the market revolution, 1790-1860
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The Market Revolution, 1790-1860. APUSH – Mr. Hesen. Demographic Changes Population By 1860 – 33 states were in the Union Population doubled every 25 years Natural birthrates Immigration Urbanization. Irish Immigration (Old Immigration) Irish potato famine – 1840s – millions die - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Market Revolution, 1790-1860APUSH – Mr. Hesen
Demographic Changes– Population• By 1860 – 33 states were in the Union• Population doubled every 25 years
– Natural birthrates– Immigration– Urbanization
Irish Immigration (Old Immigration)– Irish potato famine – 1840s – millions
die– Largest group of immigrants (1830s-
1860s)• Two million immigrants – more here than
Ireland• Targets for discrimination
– Poor– Catholic– Treated lower than African Americans
German Immigration (Old Immigration)– 1.5 million – 1830-1860– Largest group by the 20th Century
• Uprooted farmers – moved to Midwest• Abolitionists – strong Protestants• Influential voters – better educated
– Kindergarten – support for public schools– Beer – hurt temperance movement
English Immigration (Old)– Accounted for 20% of U.S. population (1820-1860)– Many left b/c of tough economic issues– Many settled in Lowell, MA – textiles– Mining work was also popular– A lot less discrimination • Many American still identified with GB
Nativism– Hatred of foreign-born persons– Main target: IRISH CATHOLICS– 1840s – “Know Nothing Party”
The Industrial Revolution– Economic Inventors stimulated growth• Samuel Slater – “Father of Factory System”• “Spinning Jenny” – Pawtucket Mill, RI
Eli Whitney
Telegraph
Textile Industry– U.S. imports down after Embargo Act– 1814 – Francis Lowell – first textile plant in MA• Lowell factories made the entire textile NOT just parts• Revolutionizes factory work – not at home
Lowell Girls– Farmer’s daughters hired to work in factories– Strength and independence– Strict moral supervision and mandatory church attendance– 1836 – first strike in U.S. history– Eventually water and steam replaced female labor – so did the
German and Irish
How did MA become so industrialized?– Rocky soil discouraged farming –
manufacturing more attractive– Large amount of labor available– Shipping seaports – easy imports and
exports– Rapid river currents provided water
power
Why didn’t the South industrialize?– Capital resources tied up in slavery– Local customers were poor– Most people couldn’t afford finished products
Transportation Revolution– Prime motive – East tapping the resources in the
West– Significance:• National market economy• Regional specialization• Westward expansion
Turnpikes– 1790 – first turnpike – Lancaster Turnpike in PA
• Connected Philly to Lancaster– Tolls collected– Significance: Turnpike building boom– 1811 – Cumberland Road (National Road)
• Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL• Became vital highway to the West (600 miles)• Cheaper to carry freight• Westward expansion!
Conestoga Wagons
Pony Express
Steam Engine– Robert Fulton– NYC to Albany via Hudson River (500 miles)– Made trip in 32 hours– Significance: Rivers became navigable
Erie Canal (1825)– Upstate New York– 363-mile canal linked Great Lakes with Hudson River– Impact:
• Cheap transportation• Shipping time reduced• Land values skyrocketed• Made NYC a major city• Great Lakes region explodes• Competition from the West against New England
Railroads– Most significant impact of transportation
revolution– Fast, reliable, cheaper than canals• First line: Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) – 1828• 1860 – 30,000 miles of track laid• Opposition: canal builders, turnpike, builders
Northern Workers– Transformed working conditions and relations– Skilled workers were ousted and unskilled labor took over– Poor working conditions– Forbidden to form labor unions
Women and Children– Worked six days per week– Extremely low wages– Lowell Girls were supervised on and off job site– 1820 – ½ of labor was under the age of 10• Devastating effects from abuse
Gains for Workers– During Age of Jackson – workingmen had right to
vote– Workingman’s parties – fought for higher wages
and rights– Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – MA Supreme
Court• Labor unions legal as long as they are not violent
Western Farmers– Trans-Allegheny
Region – Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
– Breadbasket of the U.S.
– Most produce sent down Mississippi River to Gulf
Inventions– John Deere and Cyrus McCormick– Changed West from subsistence to large-scale
farming• More debt• Surpluses
– New markets
Regional Specialization– East• Industrial• 1861 – owned 81% of U.S. industrial capacity• Most populous region
– West• Became nation’s breadbasket – grain and livestock
– South• Cotton exports to New England and Britain• Slavery persisted• Resist to changes• No industry
Impact of Industrialization– Division of labor – specialized work– Growth of cities – 1860 – 25%– Increase in social stratification – rich v. poor– Immigration increases– Foreign commerce