the manufacturing and marketing of sewing machines in york
TRANSCRIPT
The Manufacturing and Marketing of Sewing Machines
in York, Pennsylvania
David Latzko
The sewing machine was the first great labor-saving consumer appliance of the
nineteenth century. Along with cooking, sewing was one of the most time-consuming chores
faced by women. Sewing was an essential skill. In addition to meeting their family’s basic
clothing needs, women also sewed cloaks, jackets, hats, and formal clothes plus the household’s
linen, bedding, and quilts. These items, requiring many hours of labor, were hand sewn.1
The sewing machine changed all that. Francis Trevelyan Miller proclaimed in 1913 that
“no invention has done so much to deliver woman from drudgery. No one piece of machinery
has done so much to deliver her from her burdens, her seclusion, her serfdom” as the sewing
machine; the sewing machine gave women their “self-reliance and freedom.”2 An 1897 official
Singer Sewing Machine Company history summarizes the societal benefits this way:
And so the great importance of the sewing-machine is in its
influence upon the home, in the countless hours it has added to
woman’s leisure for rest and refinement; in the increase of time
and opportunity for that early training of children, for lack of
which so many pitiful wrecks are strewed along the shores of life;
in the number less avenues it has opened for woman’s
employment; and in the comforts it has brought within the reach of
all, which could formerly be attained only by the wealthy few.3
In York, the manufacturing of this revolutionary device lasted only a brief time, but
marketers sold sewing machines locally for more than a century. The fifth United States patent
for a sewing machine was issued to Elias Howe in September 1846 for the lock-stitch and the
eye-pointed needle, which were essential for any working sewing machine.4 His patent was
contested, but once it was upheld by the courts in 1853, Howe began charging sewing machine
2
manufacturers a $25 license fee, about half the average price of a machine. However, Howe’s
license did not cover all of the parts needed to produce a functional sewing machine. Other
manufacturers held patents to mechanical improvements to the sewing machine and filed suits to
protect their rights. This litigation threatened to stop sewing machine production and sales. To
resolve the situation, Elias Howe, Wheeler, Wilson and Company, I.M. Singer and Company,
and Grove and Baker agreed in 1856 to pool their nine complementary patents that covered all
the necessary elements to build a functional sewing machine. The “Sewing Machine
Combination” charged sewing machine makers a license fee of $15 per machine, with the other
members agreeing to Howe’s stipulation that at least 24 manufacturers were to be licensed. Other
than pooling their patents, the combination’s three manufacturing members continued to operate
as separate entities competing with each other and the licensed companies to attract buyers to
purchase their particular sewing machine.5
The first sewing machines were marketed to factories and seamstresses. In 1858, Singer
introduced its first family sewing machine, which sold for $100, the equivalent of about $3,000
today. This machine did not sell well as it was too light. In 1859, Singer manufactured a heavier,
more successful family machine with a $75 price. Other successful sewing machines aimed at
the home market were brought out around this time by Wheeler and Wilson and Grove and
Baker. Both of these machines sold for around $100. The Wilcox and Gibbs Sewing Machine
Company’s family model was priced at $50 in the late 1850s.6
There were seventy-four sewing machine manufacturing establishments in the United
States in 1860 using capital totaling $1,426,550 and 2,287 workers to produce 111,623 machines
with a total value of $4,247,820. The published 1860 manufacturing census summary records
one sewing machine maker in York County. This firm, with $500 capital invested, employed two
3
hands at an average monthly wage of $70. Production was valued at $1,800 (about $54,500 in
2017 dollars). The manuscript census schedules for the second division of York Borough reveal
that this manufacturer was W.G. Moore or maybe H.G. Moore (Figure 1). Moore’s establishment
used 2,400 pounds of iron castings costing $190, two turning lathes, and $150 of other articles to
manufacture 300 sewing machines during the year ending June 1, 1860.7 Unfortunately, I could
find no other information about this manufacturer. No one with the last name “Moore” is
recorded in the 1860 census population manuscript schedules as living in the second division of
York, nor is there any Moore with a first name starting with W or H recorded for the first
division of York. The population schedules for York County do list a William Moore employed
as a servant and a Wendel Moore working as a laborer in Spring Garden Township. Other W.
Moores in the county were employed as a forgeman in Lower Chanceford Township, as a slater
in Peach Bottom Township, and as a railroad agent and as a printer in Wrightsville. The only H.
Moore in the county was Henry S. Moore, who was a carpenter in Fairview Township.8 There is
no listing for “Moore” in the 1856 York business directory, nor is a W.G. Moore listed in any
later directories.9
The manufacture of sewing machines in York County ended in the 1860s. No sewing
machine maker is listed in the 1863-64 York directory. Two Moores are listed: an auctioneer and
a hotel proprietor.10 And there is no sewing machine manufacturing recorded for York County in
the 1870 census. Nationally, sewing machine production in 1870 was 578,919 machines with a
value of $13,638,706, across forty-nine establishments employing 7,291 workers, eight percent
of whom were women and children.11
In addition to being the first consumer appliance, the sewing machine was the first
product sold under a consumer installment, rent-to-own plan and the first to be sold through a
4
franchised-agency system. Elements of both of these appear in the long history of sewing
machine marketing in York. Sewing machine agents began to set up shop in York after the Civil
War. The 1868-69 Borough Directory lists six sellers of sewing machines, including Grove and
Baker at 100 South George Street and Howe’s at 137 West Market.12 Grove and Baker was
founded in Boston by a pair of tailors around 1849. Attorney Orlando B. Potter entered into
partnership with them. It was Potter who suggested the idea of a combination of sewing machine
manufacturers to pool their patents necessary to build a sewing machine. Grove and Baker did
not contribute any patents to the pool, although it held several patents of minor importance, but
was included in the combination because its president had proposed the patent pool. When the
combination’s patents began to expire in the 1870s, Grove and Baker sold off all the patents held
by the company and eventually the company itself was sold. Grove and Baker manufactured its
last machine in 1875.13 The agent for Grove and Baker was F.A. Steig. Steig and Froelich were
merchant tailors at 100 South George Street.
The Howe Machine Company, which had the advertisement depicted in Figure 2 on page
16 of the 1868-69 borough directory, was founded by Elias Howe in Bridgeport, Connecticut
shortly before his death in 1867 and produced sewing machines until the late 1880s. Howe had
licensed his patents to his brother Amasa, who started making machines under the Howe Sewing
Machine Company name in 1854. The brothers later had a falling out when Elias began making
machines under the company name his brother had used and continued to own. C.F. Kurtz (11
North George), L. Strayer (227 West Market), and Hiram Young (10 East Market) are also listed
as selling sewing machines in the 1868-69 directory. Young also sold books and stationary and
would go on to found the York Dispatch.14
5
All the major sewing machine manufacturers of the period had a sales presence in York
by 1873. Singer Sewing Machine was at 18 North George Street with Wood and Ivory as general
agents. Wheeler and Wilson Sewing Machine, the leading manufacturer through the late 1860s,
was located at 115 East Market (Figure 3).15 Wheeler and Wilson contributed two patents to the
sewing machine combination: the four-motion feed bar and the vibratory shuttle. Both of these
ideas were developed by Allen B. Wilson, a journeyman cabinetmaker. His partner, Nathaniel
Wheeler, operated a carriage factory in Connecticut. Wilson retired from the company in 1853
due to health concerns, but the business carried on making sewing machines until it was
purchased by Singer Corporation in 1905.16
Howe Sewing Machine was represented in the early 1870s in York by general agent W.S.
Strayer at 20 West Market. Domestic Sewing Machine was located on the northwest corner of
Centre Square and Grove and Baker was now at 123 West Market. Weed Sewing Machines were
sold at 231 West Market while Wilson Sewing Machine was at 304 ½ West Market.
Manufactured in Philadelphia, American Buttonhole, Overseaming and Sewing Machines were
sold at 23 North George Street. Florence Sewing Machine Company, represented by Reuben
Shetter, was at 405 West Philadelphia Street by 1877. W.H. Lochman at 122 South George was
also listed in the 1873 city directory as a sewing machine agent.17
Wesley S. Strayer had the advertisement shown in Figure 4 in the 1877 city directory
announcing that he sold Elias Howe, Singer, Domestic, White, Circular-Feed, American, Victor,
Manning, English, and Weed brand sewing machines at his establishment one door west of the
post office at 20 West Market Street. C.V. Spangler and Company sold sewing machines and
musical instruments at 21 West Market Street in 1877.18 By 1882, Spangler had switched to
selling tobacco.
6
An important name in the history of sewing machine marketing in York first appears in
the 1877 directory: Eli Grove. He was listed at 27 West Market Street in 1877 and was the
manager for the York Singer Machine Company shop in 1882.19 He represented Singer in York
until the 1920s. Eli Free Grove was born in 1853 in Hopewell Township. He came to York in
1870 and entered the sewing machine business as an agent for the Howe Machine Company. In
1877, he became the agent for Singer Machine Company for York and Adams counties, with an
office right off the square on West Market Street in York and another office in Gettysburg. His
ad in the 1886 city directory (Figure 5) claimed that he has controlled the sewing machine trade
in York and Adams counties for the last nine years and that his sales have run over 7,000
machines.20 In 1892, he was appointed the manager of the southern Pennsylvania district for
Singer, which consisted of about thirty offices. His “beautiful and hospitable” house at 137 East
Market Street is now the home of the York County Bar Association. Grove died in 1935.21
Singer Sewing Machine inventor Isaac Singer had York County connections. Historian
George Prowell asserts that Singer briefly served as a journeyman tailor in York and, while
living there in the 1830s, entered into a common-law marriage with Mary Ann Sponsler.22 I.M.
Singer and Company adopted a number of innovative marketing techniques. Singer introduced
the first sewing machine designed for home use in 1856. It was lighter and smaller than other
machines and was made to sit on a decorative iron stand instead of on a wooden crate. Singer
also offered a trade-in program, where the company offered a $50 allowance for the customer’s
old machine toward the purchase of a new Singer model. The company began an installment
buying or rent-to-own program in 1856. After repurchasing the territorial rights it had sold in its
earliest days, Singer opened its own branch sales offices in cities around the country in the same
area as the best stores in town. The York showroom was located off Centre Square for many
7
years. At these stores, customers could see demonstrations and receive instruction, purchase
parts, needles, and thread, and bring in machines for repair.23
With the demise of the Sewing Machine Combination following the expiration of last of
its patents in 1877, the number of establishments engaged in the manufacture of sewing
machines decreased and so the number of sewing machine agents in York quickly declined. In
1882, just five are listed in the city directory.24 The Singer Machine Company was located at 7 ½
West Market Street. Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing Company (G.W. Allen, agent) was at
22 North George, but the company’s presence in York ended by the mid-1880s. Thomas Wood,
who became the secretary of the York Gas Company, was an agent for New Home Sewing. He
was located at 107 East Princess Street. Moses E. Hartzler was an agent for the Domestic and
Royal St. John sewing machine companies during the 1880s, first at 9 East Market Street and
then at the Odd Fellows Hall at King and George streets. Born in 1849, Hartzler along with his
wife and daughter are listed in the 1880 census as boarders at 112 North Duke Street. His
occupation was “sewing machine agent.” By 1900, he and his family were living at 119 West
King Street and his occupation was listed as “commercial traveler, sewing machines.” Hartzler
was later a printer and the treasurer of the Spangler Manufacturing Company, a maker of
agricultural implements in York. He died in 1929.25
The Singer store moved to its longtime location at 4 East Market Street in the late 1880s
(Figure 6). An occasional competitor appeared and disappeared. G.W. Bange and Company was
located on Fountain Square in Hanover in 1886. In 1889, Winemiller and Stouch were listed as
sewing machine agents at 304 West Market Street. William E. Smith was selling machines in
1895 at 102 South George Street. In 1899, Edward S. Howard at 110 South George and H. Katz
and Son at 129 South George are listed as sewing machine agents. Howard also sold carpets and
8
house furnishings, later running Davis Furniture at 122 South George Street. Ferdinand M.
Everhart was selling Domestic sewing machines at 243 West Market Street in 1913. He also sold
pianos at the same location.26
The sewing machine marketing situation stabilized in the 1910s, with Singer machines
being sold at their shop on Centre Square and Rothert Company offering White sewing machines
and “Everything for the Home” (Figure 7) in their department store at 42-46 South George
Street. By 1921, the Singer store had relocated to 51 East Market Street and during the 1950s
moved to 121 West Market Street. Singer moved out to the York Mall in 1969 (Figure 8) under
the management of John F. Murphy but closed a few years later.27
The history of sewing machine manufacturing in York was short. But, befitting its status
as the first female labor-saving commercial appliance, the marketing and sale of sewing
machines at a specialty storefront in downtown York lasted over a century.
9
Notes
1. Sharon Hughes, “Isaac Merritt Singer: a womanizer who liberated women” (Masters thesis,
University of Texas at Tyler, 2014), 66-67; Ruth Brandon, A Capitalist Romance: Singer and the
Sewing Machine (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1977), 120-121.
2. Francis Trevelyan Miller, Wonder Stories (New York: The Christian Herald, 1913), 134.
3. Singer Sewing Machine Company, The Story of the Sewing Machine (Singer Manufacturing
Company, 1897), 9.
4. For the early history of the sewing machine, see Grace Rogers Cooper, The Sewing Machine:
Its Invention and Development (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976), 3-38.
5. Ryan Lampe and Petra Moser, “Do Patent Pools Encourage Innovation? Evidence from the
19th-Century Sewing Machine Industry,” Journal of Economic History 70 (2010): 898-920;
Andrew B. Jack, “The Channels of Distribution for an Innovation: The Sewing-Machine Industry
in America, 1860-1865,” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History 9 (1957): 113-141; Cooper,
The Sewing Machine, 41-42.
6. Cooper, The Sewing Machine, 47.
7. Bureau of the Census, Manufactures of the United States in 1860; Compiled from the Original
Returns of the Eighth Census, Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1865), clxxxix, 535; Bureau of the Census, Eighth U. S. Census,
1860, [Microform]: Manufactures, Pennsylvania, Reel 2, York County, Second Division, York
Borough, Page 9, Line 9. Cooper’s, The Sewing Machine,72, compilation of nineteenth-century
American sewing machine companies lists a Moore Sewing Machine Co. with an earliest record,
“circa 1860,” but provides no city or state information for the firm nor a last record date. The
second census division of York consisted of “all that portion of York Borough south of Main
10
Street.” United States Census Office, Census Descriptions of Geographic Subdivisions and
Enumeration Districts, 1830-1950, [Microform] Reel 2: 1850 Volume, 1860 Volume, Page 237.
8. J.C.E. More, an auctioneer, is listed as residing in the second division of York Borough.
Bureau of the Census, Eighth U. S. Census, 1860, [Microform]: Population, Pennsylvania, Reels
1198-1201, York County, Second Division, York Borough, Page 116, Line 18; Spring Garden
Township, Page 30, Line 3 and Page 53, Line 4; Lower Chanceford Township, Page 12, Line 25;
Peach Bottom Township, Page 50, Line 1; Wrightsville Borough, Page 27, Line 34 and Page 53,
Line 21; Fairview Township, Page 48, Line 5.
9. The York Gazetteer and Business Directory for 1856 (York, PA: John Denig, 1856), 17-29.
10. Gopsill’s Directory of Lancaster, Harrisburg, Lebanon and York, 1863-4 (Jersey City, NJ:
James Gopsill, 1863), 312-313.
11. Francis A. Walker, Ninth Census – Volume III. The Statistics of the Wealth and Industry of
the United States (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872), 730, 623.
12. Directory of the Borough of York. Also a Business Directory, for 1868-69 (Baltimore: Webb
& Fitzgerald, 1868), 78.
13. Cooper, The Sewing Machine, 38; Lampe and Moser, “Do Patent Pools Encourage
Innovation?” 906.
14. Directory of the Borough of York ... for 1868-69, 78.
15. Eisenhart’s Directory of the Inhabitants, Incorporated Companies, and Manufacturing
Establishments of the Borough of York ... for 1873 (York, PA: E.H. Eisenhart, 1873), 130.
16. Cooper, The Sewing Machine, 221-222; Jack, “The Channels of Distribution for an
Innovation,” 117.
17. Eisenhart’s Directory for 1873, 130.
11
18. Authentic General Directory of the Borough of York, Hanover, and Wrightsville, York
County, PA, for 1877 (York, PA: Herman & Miller and Thomas, 1877), 157.
19. Boyd’s York Directory ... 1881-1882 (Pottsville, PA: W. Harry Boyd, 1881), 41.
20. Young’s York City and County Directory, 1886 (York, PA: “Evening Dispatch” Office,
1886), 225.
21. John Gibson, History of York County Pennsylvania, From the Earliest Period to the Present
Time. Divided into General, Special, Township and Borough Histories, With a Biographical
Department Appended (Chicago: F.A. Battey, 1886), Part II, 19; George R. Prowell, History of
York County Pennsylvania, Biographical, Illustrated, Volume II (Chicago: J.H. Beers, 1907),
368; “Eli Grove,” accessed October 25, 2016, https://www.myheritage.com/names/eli_grove.
22. Prowell, History of York County Pennsylvania, 652. None of the biographies of Isaac Singer
mention anything about York, Pennsylvania. See Hughes, “Isaac Merritt Singer: a womanizer
who liberated women” and Brandon, A Capitalist Romance. One of the sons of Isaac Singer and
Mary Ann Sponsler did live in York. An 1891 article in the Harrisburg Telegram reported that
John A. Singer, who lived on East Market Street in York, had abandoned his wife and left York.
See file #18020 on Singer Sewing at the York County History Center’s Library and Archives.
23. See Hughes, “Isaac Merritt Singer: a womanizer who liberated women,” 101-103; Jack, “The
Channels of Distribution for an Innovation,”122-132.
24. Frederick G. Bourne, "American Sewing Machines,” in 1795-1895. One Hundred Years of
American Commerce, edited by Chauncey Mitchell Depew (New York: D. O. Haynes, 1895),
525-539; Boyd’s York Directory ... 1881-1882, 41.
25. “United States Census, 1880,” database with images, FamilySearch
(https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MWV1-YSL : accessed 2 September 2017), Moses
12
Hartzler in household of Oliver Bolinger, York, York, Pennsylvania, United States; citing
enumeration district ED 22, sheet 263A, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington D.C.:
National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 1207; FHL microfilm 1,255,207;
“United States Census, 1900,” database with images, FamilySearch
(https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M3H4-GLR : accessed 2 September 2017), Moses E.
Hartzler, York city Ward 4, York, Pennsylvania, United States; citing enumeration district (ED)
190, sheet 4A, family 81, NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National
Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL microfilm 1,241,503; “United States Census,
1910,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MGC5-
JXW : accessed 2 September 2017), M E Hartzler, York Ward 11, York, Pennsylvania, United
States; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 133, sheet 5B, family 110, NARA microfilm
publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), roll
1435; FHL microfilm 1,375,448.
26. Young’s York City and County Directory, 1886, 312; Young’s York City and County
Directory, 1889 (York, PA: York Dispatch Print, 1889), 332; York City Directory for 1899
(York, PA: R.L. Polk, 1899), 530; The Bell Publishing Co’s York City and County Directory
1894-95 (Baltimore: Bell Publishing Co., 1894), 242; York City Directory, 1913 (York, PA: R.
L. Polk, 1913), 1104.
27. R. L. Polk & Co.’s York Directory 1921 (New York: R.L. Polk, 1921), 1289; Polk’s York
(York County, PA.) City Directory 1960 (Boston: R.L. Polk & Co., 1960), 812; Polk’s York (York
County, PA.) City Directory 1969 (Boston: R.L. Polk & Co., 1969), 526.
13
Bibliography
Authentic General Directory of the Borough of York, Hanover, and Wrightsville, York County,
PA, for 1877. York, PA: Herman & Miller and Thomas, 1877.
Bourne, Frederick G. "American Sewing Machines", in 1795-1895. One Hundred Years of
American Commerce, edited by Chauncey Mitchell Depew. (New York: D. O. Haynes,
1895), 525-539.
Boyd’s York Directory ... 1881-1882. Pottsville, PA: W. Harry Boyd, 1881.
Brandon, Ruth. A Capitalist Romance: Singer and the Sewing Machine. Philadelphia: J.B.
Lippincott, 1977.
Bureau of the Census. Eighth U. S. Census, 1860, [Microform]: Manufactures, Pennsylvania,
Reel 2, York County.
Bureau of the Census. Eighth U. S. Census, 1860, [Microform]: Population, Pennsylvania, Reels
1198-1201, York County.
Bureau of the Census. Manufactures of the United States in 1860; Compiled from the Original
Returns of the Eighth Census, Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1865.
Cooper, Grace Rogers. The Sewing Machine: Its Invention and Development. Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976.
Directory of the Borough of York. Also a Business Directory, for 1868-69. Baltimore: Webb &
Fitzgerald, 1868.
Eisenhart’s Directory of the Inhabitants, Incorporated Companies, and Manufacturing
Establishments of the Borough of York ... for 1873. York, PA: E.H. Eisenhart, 1873.
14
“Eli Grove,” MyHeritage.com, accessed October 25, 2016,
https://www.myheritage.com/names/eli_grove.
Gibson, John. History of York County Pennsylvania, From the Earliest Period to the Present
Time. Divided into General, Special, Township and Borough Histories, With a
Biographical Department Appended. Chicago: F.A. Battey, 1886.
Gopsill’s Directory of Lancaster, Harrisburg, Lebanon and York, 1863-4. Jersey City, NJ: James
Gopsill, 1863.
Hughes, Sharon. “Isaac Merritt Singer: a womanizer who liberated women.” Master’s thesis,
University of Texas at Tyler, 2014.
Jack, Andrew B. “The Channels of Distribution for an Innovation: The Sewing-Machine Industry
in America, 1860-1865.” Explorations in Entrepreneurial History 9 (1957): 113-141.
Lampe, Ryan and Petra Moser. “Do Patent Pools Encourage Innovation? Evidence from the
19th-Century Sewing Machine Industry.” Journal of Economic History 70 (2010): 898-
920.
Miller, Francis Trevelyan. Wonder Stories. New York: The Christian Herald, 1913.
Polk’s York (York County, PA.) City Directory 1960. Boston: R.L. Polk & Co., 1960.
Polk’s York (York County, PA.) City Directory 1969. Boston: R.L. Polk & Co., 1969.
Prowell, George R. History of York County Pennsylvania, Biographical, Illustrated, Volume II.
Chicago: J.H. Beers, 1907.
R.L. Polk & Co.’s York Directory 1921. New York: R.L. Polk, 1921.
Singer Sewing Machine Company. The Story of the Sewing Machine. Singer Manufacturing
Company, 1897.
15
The Bell Publishing Co.’s York City and County Directory 1894-95. Baltimore: Bell Publishing
Co., 1894.
The York Gazetteer and Business Directory for 1856. York, PA: John Denig, 1856.
“United States Census, 1880,” FamilySearch, accessed September 2, 2017,
https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MWV1.
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https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M3H4-GLR.
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https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MGC5-JXW
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United States. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872.
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Young’s York City and County Directory, 1889. York, PA: York Dispatch Print, 1889.
16
Figure 1. Extract from 1860 manufacturing census schedule for York Borough. Source: Bureau
of the Census, Eighth U. S. Census, 1860, [Microform]: Manufactures, Pennsylvania, Reel 2,
York County, Second Division, York Borough, Page 9, Line 9. Courtes of the Pennsylvania State
Library.
17
Figure 2. Howe Sewing Machine advertisement. Source: Directory of the Borough of York. Also
a Business Directory, for 1868-69, 16. Courtesy of the York County History Center.
18
Figure 3. Boyd’s York Directory ... 1881-1882, 225. Courtesy of the York County History
Center.
19
Figure 4. W.S. Strayer Advertisement. Source: Authentic General Directory of the Borough of
York, Hanover, and Wrightsville, York County, PA, for 1877, 120. Courtesy of the York County
History Center.
20
Figure 5. Singer Sewing Machines Advertisement. Source: Young’s York City and County
Directory, 1886, 210. Courtesy of the York County History Center.
21
Figure 6. E.F. Grove Advertisement. Source: File #14071, Advertising – General, York County
History Center Library and Archives. Courtesy of the York County History Center.
22
Figure 7. Rothert Co. Advertisement. Source: Polk & Co.’s York Directory 1921, 56. Courtesy of
the York County History Center.
23
Figure 8. Singer Company Advertisement. Source: Polk’s York City Directory 1969, 134.
Courtesy of the York County History Center.