The Market Revolution The Market Revolution (1820-1850)(1820-1850)

The Market Revolution The Market Revolution (1820-1850)(1820-1850)

1. Population growth• 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861• 13 states to 33 states by 1861 • Expansion of cities

2. Flow of Immigration – 1830’s to 1860’s• Why? Potato famine and European problem

• Irish• German

• Hated by “Nativists”

3. Transformation of American Industry• Industrial Revolution – why?

• American System• Sectionalism

• Industrial pioneers

5.3

mil

lion

Population Growth from 1620 to 1860

City growth

Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by

1850

Sources of Immigration,

1820-40

Sources of Immigration,

1820-40

Sources of Immigration,

1840-60

Sources of Immigration,

1840-60

Settlements of ImmigrantsSettlements of Immigrants

•Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston

•Germans would settle in Midwest

A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production

Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S. Beginning of US Factory System

US slow to embrace factory system Scarce labor Little capital Superiority of British factories

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

HighwaysBad roads made transportation highly

unreliable

The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832 Connected Maryland to Illinois. Built by US government

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

•Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and

the infant industry.

•Because of the British

blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for

internal transportation improvements.

Map rr

•Telegraph revolutionized communication

•Would replace the Pony Express by

1861

Trails

•Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

•Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. •Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry.

•Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill

of its day

Samuel Slater was the "Father of the "Father of the American Factory American Factory

System."System."

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

The Lowell MillsThe Lowell MillsAmericans beat the British at their

own game, made better factoriesFrancis C Lowell (a British

“traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody Together they improved the mill and

invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

The Lowell System Lowell,

Massachusetts, 1832

Young New England farm girls Supervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day Escorted to church on Sunday

Women & the EconomyWomen & the Economy1850: 10% of white women working for

pay outside home Vast majority of working women were single Left paying jobs upon marriage

“Cult of domesticity” Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker

Empowers married women Increased power & independence of women in

home led to decline in family size

Workers & Wage Slaves

Workers & Wage Slaves

With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed

Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc.

Labor unions illegal

1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10

Workers & Wage SlavesWorkers & Wage Slaves1820s & 1830s: right to vote for

laborers Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved

conditions Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better

conditions

1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day 1837 depression hurt union membership

Commonwealth v. Hunt Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal

conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

•1830s, Industrialization

grew throughout the North…

•Southern cotton shipped to Northern

textile mills was a good working relationship.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything. anything.

They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, then innovators. innovators.

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything. anything.

They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, then innovators. innovators.1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

•Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry.

•He is also noted for the concept of mass production and

interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles.

•Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution.

Cotton Production

The invention which changed

the South, cotton and slavery.

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine

Cotton gin invented in 1793 50 times more effective than hand picking

Raising cotton more profitable South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”

New England factories flourish with Southern cotton

1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable

steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.

The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation

from 1808 through 1930.

1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable

steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.

The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation

from 1808 through 1930.

John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s

Sewing Machine

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s

Sewing Machine

Perfected by SingerGave boost to northern industry

Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry

Led many women into factories

From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)

From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)