheauthorsdoafinejobofnarratingLHC’sand

Beyond the God ParticleReviewedbyRogerD.Launius

CERN’seffortstodiscovertheHiggsboson,theimportanceofthebosoninthecosmos,andofferapathforwardforparticlephysics.Thisisnoteasyreading,however,LedermanandHilldonotholdbackintermsoftheo-reticalformulation,mathematicalequations,and obtuse explanations.The authorswaxeloquentaboutsuchlittle-knownconstructsas“thelowlymuon,”explainedasanelemen-taryparticlethatpresuggestedthattheHiggsbosonmustexist.

Theythenexplainhowmass—explainedastheamountofmatterandnotitsweight—aroseastheHiggsbosoncreatedafieldtofillupthevacuumoftheuniversewithaconstantbutexceptionallyweakcharge.Theorizedforseveralyears,theseideasdrovetheconstruc-tion of theLargeHadronCollider and theuse of this instrument—themost powerfulandmostexpensiveparticleacceleratoreverbuilt—immediatelypaidoffwiththediscov-eryoftheHiggsboson.

Lederman andHill go on to highlightseveralnewquestions,theanswerstowhichtheyareconvincedwillrevolutionizephysicsinthetwenty-firstcentury.Thesequestionsinclude:Whywerescientistsconvincedthatsomething like the “God Particle” had toexist?Whyissomuchofthematterinthecosmos“dark”andinvisibletous?HowwillthediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonaffectcur-rentmodelsofrealitylikestringtheoryandsupersymmetry?Theseintriguingquestions,andotherslikethem,willfuelscientificre-searchforyearstocome.

IwasespeciallyintriguedtoapetprojectofbothLedermanandHill.TheFermiNa-tionalAccelerator Laboratory (Fermilab),located just outsideBatavia, Illinois, hasproposedanewinstrument,calledProjectX,thatwouldenablethestudyofraredecays,neutrino physics, potentialmuon storagerings, and the possibility of new sorts offissionreaction.Thisisafascinatingdevel-opment, and the authors are unabashed intheirsupportforthisprojectnotonlyforitsscientific potential but also because of theneedfortheUnitedStatestorecoverfromtheknowledgelossessufferedbythecancellationoftheSuper-collidingSuperColliderandthe

EuropeaneffortsatCERNandLHC.Leder-manandHillbelievethatthedecisionsonthiseffortwillbemadenotlaterthan2017andindeedmustbetakenbythenortheU.S.willfallsofarbehindinphysicsthatitmaynotbeabletorecoverinthefirsthalfofthiscentury.

WhileBeyond the God Particleisachattybook,repletewithanecdotesandreasonablyunderstandable explanations, itsmerger oftheoreticalphysicswiththestoryoftheHiggsboson discovery is less than seamless andsometimesawkward.Moreover,theauthors’discussionofAmericanpoliticsislessthanevocative.Theybash the nation’s politicalleadershipforfailuretopursuephysicswiththe passion they believe exists inEurope.They lambast what they think of as theless thanscientifically-literatepublic.Theybemoan a political landscape that fails toappreciatethepursuitofscience,whichtheycontendisnotjustaboutthequestforknowl-edgebutalsoiscriticaltothequestfornewmarketabletechnologies.Thosediscussionsarebothoverlysimplisticandfailtoappreci-atetherigorsofformulationofsciencepolicyintheUnitedStates.LedermanandHillwriteoffthissituationassomuchpoliticalmyopia,asophomoricanalysisifevertherewasone.

Regardless,Beyond the God Particleis aquiteuseful, engaging, andpotentiallyimportantdiscussion.ItbringstothecenterofthecurrentscientificenterprisethenatureoftheHiggsbosonanditsplaceindirectingfutureeffortsinphysics.

Roger D. Launius is Associate Director for Collections and Curatorial Affairs at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C. He is a Fellow of the American Astronautical Society and a former officer of the society.


3rd Annual ISS Research andDevelopment Conference

Discoveries, Applications and Opportunities

June 17-19, 2014

HyattRegencyMcCormickPlace2233S.MartinL.KingDriveChicago,Illinois60616

Gold Sponsor - Boeing

DDiscoveries, Applications and Opportunities

June 17-19, 2014

HyattRegencyMcCormickPlace2233S.MartinL.KingDriveChicago,Illinois60616

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NEW AAS BOARD MEMBERS

Stephanie Bednarek OrtonSpaceXRonald J. BirkNorthrop GrummanTom BurnsNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPeggy FinarelliGeorge Mason University/CAPRRob FultonOrbital Sciences Corporation

Introducing the New AAS Directors

Mark Your Calendar53rd Robert H. Goddard Memorial Symposium

Greenbelt Marriott ♦ Greenbelt, MarylandMarch 10-12, 2015

Term Expires 2016Rebecca L. GriffinRebecca Griffin SpaceHal E. HagemeierMolly Kenna MacauleyResources for the FutureKathy J. NadoNASA HeadquartersJohn OlsonSierra Nevada Corporation


AAS ANNUAL AWARDS AND FELLOWS

Congratulations to AAS Award Recipientsand Fellows2013 FellowsMaruthiR.Akella,University of Texas at AustinF.KennethChan,Chan Aerospace (retired)JohnL.Crassidis,University at BuffaloJamesH.Crocker,Lockheed Martin Space Systems CompanyThomasJ.Eller,ASTRO USA, LLC (retired)JamesR.Kirkpatrick,American Astronautical SocietyHanspeterSchaub,University of ColoradoFranceskaO.Schroeder,Fish & Richardson P.C.FrankA.Slazer,Aerospace Industries AssociationRobertD.Strain,Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.

2013 Space Flight AwardCharlesF.Bolden,NASA Administrator

2013 Flight Achievement AwardExpedition35 Crew(ChrisHadfield,TomMarshburn,RomanRomanenko,Chris Cassidy,PavelVinogradov,andAlexanderMisurkin)

2013 Advancement of International Cooperation AwardKathleenLaurini,NASA Johnson Space Center

2013 William Randolph Lovelace II AwardFukLi,NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

2013 Industrial Leadership AwardT.CleonLacefield,Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company

2013 Victor A. Prather AwardFelixBaumgartnerandTheRedBullStratosTeam

2013 John F. Kennedy Astronautics AwardHowardE.McCurdy,American University

2013 Melbourne W. Boynton AwardRichardJennings,NASA Johnson Space Center (retired)

2013 Military Astronautics AwardGen.LanceW.Lord,United States Air Force (retired)

2013 Dirk Brouwer AwardRobertH.Bishop,Marquette University

2012 Eugene M. Emme Astronautical Literature AwardW.PatrickMcCray,The Visioneers: How a Group of Elite Scientists Pursued Space Colonies, Nanotechnologies,and a Limitless Future

2012 Eugene M. Emme Junior Astronautical Literature AwardsDonNardo,Destined for Space: Our Story of Exploration (Children'sCategory)BrettGooden,Spacesuit: A History of Fact and Fiction (YoungAdultCategory)


2014 ROBERT H. GODDARD MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM

Highlights of 52nd Robert H. GoddardMemorial Symposium

NASAAdministratorCharlieBolden,KeynoteSpeakerandrecipientoftheSpaceFlightAward,andLynWigbels,AASPresident

CharlieBoldenwithUniversityofIllinoisstudentsandU.S.NavalAcademymidshipmen

JohnGrunsfeld,NASAAssociateAdministrator,Sci-enceMissionDirectorate;EllenStofan,NASAChiefScientist;andNobutoYoshioka,JAXAWashington,D.C.

SaraSeager,2013MacArthurFellowandProfessorofPhysicsandPlanetaryScience,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology

HarleyThronson,SymposiumChairandNASAGSFCSeniorScientistforAdvancedConceptsinAstrophysics

ChrisScolese,HonorarySymposiumChairandNASAGSFCDirectorKathrynSullivan,NOAAAdministrator

KenWashington,VicePresident,AdvancedTechnol-ogyCenter,LockheedMartinSpaceSystems

Video coverage available athttp://tinyurl.com/kdcunlb


Gen.LanceLord(USAF,retired),recipientofMilitaryAstronauticsAward

T.CleonLacefield,recipientofIndustrialLeadershipAward

NewFellows:(backrow)JimKirkpatrick,RobStrain,JimCrocker,ThomasEller;(frontrow)FranceskaSchroeder,MaruthiAkella,andFrankSlazer

HowardMcCurdy,recipientofJohnF.KennedyAstronauticalSociety

RobStrain;RickObenschain,recipientofGoddardMedal;andChrisScolese

GeorgeWhitesides,CEO,VirginGalactic

ClayMowry,President,ArianespaceUSA

FreemanHrabowskiIII,President,UniversityofMaryland,BaltimoreCounty

FrankCepollina,NASAGSFCAssociateDirectorforSatelliteServicingCapabilitiesProject

(Photo source: NASA/Bill Hrybyk)

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UPCOMING EVENTS

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