The Maori Renaissance UTAM 2011 - Maor 5050

Nina Pelling

History of Maori Society

Traditional Society: Pre- Contact before 1769

First contact 1769 – 1840

Colonisation 1840 – 1970

The Maori Renaissance 1970 – 1990

Bicultural Aotearoa-NZ 1990 – 2000’s

Indigneous Rights and the Maori Renaissance?

What is the history leading up to the Maori Renaissance?

Has the Maori Renaissance benefited Maori?

What is the Maori renaissance?

• The rise of a Maori political consciousness in the late 1960’s informed by a history of political resistance post 1840.

Maori responses to colonisation

1840 – 1900• Military/warfare• Religious movements• Political

1900 – 2000+• Political• Social/cultural• Legal

Review History of Maori activism • 1843- Te Rauparaha – skirmish with

Wakefield company • Hone Heke saw the flag staff as a symbol of

his discontent. • 1858 Maori King movement established as a

symbol of mana whenua• 1860’s Maori response to Land wars was to

create series of Prophetic movements aimed at unifying the tribes and recovering the land.

• 1864 Pai Marire cult led by te Ua Haumene promised divine assistance.

Maori Expressions 1900s

Modern Maori activism Revitalisation of cultural consciousness amongst MaoriReaction against racismReaction against Government

Assimilative PoliciesHunn Report 1961 – Integration Policy

Patterns of Maori land ownership

• 1840 66,400,000• 1891 11,079,486• 1920 4,787,686• 1986 2,626,091

Disposal of confiscated land• Opotiki• Total land confiscated - 448,000• Land returned - 230,600

• Taranaki• Total land confiscated - 1199,622• No land returned

• Waikato• Total land confiscated -1217,437• Land returned - 50,000 (Waitangi Tribunal

1996)

Features of the Maori renaissance

Revitalisation of cultural consciousness amongst MaoriReaction against racismGradual decline of assimilationist views Greater Political activism – Land hikois 1975 and 1979Donna Awatere’s drive for Maori sovereignty

Assertions of Maoritanga in early 1900’s

• Apirana Ngata• Te Puea

Maori Political Consciousness

• 1970 Young Maori Leader’s Conference, Nga Tamatoa,

• 1975 Maori Land March• 1975 Waitangi Tribunal• 1977 Bastion Point• 1979 He Taua• 1981 Springbok tour• 1981 Raglan Golf Course Protest• 1984 Hikoi ki Waitangi

Revitalisation of Language and culture• Te Whare wananga• Maori studies in mainstream tertiary Education

Te Kohanga Reo Movement

Kura kaupapa Maori

Other Maori Responses in Education

• Kura kaupapa Maori• Te whare wananga • Maori Studies in tertiary institutions• Revitalisation of Language and culture• Bi-culturalism vs. multi -culturalism

Nga Tamatoa

• . Nga tamatoa• In Auckland the 1970

Young Maori Leaders conference at UOA gave rise to Nga Tamatoa( the young warriors) which protested Police harassment, demanded separate rights, official recognition of Maori Language and appoint of Maori to responsible positions in Maori agencies such as Maori affairs. They raised the consciousness asmongst Maori and Pakeha and were totally committed to the pursuit of Tino rangatiratanga This movement lead to the emergence of campaigns and protest events. Which all had one thing in common a rising Maori political consciousness with a recurring theme and supported by educational workshops, around decolonistion, hui, newsletters which has generated a cultural solidarity amongst Maori.

Not one more acre - Maori land March 1975

Awareness of historical land losses and mobilisation against continuing losses, grew in the shadow of the land grab authorised by the Maori affairs amendment act 1967.

The march planned to cover 700 miles in thirty days making its way down the centre of the North Island and visiting 25 marae along its route. A core group led by Maori activitsts including kaumatua and Kuia like Whina Cooper walked from Te Hapua in Northland to government building in Wellington

Bastion Point is Maori land: 1977 - 1978Bastion Point

Maori activism – Springbok Tour 1981

Spring Bok TourSpringbok tour: A rejection of racist Rugby

Waitangi Tribunal

The Treaty of Waitangi act 1975 established Waitangi Tribunal to make recommendations on claims relation to the practical application of the Treaty and to determine whether certain matters are inconsistent with the principles of the Treaty

Other Legislation changes

• Tu Tangata Programme 1980• Resource Management Act 1991• Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993• Social policy legislation to reflect

tikanga Maori • MMP electoral system 1996• Acknowledgement of NZ culture

within the Arts and media

Has the renaissance been good for Maori? - “Against”

• Tokenistic and superficial change• too slow and no better off• Negative statistics persisting• Maori language speakers• Still a struggle for economic control

over resources• De regulative policies and free market

ideology have not helped Maori

Has the Maori renaissance benefited Maori? “For”

• Culturally now Maori proud to be Maori.

• Has brought Maori and Pakeha together in positive collaborative ways.

• Job opportunities have opened up for Maori in certain areas

• In tertiary institutions, lecturers are integrating Maori Dimension into their curriculum

• Maori Political Party

• Maori Television, Maori radio, Maori

• Business and tourist ventures

Maori development & Rangatiratanga

‘The supreme power from which all specific powers related to self determination derive their legitimacy or effect’

Kirke Kickingbird 1984

‘Exists at the mana whenua level in that it implies Maori ownership and control of resources as well as iwi/hapu rights to negotiate directly with the Crown for grievances reparations’

(Durie,M. 1995b)

‘Endorses the right to establish innovative patterns of belonging that challenge the once uncontested ground rules of an absolute state’ (Spoonley 1997a)

Readings Harris, A. (2004). Hikoi: Forty years of Maori protest,, Huia Publishers. Wellington.

Webster, S. (1998). Patrons of Maori Culture: Power, theory and ideology in the Maori Renaissance, Otago University Press. Dunedin.

Walker, R. (1990) Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End, Penguin Books. Auckland.

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