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THE MEDIA VIEWPOINT ON THE ISSUE OF THE

RESIGNATION OF SOUTH KOREA’S PRIME MINISTER IN

THE KOREA HERALD AND IN THE NEW YORK TIMES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

AGUSTINA RIZKY LUPITASARI

Student Number: 104214090

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

THE MEDIA VIEWPOINT ON THE ISSUE OF THE

RESIGNATION OF SOUTH KOREA’S PRIME MINISTER IN

THE KOREA HERALD AND IN THE NEW YORK TIMES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

AGUSTINA RIZKY LUPITASARI

Student Number: 104214090

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015


vii

Everything you can

imagine is real

-Pablo Picasso-


viii

Nothing can be so precious than the

Almighty God, the family, the loveable

partner, and good friends.

So I dedicate this thesis to all of them.

And you,

the ones who read my masterpiece.


ix

ACKNOWLDGEMENTS

My greatest gratitude goes to the Lord for always guiding me to finish this

thesis. Now I finally learn that everything will be beautiful at its time. God’s timing is

always perfect.

I would like to thank my family, my mother, my two kind-hearted fathers, and

my lovely sister. I especially thank my beloved mother, Hanavia Rini who is always

there whenever I need shoulder to lean on. I also thank her for her prayers in every

single night and also her endless care for me.

Then, I would thank my thesis advisor, Adventina Putranti, SS., M. Hum., my

co-advisor Anna Fitriati, S.Pd. M.Hum., and my examiner Dr. F. B. Alip, M.Pd.,

M.A. for giving me so many useful suggestions in order to make this thesis better. I

also thank them for their patience in guiding me to finish this thesis.

I would also thank my beloved friends, Fanny Herdioktavi, Ni Kadek Septi

Ratnasari, Graviela Jessica, Vania Williany, Shela Gandhiningtyas, Nyke Emitusia,

Dea Kaloka, Radiaska, Sisilia Dyah Ayu, Cory Adriani, Cynthia Rani, Pramestia,

Gracia Atika, Rosadelima and many other friends who cannot be mentioned one by

one. I thank them for supporting me through their care and wise advices.

Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude for the one who always

pushes me to work harder, Mizan Tegar Aditya. I thank him for making me

understand that success is surely not for the lazy ones.

Agustina Rizky Lupitasari


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………. ii

APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………………… iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………………….. iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH... v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………………. vi

MOTTO PAGE………………………………………………………………….. vii

DEDICATION PAGE…………………………………………………………… viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………….. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………….. x

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… xiii

ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………………… xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………. 1

A. Background of the Study…………………………………………………. 1

B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………….. 3

C. Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………… 3

D. Definitions of Terms……………………………………………………... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………. 5

A. Review of Related Studies……………………………………………….. 5

B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………………… 7

1. Theory of Discourse Analysis……………………………………….. 7

a. Theory of Lexical Cohesion ……………………………………... 9

i. Reiteration…………………………………………………… 9

ii. Collocation ………………………………………………….. 10

b. Theory of Grammatical Cohesion……………………………….. 11

i. Reference …………………………………………………… 11

ii. Substitution …………………………………………………. 12

iii. Ellipsis ………………………………………………………. 13

iv. Conjunction …………………………………………………. 14

2. Theory of Semantic Feature …………………………………………... 15

3. Theory of Media Viewpoint ………………………………………… 16

C. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………… 17

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY……………………………………………. 19

A. Object of Study…………………………………………………………… 19

B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………………. 20

C. Method of the Study……………………………………………………… 21

1. Data Collection……………………………………………………….. 21


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2. Data Analysis……………………………………………………….... 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS………………. 24

A. The Cohesion in The Korea Herald and The New York Times in Order to

Convey the Context of the Resignation of South Korea’s Prime Minister.. 24

1. The Cohesion of the text from The Korea Herald entitled “Prime Minister

Quits over Ferry Disaster” …………………………………………… 25

a. The Arrangement of the Subtopics……………………………… 25

i. The offer of Prime Minister’s resignation…………………….. 26

ii. The Prime Minister’s statements on his resignation …………. 26

iii. The governmental issue related to the resignation …………… 27

iv. The Prime Minister’s comment on the issue of some irregularities

related to the ferry disaster …………………………………… 27

v. The opinion about the resignation of the Prime Minister ……. 27

vi. The description about the sinking of the ferry ……………….. 28

vii. The critics toward the government about their bad response to the

ferry sinking ………………………………………………….. 28

b. Lexical Cohesion………………………………………………… 29

i. Reiteration …………………………………………………… 29

ii. Collocation …………………………………………………... 30

c. Grammatical Cohesion ………………………………………….. 32

i. Reference …………………………………………………….. 32

ii. Substitution …………………………………………………… 33

iii. Ellipsis ……………………………………………………….. 34

iv. Conjunction ………………………………………………….. 34

2. The Cohesion of the text from The New York Times entitled “South

Korean Prime Minister Offers to Resign over the Deadly Ferry

Disaster” ……………………………………………………………… 35

a. The Arrangement of the Subtopics……………………………….. 35

i. The offer of Prime Minister’s resignation …………………… 35

ii. The critics toward the government about their bad response to the

disaster ……………………………………………………….. 36

iii. The Prime Minister’s statements on his resignation …………. 36

iv. The irregularities on the operator of the ship which cause high

death toll ……………………………………………………... 36

v. The governmental issue related to the resignation of the Prime

Minister ………………………………………………………. 37

vi. The recent report about the death toll and rescue struggle ….. 37


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vii. The grief of the nation due to the disaster …………………… 37

b. Lexical Cohesion………………………………………………….. 37

i. Reiteration ……………………………………………………. 37

ii. Collocation …………………………………………………… 39

c. Grammatical Cohesion…………………………………………….. 42

i. Reference …………………………………………………….. 42

ii. Substitution …………………………………………………... 43

iii. Ellipsis ……………………………………………………….. 43

iv. Conjunction ………………………………………………….. 43

B. The Media Viewpoint on the Issue of the Resignation of South Korea’s Prime

Minister…………………………………………………………………… 44

1. The urgency of the resignation of the Prime Minister ………………. 45

2. The cultural practice within the government of South Korea ……….. 46

3. The description of the condition of the people after the disaster

happened……………………………………………………………… 47

4. The irregularities on the operator of the ferry which is related to the

disaster ……………………………………………………………….. 49

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………. 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………….. 53

APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… 54

Appendix 1: The News Article of The Korea Herald Entitled “Prime

Minister Quits over Ferry

Disaster”………………………………………………………………….. 54

Appendix 2: The News Article of The New York Times Entitled “South

Korean Prime Minister Offers to Resigns over Deadly Ferry Disaster”…. 56

Appendix 3: The Cohesion of the Lexical Items in The Korea Herald and

The New York Times……………………………………………………… 59


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ABSTRACT

LUPITASARI, AGUSTINA RIZKY. The Media Viewpoint on the Issue of the

resignation of South Korea’s Prime Minister in The Korea Herald and in The

New York Times. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,

Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Mass media have their own viewpoint toward a certain issue. The viewpoint

of one newspaper can be different from the viewpoint of other newspapers depending

on how they are linguistically presented. The linguistic aspect can be the lexical

choice, grammar or textual organization. This study is conducted to analyze the

media viewpoints toward the issue of the resignation of South Korea’s Prime Minister

in The Korea Herald and in The New York Times through their linguistic presentation.

This study focuses on the textual organization and the cohesion of a text.

There are two problems formulated in this study. The first problem is focused

to analyze how each newspaper builds their cohesion in conveying the context of the

resignation of South Korea’s Prime Minister. The second problem is focused to

analyze the media viewpoint on the issue of the resignation of South Korea’s Prime

Minister through the cohesion of the text and their textual organization.

This study uses critical discourse analysis (CDA) because this study concerns

with how the lexical choice in the news article can show how the language is

ideological that it contains certain viewpoints in the context of South Korea’s Prime

Minister’s resignation due to the government’s bad handling on the ferry disaster.

This study studied an event in depth by comparing two articles that were different in

certain ways but had same topic. The two articles are taken from the media inside

Korea and outside Korea in order to understand how this issue is presented inside

Korea and outside Korea.

The result from the analysis of this study is that the cohesion of a text can

show the differences between two media in presenting the same issue although at a

glance both texts look similar. The media inside South Korea, the country where the

monumental event happened, presents the issue with its focus on the disaster and the

resignation, while the media outside South Korea presents this issue with broader

angle. The media outside Korea also concerns about whether this event of resignation

is a cultural practice or not, and then about the discussion of how people deal with

this kind of situation.


xiv

ABSTRAK

LUPITASARI, AGUSTINA RIZKY. The Media Viewpoint on the Issue of the

resignation of South Korea’s Prime Minister in The Korea Herald and in The

New York Times, Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Media massa mempunyai sudut pandang masing masing terhadap suatu berita.

Sudut pandang sebuah surat kabar terhadap sebuah berita dapat berbeda satu sama

lain tergantung dari bagaimana mereka mempresentasikannya secara linguistik.

Aspek aspek linguistik tersebut antara lain pilihan kata, tata bahasa, dan organisasi

tekstual. Studi ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis sudut pandang media terhadap berita

tentang mundurnya Perdana Menteri Korea Selatan dalam surat kabar The Korea

Herald dan The New York Times melalui presentasi linguistik masing masing surat

kabar. Studi ini fokus pada organisasi tekstual dan kohesi sebuah teks.

Dalam studi ini terdapat dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah pertama

fokus untuk menganalisis bagaimana masing masing surat kabar membentuk kohesi

mereka dalam menyampaikan konteks tentang mundurnya Perdana Menteri Korea

Selatan. Rumusan masalah kedua fokus untuk menganalisis sudut pandang media

terhadap issue tersebut melalui kohesi teks dan organisasi tekstual mereka.

Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan Citical Discourse Analysis (CDA) karena

studi ini fokus tentang bagaimana pemilihan kata dalam sebuat artikel dalam surat

kabar dapat memperlihatkan bahwa bahasa itu ideologis dengan mengandung sudut

pandang tertentu terhadap isu mundurnya perdana menteri Korea Selatan akibat

buruknya penanganan tenggelamnya kapal feri. Studi ini mempelajari tentang sebuah

peristiwa secara mendalam dengan cara membandingkan dua artikel yang berbeda

dalam beberapa hal namun memiliki topic yang sama. Kedua artikel diambil dari

media massa di dalam Korea Selatan dan di luar Korea Selatan dalam rangka untuk

memahami bagaimana berita ini disajikan di dalam dan di luar Korea Selatan.

Hasil analisis studi ini adalah bahwa kohesi sebuah teks dapat menunjukan

perbedaan perbedaan diantara dua media massa dalam mempresentasikan berita yang

sama meskipun pada awalnya kedua teks terlihat mirip. Media massa dalam Korea

mempresentasikan berita ini fokus pada bencana dan mundurnya Perdana Menteri

sedangkan media massa diluar Korea mempunyai sudut pandang yang lebih luas.

Media massa diluar Korea juga memperhatikan apakah peristiwa mundurnya Perdana

Menteri ini merupakan praktek budaya atau tidak dan juga memperhatikan tentang

bagaimana rakyat Korea menghadapi situasi semacam ini


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

As social beings, people cannot live without communicating with others

which is through language. As George A. Miller says, “Social organization without

communication is impossible. The influence of a group can extend only as far as the

group has effective channels for communication.” (1951: 249) In order to

communicate with others, people need language as the media of it. This is where

language takes its role over the relation among human being. As the media of

communication, language becomes the main aspect that shall exist in order to

communicate.

Language is used in daily life both verbally, like when we talk to be heard by

others, and non-verbally, like when we write something to be read by others. Through

the use of language, language functions as the media to deliver any kinds of message

or information.

One kind of information that is delivered through language is news.

According to Henry Compton B. A, the definition of news is,

“What is “news”? It is the new things that have happened recently--the things

that have made the world different from what it was yesterday. Not the things

that happened centuries ago, or even last year. They are now history. Not the

things that happen every day. The sunrise is the most important and wonderful

happening of all, but it is not news. (If the sun did not rise one morning, that

would be news!)” (1962: 4-6)

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The language of the news is different from the other kinds of written

language, especially in the choice of words. According to Fowler, narrators, speech

and thought presentation, the transitivity system of the language, the modality system,

the lexical choices or pragmatics all contribute in one way or another to reveal

different aspects of the “angle of telling” in a text. (Sierra, 1994: 94) From that

quotation, we can conclude that “the angle of telling” in a text can be determined by

its use of language especially in the aspect of lexical choices.

This undergraduate thesis examines the lexical choices used by two news

articles in order to present their viewpoints from about the issue of the resignation of

South Korea‟s Prime Minister due to the sinking of a ferry which carries almost 400

students on a trip

The topic of how different lexical choices can show different viewpoint on the

same issue is chosen because nowadays, lexical choices in the language of newspaper

is such a strong power. Just like what Sierra quoted from Fowler,

“What is being said is that, because the institutions of news reporting, and

presentation are socially, economically, and politically situated, all news is

always reported from some particular angle.” (Sierra, 1994: 93)

As we know that the life of the people nowadays cannot be separated from the mass

media, so how mass media show their viewpoint about a certain issue which later can

influence the reader‟s mind is interesting and worth studying.

Then, the issue which is brought up in this study is about the resignation of the

South Korea‟s Prime Minister after the accident of the sinking of a Ferry which kills

almost 400 people. This tragedy absorbs the attention of the people of the world.


3

Public opinions about the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister differ from

one to another. That is why I bring this topic out.

The two newspapers being examined are chosen also because of a reason. The

first news article is taken from Korean newspaper, The Korea Herald, and the other

news article is chosen from the newspaper outside Korea, The New York Times. The

two articles are considered the representation on the issue of the resignation of South

Korea‟s Prime Minister from the Korean mass media viewpoint and the mass media

viewpoint outside Korea.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to guide and limit the points of discussion, there are two problems

formulated, those are:

1. How do The Korea Herald and The New York Times build the cohesion of their

lexical items in order to convey the context of the resignation of South Korea‟s

Prime Minister?

2. What are the viewpoints of The Korea Herald and The New York Times about the

issue of the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister seen through the cohesion

of the lexical items?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the two problems formulated before, there are two objectives of this

study. First objective is to examine how The Korea Herald and The New York Times

build the cohesion of the lexical items which convey the context of the resignation of

South Korea‟s Prime Minister. Then, by examining the cohesion of both news


4

articles, the writer wants to reveal how both news articles present their “angle of

telling” or their viewpoint about the issue of the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime

Minister.

D. Definition of Terms

Media viewpoint is media‟s attitude or opinions. In addition to more specific concept

of the viewpoint of the media, Sierra quoted what Fowler said in her journal about

point of view of the media discourse,



always reported from some particular angle.” (Sierra, 1994: 92)

According to Fowler, narrators, speech and thought presentation, the

transitivity system of the language, the modality system, the lexical choices or

pragmatics all contribute in one way or another to reveal different aspects of the

“angle of telling” in a text.

So, media viewpoint is the angle of reporting news by the media which is

presented in the aspect of linguistics. It can be from the lexical choices or pragmatics,

speech and thought presentation, or anything else in the aspect of language. In this

study, the aspect of linguistics which is used to reveal the media viewpoint is

cohesion especially the cohesion of lexical items.

Lexical item is a useful and fairly neutral hold-all term which captures and, to some

extent, helps to overcome instabilities in the term word, especially when it becomes

limited by orthography. (Carter, 1998: 8)


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter consists of three parts which are reviews of related studies,

reviews of related theories and theoretical framework. Review of related studies

contains the reviews of other related studies previously done by other writers on the

slightly similar topic. Then, review of related theories is review of the theories

applied in this undergraduate thesis, and the last one is theoretical framework. In this

part, the writer explains, one by one, the contribution of the theories and reviews in

solving the problems of the study: why the theories are needed and how they are

applied in the study.

A. Review of Related Studies

1. Rezkiyana’s thesis “The Study of Media Perspective through Reference and

Repetition seen in RT News and Reuters in the issue of North Korean Nuclear

Edition April 1, 2013

This undergraduate thesis discusses the media perspective about the issue of

North Korean nuclear seen through the reference and repetition. This research focuses

on the analysis of the use of reference and repetition in the publication of North

Korea nuclear issue from two different media; Reuters and RT News. The researcher

took two different articles from on-line newspaper; Reuters and RT News in the

North Korean nuclear issue on April 1, 2013. There are two reasons of choosing the

news in the same date to see the media perspectives. The first is both media published

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same issue of North Korea differently. The second reason is that North Korea became

the hot issue around the world because of their surprising statement of nuclear war

against South Korea on March 31, 2013.

While Rezkiyana discusses the issue about North Korean nuclear issue in RT

News and Reuters, this present thesis discusses about the issue of the resignation of

South Korea‟s Prime Minister after the accident of the ferry sinking. This present

thesis takes the data as same as Rezkiyana‟s thesis, that is from two articles on two

different newspapers but the difference is that Rezkiyana‟s articles are about North

Korean Nuclear, while this present thesis is about the resignation of South Korea‟s

Prime Minister due to the sinking of Ferry which kills almost 400 passengers. Both

articles are published on April 27 at the day the Prime Minister resigns.

This present thesis develops Rezkiyana‟s thesis. The main topic about the

viewpoint of the media discussed by the present writer is slightly similar to the topic

discussed by Rezkiyana in her thesis although the scope of analyzing media

perspective is deeper than the analysis of the media viewpoint.

What makes this present thesis different with Rezkiyana‟s thesis is also on the

analysis of the reference and substitution as her base of further analysis about the

media perspective on the issue of North Korean Nuclear while this present thesis

analyzes the viewpoint of media through the cohesion of the lexical items which

convey the context of South Korea‟s Prime Minister‟s resignation.


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2. Estiningsih’s thesis “News Ideology of Suharto’s Fall Event in “After

Suharto” in Newsweek and “End of Era” Article in Time Magazine”

This undergraduate thesis discusses about the fall of Suharto event seen in two

articles from TIME magazine and NEWSWEEK. The first article entitles “After

Suharto” while the second article entitles “End of an Era”. This research tries to seek

the news ideologies brought in those two articles in understanding the fall of Suharto

event in Indonesia, through its representation on the vocabularies choices.

Both of this present thesis and Estiningsih‟s thesis analyze the lexical choice

in conveying certain issue. While this present thesis analyzes the cohesion of the

lexical items or vocabulary in conveying the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime

Minister, Estiningsih‟s thesis analyzes the lexical choices without analyzing its

cohesion in order to convey the fall of Suharto event. This is what makes this present

thesis similar with Estiningsih‟s thesis; the analysis of the lexical choices.

Then, the thing that makes this present thesis different with Estiningsih‟s

thesis is the further analysis after analyzing the vocabulary choices. The further

analysis of this present thesis is about the viewpoint of media, while further analysis

of Estiningsih‟s thesis is the news ideologies.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis according to James Paul Gee in his book “How to do

Discourse Analysis” is the study of language in use. Better put, it is the study of

language at use in the world, not just to say things, but to do things (2011: ix). Later


8

Margaret Wetherell explains that discourse is constitutive of social life. Discourse

builds object, worlds, minds and social relations. It does not just reflect them. Words

are about the world but they also form the world as they represent it. What is the case

for humans, what reality is, what the world is, only emerges through human meaning-

making (Wetherell, 2001: 16). By those elaborations, it can be concluded that

discourse analysis concerns with the analysis of how language can do something and

how discourse constitutes social life, and how social life in the world only emerges

through human meaning-making. For example, language can be used to build

reputations, manage social relations among people, or event it can be used to harm

people. All of those things are possible just by language, whose meanings are made

by people to do those kinds of things.

Relating to the human meaning-making through the discourse, it is important

to examine the aspect of cohesion of the discourse itself. Halliday and Hasan stated

that,

Cohesion refers to the range of possibilities that exist for linking something

with what has gone before. Since this linking is achieved through the relation

of meaning, what is in question is the set of meaning relations which function

this way: the semantic resources which are drawn on for the purpose of

creating text. We can interpret cohesion, in practice, as the set of semantic

resources for linking a sentence with what has gone before (1976: 10)

Cohesion is expressed partly through the grammar and partly through the vocabulary.

We can refer therefore to lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. Lexical

cohesion deals with reiteration and collocation while grammatical cohesion deals

with reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.


9

a. Lexical cohesion

i. Reiteration

Reiteration is a form of lexical cohesion which involves the repetition of

lexical item, at one end of the scale; the use of a general word to refer back to a

lexical item, at the other end of the scale; and a number of things in between the use

of synonym, near-synonym, or superordinate (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 278) Let us

illustrate each of these in turn.

a. There was a large mushroom growing near her, about the same height as

herself; and, when she had looked under it, it occurred to her that she might

as well look and see what was on the top of it.

She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of the

mushroom,…

b. Accordingly… I took leave, and turned to the ascent of the peak. The climb

is perfectly easy…

c. Then quickly rose Sir Bedivere, and ran,

And leaping down the ridges lightly, plung‟d

Among the bulrush beds, and clutch‟d the sword

And lightly wheel‟d and threw it. The great brand

Made light‟nings in the splendor of the moon

d. Henry‟s bought himself a new Jaguar. He practically lives in the car

(Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 278)

In (a), there is repetition: mushroom refers back to mushroom. In (b) climb refers

back to ascent, of which it is a synonym. In (c) brand refers back to sword, of which it

is a near-synonym. In (d), car refers back to Jaguar; and car is a superordinate of

Jaguar – that is, a name for a more general class (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 278)

All those instances have in common the fact that lexical item refers back to

another, to which it is related by having common referent (Halliday and Hasan,

1976:278) When we talk about reiteration, therefore, we are including not only the


10

repetition of the same lexical item but also the occurrence of a related item, which

may be anything from a synonym or near synonym of the original to a general word

dominating the entire class. For example: I turned to the ascent of the peak.

a. The ascent is perfectly easy (same lexical item)

b. The climb is perfectly easy (a synonym)

c. The task is perfectly easy (a superordinate)

d. The thing is perfectly easy (a general noun)

(Halliday and Hasan, 1976:278)

ii. Collocation

Collocation is regarded as the most problematical part of lexical cohesion,

cohesion that is achieved through the association of lexical items that regularly co-

occur (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 284). According to Halliday and Hasan, the form of

collocation can be so many, such as:

a. Pairs of synonym- near synonym. For example climb and ascent, beam and

rafter, disease and illness.

b. Pairs of superordinates. For example elm and tree, boy and child, skip and

play.

c. Pairs of opposites of various kinds, complementaries such as boys and girl,

stand up and sit down, antonyms such as like and hate, wet and dry,

crowded and deserted, and converses such as order and obey.

d. Pairs of words drawn from the same ordered series. For example dollar and

cent, north and south, colonel and brigadier.

e. Pairs drawn from unordered lexical sets. For example basement and roof,

road and rail, red and green.

f. Pairs which often stand in some recognizable semantic relation to one

another, they may be related as part to whole, like car and brake, box and

lid, or as part to part, like mouth and chin, verse and chorus; they may be

co-hyponyms of the same superordinate term, ie both members of the same

more general class, such as chair table (both hyponyms of furniture), walk

and drive (both hyponyms of go).

g. Pairs whose meaning relation are not easy to classify in semantic tems,

such as laugh and joke, blade and sharp, garden and dig, ill and doctor, try

and succeed, etc. (1976: 284).


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The cohesive effect is not limited to a pair of words. It is very common for

long cohesive chain to be built up out of lexical relations of this kind, with words

pattern like candle, flame, and flicker, hair, comb, curl, and wave, poetry, literature,

reader, writer, and style, and also sky, sunshine, cloud, and rain. Such patterns occur

freely both within the same sentence and across sentence boundaries; they are largely

independent of grammatical structure (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 286). In brief,

collocation is not limited only by pair of words but it can occur as long cohesive

chains of words which share similar environment.

b. Grammatical cohesion

Grammatical cohesion deals with reference, substitution, ellipsis, and

conjunction. Let us take a look at those forms one by one:

i. Reference

According to Halliday and Hasan, what characterizes this particular type of

cohesion, which we are calling reference, is the specific nature of the information that

is signaled for retrieval. In the case of reference the information to be retrieved is the

referential meaning, the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being

referred to; and the cohesion lies in the continuity of reference, whereby the same

thing enters into the discourse a second time (1976: 31).

Reference is a semantic relation. Since the relationship is on the semantic

level, the reference item is in no way constrained to match the grammatical class of

the item it refers to (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 32). So, what must be looked

carefully are the semantic properties, not the similarities of the grammar. This is also


12

not necessarily have been encoded in the text; they may be retrievable from the

situation.

According to Halliday and Hasan, reference to the situation is the prior form

of reference, and that reference to another within the text is a secondary or derived

from this relation (1976: 32). The meaning of situational reference is a form of

referring to a thing as identified in the context of situation while textual reference is a

form of referring to a thing as identified in the surrounding text.

As a general rule, therefore, reference items may be exophoric or endophoric;

and, if endophoric, they may be anaphoric (referring to preceeding text) or cataphoric

(referring to following text). An exophoric item is one which does not name anything;

it signals that reference must be made to the context of situation.

In its relation to lexical cohesion, all the types of lexical cohesion involve

identity of reference; no matter whether the reiterated item has been a repetition, a

synonym, a superordinate or a general word, it has been assumed to share a common

referent with the original. So, if the lexical item had been reiterated it would have had

the same referent.

ii. Substitution

By contrast to reference, substitution is a grammar relation. Substitution is

subject to a very strong grammatical condition: the substitute must be of the same

grammatical class as the item for which it substitutes. Since substitution is a

grammatical relation, a relation in the wording rather than in the meaning, the

different types of substitution are defined grammatically rather than semantically. The


13

criterion is the grammatical function of the substitute item. According to Halliday and

Hasan, there are three types of substitution. Those are nominal, verbal, and clausal.

The following is a list of the items that occur as substitutes:

Nominal : one, ones, same

Verbal : do

Clausal : so, not

(Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 91)

There is a borderline where substitution shades into lexical cohesion,

involving the use of general words such as thing in a cohesive function (Halliday and

Hasan, 1976: 91). The general words, which correspond to major classes of lexical

items, are very commonly used with cohesive force. The substitute one and do can be

thought of as being as it were the highest point in the lexical taxonomy of nouns and

verbs respectively; as such, they constitute a closed class, and so acquire a purely

grammatical function. But they do function more or less as lexical items.

iii. Ellipsis

The next form of grammatical cohesion is ellipsis. Ellipsis is very similar to

substitution. It can be defined simply as „substitution by zero‟. The starting point of

the discussion of ellipsis can be the familiar notion that is „something left unsaid‟ and

another way of referring to ellipsis is in fact as „something understood‟, where

understood is used in special sense of „going without saying‟ (Halliday and Hasan,

1976: 142)

Where there is ellipsis, there is a presupposition, in the structure, that

something is to be supplied, or „understood‟. The essential characteristic of ellipsis is


14

that something which is present in the selection of underlying options is omitted in

the structure-whether or not the resulting structure is in itself „incomplete‟ (Halliday

and Hasan, 1976: 144).

In brief, the difference and similarity among the concept of reference,

substitution, and ellipsis is that reference is presupposition at semantic level. A

reference item signals that the meaning is recoverable, though not necessarily be

replaced by what it presupposes; even if the presupposed item is present in the text.

Then, substitution and ellipsis are presupposition at the level of words and structures.

iv. Conjunction

According to Halliday and Hasan, conjunction is rather different in nature

from the other cohesive relations, from both reference, on the one hand, and

substitution and ellipsis on the other (1976: 226). It is not simply an anaphoric

relation.

Conjunctive elements are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly, by virtue

of their specific meanings; they are not primarily devices for reaching out into the

preceding (or following) text, but they express certain meanings which presuppose

the presence of other components in the discourse (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 226).

Later Halliday and Hasan classify conjunction into four types of conjunction. Those

are additive, adversative, causal, and temporal. The distinction of those types can be

illustrated as follows:


15

For the whole day he climbed up the steep mountainside, almost without

stopping.

a. And in all this time he met none. (additive)

b. Yet he was hardly aware of being tired. (adversative)

c. So by nighttime the valley was far below him. (causal)

d. Then, as dusk fell, he sat down to rest. (temporal)

(Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 226).

The additive is generalized semantic relation in text-forming component of the

semantic system, that is based on the logical notion of „and‟; and it is one of a small

set of four such relations that are grouped together under the heading of conjunction.

Next, the basic meaning of the adversative relation is „contrary to expectation‟. The

expectation may be derived from the content of what is being said, or from the

communication process, or the speaker-hearer process. Under the subtopic of causal

relations are included the specific ones of result, reason, and purpose. These are not

distinguished in the simplest form of expression; so, for example, means „as result of

this‟, „for this reason‟, and „for this purpose‟. The last one is temporal relation. It is

expressed in its simplest form by then.

2. Theory of Semantic Features

In order to elaborate the significant differences between the lexical items which

appear as reiteration or collocation, the analysis of their semantic feature are needed.

The analysis of the semantic feature of a word or lexical items is known as

componential analysis. According to Ruth M. Kempson,

Many linguists have turned to what has been called componential analysis to

give an explicit representation of the systematic relations between words. On

this view, the meanings of words are analysed not as unitary concept but as

complexes made up of components of meaning (1977: 18)


16

What is meant by components of meaning can be clearly described by the following

example:

The word spinster might be analysed as a semantic complex made up of the

features (equivalently called components or markers) [FEMALE], [NEVER

MARRIED], [ADULT], [HUMAN] (1997: 18).

3. Theory of Media Viewpoint

Everything that is written in a newspaper has to be transmitted through the

medium of language. The transmission of a message through language almost of

necessity encodes value into the message. Language gathers its own emotional and

cultural „loading‟. What this loading is will depend on the nature of the culture or

subculture in which the language exists. For example if a particular culture has little

respect for certain groups, concepts or beliefs, then the language for expressing ideas

about those groups, concepts or beliefs will reflect that attitude. Therefore, when

these things are written about, people reading the text will have their attitudes

reinforced by the way the language presents these things to them. A simple and

obvious way in which language can be used to present specific ideas about a group is

through the choice of words used to name and describe that group. (Reah, 2004: 55)

Language is never objective. Whenever a message is uttered, a number of

implicit choices are made by the speaker which ultimately determines how reality is

linguistically portrayed. Grammar, textual organization or lexical choices, among

others clearly reveal different ways of verbalizing realities. (Sierra, 1994: 92)


17

Sierra in her journal quotes Fowler:

We choose language according to the circumstances, and those circumstances

are ideologically and socially determined. This makes linguistics critical

because it assumes that the links amongst people and society are not arbitrary

and accidental, but are institutionally determined. (1994: 92)

In addition to more specific concept of the viewpoint of the media, Fowler said:



always reported from some particular angle.” (1994: 92)

The discourse of the press is probably the clearest example of how objective facts can

be understood in completely different ways depending on how they are linguistically

presented.

According to Fowler, narrators, speech and thought presentation, the transitivity

system of the language, the modality system, the lexical choices all contribute in one

way or another to reveal different aspects of the “angle of telling” in a text. (Sierra,

1994: 92)

C. Theoretical Framework

In order to analyze the data, the writer uses the theories that have been

elaborated before as the tools to answer the two problems formulated in this research.

The first problem formulated in this research about how The Korea Herald and The

New York Times in building the cohesion of the lexical items which convey the

context of the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister is answered using the

theory of Discourse Analysis especially in the aspect of cohesion which includes

lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. This theory enables the writer in finding


18

the lexical items and identifying the cohesion of the lexical items which convey the

context of resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister. This theory also enables the

writer in describing the cohesion of the lexical items supported by the grammatical

cohesion.

After figuring out the cohesion of the lexical items which covey the context of

the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister, this study goes further into the

analysis of the viewpoint of the media to the issue. In order to answer the second

problem formulation, the theory of semantic feature and the theory of viewpoint of

media are applied. These theories enable the writer to compare each text‟s

employment of lexical items by its semantic feature. Then, these theories also enables

the writer to compare each media‟s viewpoint on the issue of the resignation of South

Korea‟s Prime Minister based on the principles that media always have certain

viewpoint in certain issue which are presented on the language used especially on the

lexical choice.


19

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the writer presents the description on the methodology used in

conducting this study in order to have a guidance to do the research systematically.

There are three main parts of this chapter: object of study, approach of the study, and

method of study.

A. Object of the Study

This study deals with the lexical items related to the context of the resignation

of South Korea‟s Prime Minister used in two articles from The Korea Herald and The

New York Times. The one from The Korea Herald entitled “Prime Minister Quits

over Ferry Disaster” and the one from The New York Times entitled “South Korean

Prime Minister Offers to Resigns over Deadly Ferry Disaster”. Both articles are

taken from the on-line version of the newspapers. “Prime Minister Quits over Ferry

Disaster” in The Korea Herald is written by Yoon Min-sik while “South Korean

Prime Minister Offers to Resigns over Deadly Ferry Disaster” in The New York Times

is written by Choe Sang Hun.

April 16, 2014 may be the day that many Koreans will never forget. Over 300

people died or went missing on the accident of the sinking ferry. Many of them are 16

and 17 years old high school students on a school trip to Jejudo Island from Incheon.

While the chaotic situation was arousing at the moment when the family of the

victims waited for reliable information of the death toll, at the same time Prime

19


20

Minister Chung Hong-Won made a statement to resign from the government. This

kind of situation became highlight to mass media since this moment has

newsworthiness and news value. Both national and International mass media

published this news all together including The Korea Herald as the daily media in

South Korea and The New York Times as the media outside South Korea.

This study focuses on the analysis of the lexical items in the two news-articles

that build the cohesion of each text. Then, after analyzing the cohesion, this study

goes further on the media viewpoint of each news article seen from the cohesion. The

example of the data of this study, in The Korea Herald,

“Witnessing the sorrows of those who lost their loved ones and sadness and

anger of the people, I felt the right thing for me to do was to take all

responsibility as the prime minister.”

The bold and underlined words in the sentence above are the sample of lexical

items which contribute to the cohesion of the text as a form of reiteration. That is the

sample of the data in this study.

B. Approach of the Study

This study uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the approach to be

applied in this study in order to answer the two problems formulated in this research.

According to Ruth Wodak, CDA regards language as social practice and takes

consideration of the context of language use to be crucial. Moreover, CDA takes a

particular interest in the relation between language and ideology (2006: 2). Since this

research also concerns with how the lexical choice in the news article can show how


21

the language is ideological that it contains certain viewpoints in the context of South

Korea‟s Prime Minister‟s resignation due to the government‟s bad handling on the

ferry disaster, therefore, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is considered relevant in

this research.

C. Method of the Study

In this part, the writer explains the method used in this research, including the

data collection and data analysis. This thesis uses a qualitative method in the analysis

because this study is meant to prove how the analysis of linguistics details, especially

the cohesion of the lexical items can show the viewpoint of the media in the issue of

the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister.

1. Data Collection

The writer took the data from two articles from two on-line newspapers; The

Korea Herald and The New York Times. Since this research aims to know the

viewpoints of the media about the issue that happened in South Korea about the

resignation of its Prime Minister, the data was purposively taken from the media

inside Korea and from outside of Korea. The data of this analysis were in form of

news-article. The steps in collecting the data of this study was first, the writer chose

two news-articles about the resignation of the Prime Minister of South Korea. Then

second, the writer divided every news article into smaller subtopics according to the

flow of the idea. Third, after dividing the news into some parts with each its own

subtopics, the writer looked for the lexical items which were repeated and were


22

associated one another. Those lexical items were the data which were analyzed later

on the aspect of cohesive force.

2. Data Analysis

There were four steps in conducting this study. The first step was collecting

the data. The data were in form of lexical items. The lexical items were collected

according to their number of repetition and their association with the other lexical

items. These lexical items were taken from the article as chains of cohesive keywords

representing every smaller subtopic of the texts. Each of news articles has 7

subtopics. The 4 subtopics were same between The Korea Herald and The New York

Times and the 3 subtopics of each news articles were different. The 4 similar

subtopics between the two articles were: the offer of Prime Minister‟s resignation, the

statements of the Prime Minister on his resignation, the governmental issue related to

the resignation of the Prime Minister, and the criticism toward the government about

their bad response to the disaster.

The second step after collecting the lexical items, the writer analyzed the

cohesion among the lexical item, and then related it with its grammatical cohesion

including reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Then, the third step after

defining the lexical and grammatical cohesion within the texts, the analysis went

further into comparing the semantic features of the lexical items between The Korea

Herald and The New York Times that were repeated and collocated according to the

earlier analysis. Then the last step is drawing conclusion about how the viewpoint of


23

each media were built from the comparison of the meaning of each text which was

embodied by their cohesive force.


24

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided into two subchapters. The first subchapter answers the

first problem formulation about how The Korea Herald and The New York Times

build their cohesion in order to convey the context of the resignation of South

Korea‟s Prime Minister. Then, the second subchapter answers the second problem

formulation about how the media viewpoints on the issue of the resignation of South

Korea‟s Prime Minister are seen through the cohesion of the text.

The first subchapter is divided into two parts, which are the analysis of

cohesion in The Korea Herald and the analysis of cohesion in The New York Times.

Then, every part is divided into three parts which are the analysis on the arrangement

of topics, the lexical cohesion and the grammatical cohesion. The analysis of lexical

cohesion is divided into reiteration and collocation, and then the analysis of the

grammatical cohesion is divided into reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.

Then, in the second subchapter, the writer reveals the media viewpoint on the issue of

the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister according to the cohesion of the

texts which is done in the first subchapter.

24


25

A. The Cohesion in The Korea Herald and in The New York Times which Convey

the Context of the Resignation of South Korea’s Prime Minister

1. The Cohesion of the text from The Korea Herald entitled “Prime Minister

Quits over Ferry Disaster”

The article from The Korea Herald entitled “Prime Minister Quits over Ferry

Disaster” has 7 subtopics which the 4 subtopics are similar to the article from The

New York Times, while the rest 3 subtopics are different from The New York Times.

This article maintains its cohesion by using the cohesion forms of reiteration,

collocation, reference, and conjunction. This text does not use the cohesion forms of

substitution and ellipsis.

a. The Arrangement of Subtopics

The order of the topics in news-writing is not merely a placement without

carrying a purpose. According to the theory in news-writing, the topics should flow

from the most important to the less important. Although the topic flows from the

most important to the less important, all of the topics which convey the whole context

give contribution to the cohesion of the text. We cannot say that what is stated in the

last part is not important. It is also important but it is just being less stressed by the

media in order to set the right angle from their perspective.

Another thing that matter is the appearance of particular subtopics. A news

about certain issue can provide some detail information which is different from other

news from the other mass media. This loss and gain is what makes the angle of telling

the issue different. The subtopics that appear on The Korea Herald may not appear on


26

The New York Times, vice versa because some detail information can carry some

perspective about the issue that is discussed. This matter also can show what points

that each newspaper wants to highlight. The Korea Herald elaborates the context of

the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister into 7 subtopics. The subtopics and

its elaboration are in the following points.

i. The offer of Prime Minister’s resignation

This subtopic is in the beginning part of the news article which describes the

offer of the resignation of the Prime Minister. So, according to its placement in the

text, the offer of the resignation of the Prime Minister is the most prominent

information that the readers should catch at their first sight of reading. The

prominence of this topic also reflected on the headline, “Prime Minister Quits over

Ferry Disaster”. The headline of the article does not mention “South-Korea” which is

different from The New York Times because this article is an article which is

published inside South Korea, so the people who read this article already share the

same background knowledge about which Prime Minister that resigns.

ii. The Prime Minister’s statements on his resignation.

In this subtopic, this text elaborates about some statements of the Prime

Minister in the moment of his resignation. In his resignation, the Prime Minister

stated his apology to the people. He apologized for a series of problem that the

government did due to the disaster of the ferry sinking. What he apologized for

includes the preventive steps, the initial response, and the follow-up measures.

Besides stating the apology to the people, the Prime Minister also stated his offer to


27

resign. He stated that his decision to resign was the right thing to do for he had

witnessed the sorrows, sadness, and anger of the people which were caused by his

bad handling at the disaster.

iii. The governmental issue related to the resignation.

After elaborating the statements of the Prime Minister in his moment of

resignation, the text continues to elaborate about the governmental issue related to the

resignation. The resignation of the Prime Minister causes some changes in the

government. The Prime Minister‟s resignation caused a cabinet reshuffle but it

seemed that the cabinet reshuffle would be delayed because the offer of the

resignation would be accepted by the President after the accident was resolved.

iv. The Prime Minister’s comment on the issue of some irregularities related to

the ferry disaster.

This subtopic only appears on The Korea Herald. The Korea Herald includes

this subtopic in the news article while The New York Times only mentions about the

irregularities without adding the comment of the Prime Minister on it. In this

subtopic, The Korea Herald shows the response of the Prime Minister about the

irregularities in the disaster not just merely describes the irregularities that

contributed to the disaster like in The New York Times

v. The opinion about the resignation of the Prime Minister.

After elaborating about the Prime Minister‟s comment on the issue of some

irregularities related to the ferry disaster, The Korea Herald continues to elaborate the

opinions about the resignation of the Prime Minister. The opinions do not come only


28

from the public but also from the main opposition of the government. Mostly, the

opinions about the resignation of the Prime Minister are negative. The main

opposition New Politics Alliance for Democracy blasted the Prime Minister‟s offer to

resign as utterly irresponsible and cowardly while the public called it as abrupt.

vi. The description about the sinking of the ferry.

In this subtopic, The Korea Herald gives the details about the sinking of the

ferry including the weight of the ferry, the route of the ferry, the total numbers of the

passenger and the numbers of the passenger which were sunk.

vii. The critics toward the government about their bad response to the ferry

sinking.

The Korea Herald elaborates the critics toward the government about their

bad response to the ferry sinking as terrible. The bad response of the government

toward the ferry sinking can be seen from what they had done. The government

mistook the situation by giving false report which claimed all passengers had been

safely rescued. The government also failed to act promptly or put enough efforts into

search and rescue operation especially when the pan-government headed by the Prime

Minister was formed more than a day after the accident. Another bad response from

the government can be seen on their inconsistent report about the official numbers on

passengers, survivors and the dead.


29

b. Lexical Cohesion

i. Reiteration

In the aspect of reiteration, there are 6 lexical items which are reiterated in

The Korea Herald. The form of reiteration includes the reiteration of the same lexical

items, reiteration of the synonym, and the reiteration of the near-synonym. There is

no reiteration in the form of superordinate in The Korea Herald.

There are 3 lexical items in The Korea Herald which are reiterated by its same

lexical item. Those lexical items are “Prime Minister”, “Chung”, and “response”. The

lexical item of “Prime Minister” is repeated 3 times while the lexical item of

“Chung”, which is the short name of the Prime Minister, is repeated 6 times. That is

more frequent compared to the repetition of the lexical item of “Prime Minister”. The

Korea Herald tends to mention the Prime Minister by his short name rather than by

his position in the Government. The third lexical item which is repeated by its same

lexical item is “response”. This lexical item is repeated twice.

The other form of reiteration in The Korea Herald is reiteration of the

synonym. There are two pairs of lexical items which are repeated by its synonym.

The lexical item which is repeated by its synonym is “outrage”. It is repeated by the

lexical item of “anger”. Then, the second lexical item is “sorrow” which is repeated

by its synonym “sadness”. Another form of reiteration is the repetition of the near-

synonym. In this type, there is a repetition of the lexical item “irresponsible” with its

near-synonym “abrupt”.


30

ii. Collocation

In The Korea Herald, there are 8 chains of lexical items which occur as

collocation which support the text in building its lexical cohesion. Each chain has its

own semantic relation which conveys the context about the resignation of South

Korea‟s Prime Minister.

The first chain of lexical items occurs in the first subtopic about the offer of

Prime Minister‟s resignation. Those lexical items are “offered to resign” and “public

outrage”. In this topic, the semantic relation between the two lexical items can be

described as cause and effect. It is perceived by the keyword „outrage‟ as the cause of

the „offer‟. On other words, the offer of Prime Minister‟s resignation is caused by the

outrage of the public.

Then, there are two chains of lexical items in the second subtopic about the

Prime Minister statement‟s on his resignation. There are two chains of lexical items

because there are two points that the Prime Minister mention in his resignation. The

first point that the Prime Minister mentions in his resignation is his apology to the

people for a series of problems that he had done in handling the disaster. This

subtopic is represented by the chain of lexical items including the lexical items of

“apologized”, “a series”, “steps”, “response”, and “measures”. Then, the second chain

of lexical items which convey the context about the statements of the Prime Minister

in his resignation includes the lexical items of “witnessing”, “sorrow”, “sadness”, and

“anger”. By these lexical items, the point that the Prime Minister wants to mention is


31

that one factor out of many factors which make him resigns is that he had witnessed

the sorrow, sadness, and anger of the people.

The next chain of lexical items occurs in the subtopic of the governmental

issue related to the resignation of the Prime Minister. The lexical items which occur

as collocation in this subtopic are “accept” and “resolved”. These lexical items share

semantic relation of being complementary. The offer of Prime Minister‟s resignation

will be accepted if the disaster is resolved.

Then, in the subtopic of Prime Minister‟s comments on the issue of some

irregularities related to the ferry sinking, the chains of lexical items which collocate

are “rampant “corruption and malpractices””, “rooted out”, irregularities”,

“revealed”. This subtopic only appears on The Korea Herald. The Korea Herald

includes this subtopic in the news article while The New York Times only mentions

about the irregularities without adding the comment of the Prime Minister on it.

The next subtopic in The Korea Herald is the opinions about the resignation

of the Prime Minister. This subtopic only appears in The Korea Herald. The New

York Times does not mention about the opinion of the public about the resignation of

the Prime Minister. The resignation of the Prime Minister is considered „abrupt‟. By

the main opposition, the resignation is considered as „utterly irresponsible‟ and

„cowardly‟. So, the meaning relation of this set of lexical items is that they are all

describing the opinions about the resignation of the Prime Minister.

The Korea Herald describes the accident by the lexical items of „capsized‟

and “doomed”. In this subtopic, The Korea Herald only describes the general


32

description of the accident by those lexical items. Then, the last chain of lexical items

which occur as collocation in The Korea Herald is in the subtopic of the critics

toward the government about their bad response to the disaster. The lexical items are

almost negative including “mistook”, “false report”, “failing to act promptly”, and

“inconsistent”.

c. Grammatical Cohesion

i. Reference

Reference is a semantic relation. The relation between reference and lexical

cohesion is that all types of reiteration involve identity of reference. All of the

reiterated items must have same referent. In The Korea Herald, the lexical items

which are reiterated are the lexical items of “Prime Minister”, “Chung”, and

“response”. Those lexical items are repeated by its same lexical items. Then, there is

lexical item of “outrage” which is reiterated by its synonym “anger”. Next is the

lexical item of “sorrow” which is reiterated by its synonym “sadness”. Then the last

lexical item which is reiterated is the lexical item of “irresponsible” which is

reiterated by its near-synonym “abrupt”.

Those reiterated items must have the same referent. For example, the lexical

item of “Prime Minister”. It is repeated for 3 times in 3 different sentences but in all 3

sentences, the lexical item of “Prime Minister” has same referent. That lexical item

refers to The Prime Minister of South Korea, the one which becomes the center of the

story in the text.


33

Then, the next lexical item is the lexical item of “Chung”. It is repeated for 6

times in 6 different sentences in the text but in all 6 sentences the lexical item of

“Chung” has same referent. It refers to the sort name of the Prime Minister. Then, the

lexical item of “response” which is repeated for twice has same referent too. It refers

to the action of the government in order to cope with the disaster.

Those lexical items are the lexical items which are repeated by its same

lexical item. Then, there are 2 lexical items which are repeated by its synonym. The

first lexical item is the lexical item of “outrage” which is reiterated by its synonym

“anger”. Both lexical items share the same referent of the public‟s anger especially

the family of the victims. The next lexical item which is reiterated by its synonym is

“sorrow” which is reiterated by “sadness”. Both lexical items “sorrow” and “sadness”

have same referent of the sadness of the people due to the disaster.

The last reiterated item is the lexical item of “irresponsible” which is

reiterated by its near-synonym “abrupt”. Both lexical items refer to the opinion about

the resignation of the Prime Minister.

ii. Substitution

The borderline between the lexical cohesion and substitution is in the use of

general words such as “thing” in cohesive function. The general words, which

correspond to major classes of lexical items, are very commonly used with cohesive

force.

Based on the analysis in the text, The Korea Herald uses no substitution in the

text. Since substitution is a grammatical relation, a relation in the wording rather than


34

in the meaning, The Korea Herald presents the text with no substitution with general

words cannot be said that it carries no implication. The fact that The Korea Herald

uses no general words in the text implies that The Korea Herald wants to presents the

issue with its details by using no general words but by using specific nouns and verbs

iii. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is very similar to substitution. It can be defined simply as

“substitution by zero”. The starting point of the discussion of ellipsis can be the

familiar notion that is „something left unsaid‟ and another way of referring to ellipsis

is in fact as „something understood, where understood is used in special sense of

„going without saying‟.

By that definition, the analysis goes in The Korea Herald finds no use of

ellipsis in the text. It implies that The Korea Herald wants the reader to understand all

information clearly. So, there are no words which are omitted. Everything is clear

with its details.

iv. Conjunction

Conjunctive elements are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly, by virtue

of their specific meanings. In The Korea Herald, there are only two conjunctions

used, the conjunction „and‟ and „or‟. The conjunction „and‟ is used for 11 times and

the conjunction „or‟ is used for twice.

The use of conjunction in The Korea Herald is only limited to the additive

type. Mostly, the conjunctions used in The Korea Herald are only maintaining the

structural relation because those conjunctions only hold within a sentence. That kind


35

of conjunction cannot be said to have cohesive relation because they do not hold

between sentences and make the flow of the idea clear.

2. The Cohesion of the Text from The New York Times entitled “South Korean

Prime Minister Offers to Resign over Deadly Ferry Disaster”

The article from The New York Times entitled “South Korean Prime Minister

offers to resign over Deadly Ferry Disaster” has 7 subtopics which the 4 subtopics

are similar to the article from The Korea Herald, while the rest 3 subtopics are

different from The Korea Herald. The number of subtopics between The New York

Times and The Korea Herald are the same. The cohesion forms used by The New

York Times are similar to The Korea Herald which maintains its cohesion by using

the cohesion forms of reiteration, collocation, reference, and conjunction. This text

does not use the cohesion forms of substitution and ellipsis.

a. The Arrangement of Subtopics

The New York Times elaborates the context of the resignation of South

Korea‟s Prime Minister into 7 subtopics. The subtopics and its elaboration are in the

following points.

i. The Offer of Prime Minister’s Resignation

This is the first subtopic that appears in this article from The New York Times

which describes the offer of the resignation of the Prime Minister. The headline of the

article mention “South-Korea” unlike The Korea Herald because this article is an

article which is published outside South Korea, so the people who read this article do

not share the same background knowledge about which Prime Minister that resigns.


36

ii. The critics toward the government about their bad response to the disaster.

Then, The New York Times continues the topic with the elaboration about the

critics toward the government about their bad response to the disaster. In the subtopic

of the critics toward the government about their bad response to the disaster, The New

York Times elaborates the critics by the public toward the government which are

mostly negative.

iii. The Prime Minister’s statements on his resignation

The New York Times continues the flow of the subtopics to the subtopics

about the statements of the Prime Minister in his resignation. The New York Times

elaborates this subtopic very similar to The Korea Herald. In his resignation, the

Prime Minister stated his apology to the people. Rather different from The Korea

Herald, The New York Times does not state the details of what the Prime Minister

apologizes for. Besides stating the apology to the people, the Prime Minister was also

stating his offer to resign. He stated that his decision to resign is the right thing to do

for he had seen the sadness and fury of the people which were caused by his bad

handling at the disaster.

iv. The irregularities on the operator of the ship which cause high death toll

The next topic is about the irregularities on the operator of the ship which

cause high death toll. This subtopic only appears on The New York Times. The Korea

Herald discusses the subtopic of Prime Minister‟s comments on the irregularities


37

related to the disaster, but different from The New York Times, it does not discuss the

kinds of irregularities which cause high death toll like in The New York Times.

v. The governmental issue related to the resignation of the Prime Minister

The next topic is about the governmental issue related to the resignation. The

resignation of the Prime Minister must have impacts toward the government. While

The Korea Herald discusses about the acceptance of the resignation by the President,

The New York Times adds the stereotype of the position of the Prime Minister and

President in Korean society.

vi. The recent report about the death toll and rescue struggle

After presenting the topic about the issue on the government after the

resignation of the Prime Minister, The New York Times continues the flow of the

topics with the recent report about the death toll and rescue struggle. Again, this

subtopic only appears on The New York Times.

vii. The grief of the nation due to the disaster

Then, the next topic is the grief of the nation due to the disaster. Mostly, the condition

is described as very sad and tragic. This subtopic is in the last part of the text.

b. Lexical Cohesion

i. Reiteration


The New York Times. There are 2 lexical items in The New York Times which are

reiterated by its same lexical item. Those lexical items are “Mr. Chung” and


38

“apology”. The lexical item of “Mr. Chung” is repeated 3 times while the lexical item

of “apology” is repeated twice. Different from The Korea Herald, The New York

Times mentions the Prime Minister by “Mr. Chung”. While The Korea Herald repeats

the lexical item of “response”, The New York Times repeats the lexical items of

“apology”.

The other form of reiteration in The New York Times is reiteration of the

synonym. There are two pairs of lexical items which are repeated by its synonym.

The first lexical item which is repeated by its synonym is “The South Korean

Government”. It is repeated by the lexical item of “the Government”. Then, the

second lexical item is “sadness” which is repeated by its synonym “grief”. Another

form of reiteration is the repetition of the near-synonym. In this type, there is a

repetition of the lexical item “failing” with its near-synonym “fumbling”.

By repeating particular lexical items, the cohesion of the text in conveying

some significance related to the issue about the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime

Minister can be seen. By repeating the lexical items of “Mr. Chung” for 3 times The

New York Times shows that the media inside South Korea tends to mention the Prime

Minister as more formal by calling him by Mr. Chung. It is different from The Korea

Herald which mentions the Prime Minister by his nickname “Chung”.

By repeating the lexical item of “apology”, which refers to a regretful

acknowledgement of a failure of the Prime Minister in handling the disaster, The New

York Times wants to show that the apology of the Prime Minister is a prominent act

of the Prime Minister that the people should know.


39

Then, similar to The Korea Herald, The New York Times also reiterates the

lexical items which refer to the sadness of the people especially the family of the

victims due to the ferry disaster, but by different lexical choices. That is the lexical

item of “sadness” by its synonym “grief”.

ii. Collocation

In The New York Times, there are 9 chains of lexical items which occur as




The first chain of lexical items occurs in the first subtopic about the offer of

Prime Minister‟s resignation. Those lexical items are “apologized”, “offered to

resign”, “angry” and “saddened”. In this topic, the semantic relation between those

lexical items can be described as cause and effect. The lexical items of “angry” and

“saddened” are the cause of the appearance of the lexical items of „apologized‟ and

“offer to resign”. On other words, the offer of Prime Minister‟s resignation is caused

by the anger of the public and the condition of them which is saddened by the

disaster.

Then, the second subtopic is about the critics toward the government about

their bad response to the disaster. This subtopic is represented by the chain of lexical

items including the lexical items of “failing to respond”, “fumbling”, “quickly”, and

“efficiently”.


40

The next chain of lexical items occurs in the subtopic of the Prime Minister‟s

statements in his resignation. The lexical items which occur as collocation in this

subtopic are “apology” and “saw”, “sadness”, and “fury”. Then, the next subtopic is

about the irregularities on the operator of the ship which cause high death toll. This

subtopic only appears in The New York Times. The lexical items which collocate are:

„instructed‟, „stay‟, „listing dangerously‟, „sinking off‟, „criminal charges‟, and

„accidental homicide‟. One of the irregularities done by the crew is instructing the

passenger to stay in their cabin while the ship was listing dangerously and finally

sinking off. This act is accused as criminal charges, including accidental homicide.

The New York Times, as I said earlier, it only shows the irregularities in the crew and

operator which mention the detail of the accusation to crew.

Then, The New York Times continues the topic with the topic about the

governmental issue related to the resignation of the Prime Minister. In The Korea

Herald, the governmental issue related to the resignation of the Prime Minister is

only perceive by the subtopic of the acceptance of the resignation by the President,

while in The New York Times, the subtopic also covers about the governmental

culture in South Korea.

In The New York Times also occurs the other collocation of lexical items

which share the context about the governmental culture in South Korea. The lexical

items which collocate in this subtopic are „ceremonial‟, „executive‟, „fired‟, „scandal‟,

and „failure‟. The meaning relation of these chains of cohesive items is that in South

Korea, the position of being Prime Minister is „ceremonial‟, while the power is in the


41

President as the „executive‟. These lexical items have contrasted meaning. Then, the

lexical items of „fired‟ means that the culture in South Korea, the official will be fired

when there is a „scandal‟ or „failure‟. That is the culture in the government of South

Korea.

The next chain of lexical items occurs in the subtopic of the recent report

about the death toll and rescue struggle. This subtopic only appears in The New York

Times. The lexical items that collocate are „remained‟, „not changed‟, „trying‟,

„challenging‟, and „trapped‟. The report of the death toll until the articles published

remained the same, not change. The divers were trying to rescue the passenger, but

they face challenging situation.

Then, the last chain of lexical items in The New York Times occurs in the

subtopic of the grief of the nation due to the disaster. This topic only appears in The

New York Times. The lexical items which occur as collocation are: „paroxysm of

grief‟, „shame‟, „cheering‟, „banned‟, „comedy‟, „suspended‟, „trips‟, „canceled‟,

„Buddhists‟, and „paraded‟. Those lexical items describe how the disaster causes a

really deep grief to the people in South Korea. The lexical items which represents

„happiness‟ such as, „cheering‟, „comedy‟, and „trips‟ were met by the lexical items

which represent „prohibition‟ such as „banned‟, „suspended‟, and canceled‟.

This is how South Koreans express their grief. This part of the news article

shows how The New York Times concerns with what people feel about the disaster.

The Korea Herald does not mention this subtopic.


42

c. Grammatical Cohesion

i. Reference

In The New York Times, the lexical items which are reiterated are the lexical

items of “Mr. Chung” and “apology”. Those lexical items are repeated by its same

lexical items. Then, there is lexical item of “the South Korean Government” which is

reiterated by its synonym “the Government”. Next is the lexical item of “failing”

which is reiterated by its near-synonym “fumbling”. Then the last lexical item which

is reiterated is the lexical item of “sadness” which is reiterated by its synonym

“grief”.

Those reiterated items must have the same referent. For example, the lexical

item of “Mr. Chung”. It is repeated for 3 times in 3 different sentences but in all 3

sentences, the lexical item of “Mr. Chung” has same referent. That lexical item refers

to The Prime Minister of South Korea, the one which becomes the center of the story

in the text.

Then, the next lexical item is the lexical item of “apology”. It is repeated for

twice in 2 different sentences in the text but in both sentences the lexical item of

“apology” has same referent. It refers to a regretful acknowledgement of a failure of

the Prime Minister in handling the disaster.

Those lexical items are the lexical items which are repeated by its same

lexical item. Then, there are 2 lexical items which are repeated by its synonym. The

first lexical item is the lexical item of “the South Korean Government” which is

reiterated by its synonym “the government”. Both lexical items share the same


43

referent of the government of South Korea. The next lexical item which is reiterated

by its synonym is “sadness” which is reiterated by “grief”. Both lexical items

“sadness” and “grief” have same referent of the sadness of the people due to the

disaster.

The last reiterated item is the lexical item of “failing” which is reiterated by its

near-synonym “fumbling”. Both lexical items refer to the bad action by the

government in handling the disaster

ii. Substitution

Similar to The Korea Herald, The New York Times presents the text with no

substitution with general words. The fact that The New York Times uses no general

words in the text implies that The New York Times wants to presents the issue with its

details by using no general words but by using specific nouns and verbs.

iii. Ellipsis

The analysis in The New York Times finds no use of ellipsis in the text. It is

just the same as The Korea Herald. It implies that The New York Times wants the

reader to understand all information clearly. So, there are no words which are

omitted. Everything is clear with its details.

iv. Conjunction

The use of conjunction in both articles is only limited to the additive type.

Mostly, the conjunctions used in both articles are only maintaining the structural

relation because those conjunctions only hold within a sentence. That kind of


44

conjunction cannot be said to have cohesive relation because they do not hold

between sentences and make the flow of the idea clear

B. The Media Viewpoint on the Issue of the Resignation of South Korea’s Prime

Minister

The media viewpoint toward a certain issue can be understood from how it is

linguistically presented. That includes textual organization, grammar, and lexical

choices. This study tries to reveal the media viewpoint toward the issue of the

resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister. In order to reveal the viewpoint of The

Korea Herald and The New York Times toward that issue, the writer focuses its

analysis on the subtopics organization and cohesion of the text which includes lexical

cohesion and grammatical cohesion.

From the analysis of the arrangement of subtopics and the cohesion of the

text, The Korea Herald and The New York Times set their angle in telling the news a

little bit different. The Korea Herald and The New York Times view the resignation of

the Prime Minister as an action of the Prime Minister which is urged by the public

outrage, and causes a governmental change. Both The Korea Herald and The New

York Times also view the disaster of the ferry sinking is caused by the irregularities

that are on the operator of the ferry and the inability of the government to give

appropriate response. Moreover The New York Times also views this resignation as a

form of cultural practice in the Government of South Korea. The further elaboration

of it is on the following points:


45

1. The urgency of the resignation of the Prime Minister.

Both newspapers have similarity in presenting the issue. Both The Korea

Herald and The New York Times present the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime

Minister as an action which is urged by the public outrage and as an action which

absorbs so many negative critics from the public because both newspapers elaborate

those two subtopics in their texts. From the arrangement of the subtopics in both

texts, it can be seen that both texts place the subtopic of the resignation offer in the

first place. It implies that both texts view the offer of the prime minister‟s resignation

with its cause and critics as the most important matter.

In the aspect of lexical cohesion, both texts also employ similar lexical items

which tend to point out that the public outrage is something prominent which

becomes the background of the resignation of the Prime Minister. The Korea Herald

uses the lexical item of „outrage‟ while The New York Times uses the lexical items of

„angry‟ and „saddened‟. Those lexical items have similar semantic feature of

[+showing feeling] and [-pleasant] but the lexical item of „outrage‟ has one

distinctive feature from the two lexical items, that is [+extreme]. So, both texts want

to point out that the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister is urged by the

unpleasant feelings of the people, but The Korea Herald as the representation of the

media inside South Korea employs the lexical item of „outrage‟ gives more stress in

this point by using the lexical item of „outrage‟.

Both texts also present the issue of the resignation of the Prime Minister as an

action which absorbs so many negative critics from the public. It can be seen from the


46

lexical cohesion of both texts. The Korea Herald describes the critics from the public

about the resignation by the lexical items of „mistook‟, „failing to act promptly‟,

„inconsistent‟ while The New York Times employs the lexical items of „failing‟ and

„fumbling‟. Those lexical items have similar semantic feature of [-succeed].

Moreover, the lexical items of „inconsistent‟ and „mistook‟ have same kind of prefix

which means „lacking‟ or wrongly. By the used of those lexical items that have

negative meaning, The Korea Herald and The New York Times want to point out that

the act of resigning from the position of a Prime Minister absorbs so many negative

critics due to their inability in responding the disaster of ferry sinking.

2. The cultural practice within the government of South Korea.

In their arrangement of subtopics, The New York Times and The Korea Herald

present the subtopic about the governmental change after the resignation of the prime

Minister but there is a difference on how the two newspapers present it. The Korea

Herald placed this subtopic right after the discussion of the statements of the prime

minister which is still at the beginning part of the text while The New York Times

placed this subtopic after the discussion of the irregularities on the ferry sinking at the

end part of the text. It means that The Korea Herald gives more stress to the matter of

governmental change than The New York Times. The Korea Herald presents the

subtopic of the governmental issue in more simple way rather than The New York

Times. The Korea Herald presents this subtopic limited on the event which will

happen after the resignation of the Prime Minister but The New York Times includes

the cultural view on this subtopic.


47

The New York Times views the resignation of the Prime Minister is a culture

when there is scandal or policy failure in the government of South Korea. The Korea

Herald only uses the association of the lexical items of „accept‟ and „resolved‟ which

means that the discussion on the governmental issue is limited on the matter of the

acceptance of the resignation by the President while The New York Times adds more

about the cultural practice on the government of South Korea by using the lexical

items of „ceremonial‟, „executive‟, „scandal‟, „fired‟, „failure‟.

By those lexical items, the culture in government of South Korea is

understood. The lexical items of „ceremonial‟ carries semantic feature of [+formal], [-

executor] while „executive‟ has semantic feature of [+executor]. It means that the

position of being a Prime Minister is just a formality in the government. The power of

executing the laws is concentrated on the president. The person with the position of

being a prime minister is sometimes fired when the government takes responsibility

for a major scandal or policy failure. So, it can be concluded that in the matter of

discussion on the government The Korea Herald limits its discussion in the matters

inside the country and its government while The New York Times adds the discussion

of cultural practice in South Korea.

3. The description of the condition of the people after the disaster happened.

In the arrangements of subtopics, The Korea Herald does not elaborate this

matter into separated subtopics like in The New York Times. In The New York Times,

there is a subtopic discussing the grief of the nation due to the disaster which

elaborates the condition of the people after the disaster happened. The condition of


48

the people is described as gloomy and sad. By the absence of this subtopic in The

Korea Herald and the presence of this subtopic in The New York Times, it implies

that The New York Times gives more concern on the condition of the people rather

than The Korea Herald which gives more concern in the governmental matter.

In the aspect of lexical cohesion, The New York Times uses „saw‟ instead of

„witnessing‟, and then „sadness‟ and „fury‟ instead of „sorrow‟, „sadness‟, and

„anger‟. The lexical item of „saw‟ and „witness‟ has same semantic feature of [+aware

of something using eyes]. But the lexical item „witness‟ has contrast semantic feature

of [+ of crime or disaster]. So, The New York Times chooses the lexical item which

has more specific meaning to elaborate the topic.

Then, the lexical items that both newspapers uses to describe the people‟s

feeling; „sorrow‟, „sadness‟, and „fury‟, have same semantic feature of [+feeling] and

[-pleasant] but The Korea Herald gives it a difference by employing the lexical item

of „fury‟ which has distinctive semantic feature of [+extreme].

Besides using those lexical items, The New York Times also uses the lexical

items which describe the happiness and contrast it to the lexical items which describe

grief. Those lexical items are „comedy‟, „cheering‟, „spring-break trips‟. These lexical

items have similar semantic feature of [+pleasant]. Then the lexical items of

„banned‟, canceled‟, and „suspended‟ have similar semantic feature of [-pleasant]. So,

by these contrasted lexical items, The New York Times wants to show how the nation

is in its grief regarding the disaster of ferry sinking.


49

By those findings, it can be concludes that The New York Times is deeper in

elaborating the emotional condition of the Korean people after the disaster rather than

The Korea Herald.

4. The irregularities on the operator of the ferry which is related to the disaster

In the aspect of arrangements of subtopic, The Korea Herald more concerns

about the opinions about the resignation of the Prime Minister while The New York

Times does not mention about it. Then, The Korea Herald adds the description about

the ferry sinking while The New York Times adds more about the recent report of the

death toll and rescue struggle and the grief of the nation due to the disaster.

The Korea Herald employs the lexical items of „rampant „corruption and

malpractices‟‟, „rooted out‟, „revealed‟, „various irregularities‟ while The New York

Times employs the lexical items of „criminal charges‟ and „accidental homicides‟. By

those lexical items, The Korea Herald tends to elaborate the subtopic of the

irregularities which is related to the disaster based on the comments of the prime

minister while The New York Times focuses to elaborate this topic only on the

irregularities.

So, it can be concluded that The Korea Herald is more focus on the Prime

Minister‟s comment about the irregularities related to the disaster, while The New

York Times focuses on the irregularities on the operator of the ship which cause high

death toll


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

After examining the data, the writer comes to the conclusion. This part is the

conclusion of the analysis. In this chapter the writer begins with the conclusion of the

first problem formulation about the cohesion of the lexical items and then the second

problem formulation about the media viewpoint on the issue of the resignation of

South Korea‟s Prime Minister.

In the first problem, the writer found that both articles used the cohesive force

of reiteration and collocation in the lexical cohesion, and reference and conjunction in

grammatical cohesion. Both articles do not use the cohesive force of substitution and

ellipsis because both articles tend to presents the text with its detail information and

avoid the ambiguity by using the general words. All of the lexical items in both

articles use specific words.

In the organization of the subtopics, both texts elaborate the discussion about

the issue of the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister in 7 subtopics whose the

4 subtopics are similar to the article from The New York Times, while the rest 3

subtopics are different with The New York Times.


The Korea Herald. The form of reiteration includes the reiteration of the same lexical

items, reiteration of the synonym, and the reiteration of the near-synonym. There is

no reiteration in the form of superordinate in The Korea Herald.

50


51

In The Korea Herald, there are 8 chains of lexical items which occur as




Different from The Korea Herald, There are 5 lexical items which are

reiterated in The New York Times. The form of reiteration includes the reiteration of

the same lexical items, reiteration of the synonym, and the reiteration of the near-

synonym. There is no reiteration in the form of superordinate in The Korea Herald.

Then in the aspect of collocation in The New York Times there are 9 chains of lexical

items which occur as collocation which support the text in building its lexical

cohesion.

The use of grammatical aspects in both texts is limited on its function to

support the lexical cohesion. So, this study found that the use of reference supports

the findings on reiteration, the substitution and ellipsis support the presentation of

both texts in general which avoid any ambiguity by use no general words, and

conjunction in both text does not have any significant support since the conjunctions

found are within the sentence. It does not link one sentence to another but it only

links the message of a sentence.

Then in the second problem formulation, the writer found that the viewpoint

of both media about the issue of the resignation of South Korea‟s Prime Minister is a

little bit different. The differences between The Korea Herald and The New York

Times in setting their viewpoint can happen also because of the target readers of their


52

newspapers. The Korea Herald is a local newspaper while The New York Times is

non-local newspaper for people in South Korea but rather be international newspaper.

So, there are some details information that The Korea Herald does not mention

because as the local people, the Koreans are already share the background

knowledge.

Both The Korea Herald and The New York Times presents the issue about the

resignation of the Prime Minister as an action which is urged by the public outrage

and as an action which absorbs so many negative critics although their employment

of lexical items is quite different. Both The Korea Herald and The New York Times

also view the disaster of the ferry sinking is caused by the irregularities that are on the

operator of the ferry and the inability of the government to give appropriate response.

Moreover The New York Times also views this resignation as a form of cultural

practice in the Government of South Korea

In conclusion, the cohesion of a text can show the difference between two

media in presenting the same issue although at a glance both texts look similar. The

media inside South Korea, the country where the monumental event happened,

presents the issue with its focus on the disaster and the resignation, while the media

outside South Korea presents this issue with broader angle. The media outside Korea

also concerns about whether this event of resignation is a cultural practice or not, and

then about the discussion of how people deal with this kind of situation. Through the

study of linguistics, especially of discourse analysis, the detail differences of the

presentation of both texts can be analyzed although both texts discuss same issue.


53

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http://www.jstor.org/stable/41054742

54

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: The News Article from The Korea Herald Entitled “Prime Minister Quits

over Ferry Disaster.

Prime Minister Quits over Ferry Disaster

Published: 2014-04-27 10:20

Updated: 2014-04-28 08:38

Prime Minister Chung Hong-won offered to resign Sunday amid public outrage over the

government’s bungled response to the sinking of the Sewol ferry, in which over 300 died or went

missing.

“On behalf of the government, I want to apologize for a series of problems from

preventive steps (for such accidents) to the government’s initial response and follow-up

measures,” he said in a press conference at the government complex in Seoul. “Witnessing the

sorrows of those who lost their loved ones and sadness and anger of the people, I felt the right

thing for me to do was to take all responsibility as the prime minister.” Chung said he felt it was

not wise to burden the government by keeping his job. He declined to comment on whether the

rest of the Cabinet would also offer to resign.

President Park Geun-hye’s office said she would accept his resignation after the incident

was resolved. This means Chung is likely to stay in office until late May. The widely-expected

Cabinet reshuffle, which would have kicked off as Chung stepped down, is also likely to be

delayed.

The prime minister, the second in command, also said that that rampant “corruption and

malpractices” in Korean society that contributed to the disaster must be rooted out. A nationwide

probe that followed the accident revealed various irregularities in the management of the Sewol’s

54


55

operator Chonghaejin Marine Co. It was also revealed that the company hired substandard crew

for the ferry in a bid to save costs.

The main opposition New Politics Alliance for Democracy blasted Chung’s offer to

resign, calling it “utterly irresponsible and cowardly.” It also called on Park to sincerely

apologize for the incident to console the bereaved families of the victims.

“The Cabinet, including the prime minister, must put all their efforts into managing the

current situation. The responsible attitude would be to apologize to the people and succumb to

their will afterward,” said NPAD coleader Ahn Cheol-soo. Chung’s abrupt resignation is widely

interpreted as an attempt to calm the public’s discontent with the Park administration’s disaster

management.

The 6,825-ton Sewol capsized on April 16 while en route to Jejudo Island from Incheon,

and took some 300 of its 476 passengers underwater. The majority of the passengers aboard the

doomed ship were high school students on a trip to the island.

The government, flustered in the face of a looming tragedy, initially mistook the situation

for a minor incident after a false report claimed all passengers had been safely rescued. It was

only after the ship had sunk that the authorities recognized the gravity of the situation. Families

of the dead and missing accused the government of failing to act promptly or put enough efforts

into search and rescue operations.

A pan-government response team headed by Chung was formed more than a day after the

accident, and even then official numbers on passengers, survivors and the dead were

inconsistent. The former prosecutor took office as the Park government’s first prime minister, in

February last year.

By Yoon Min-sik ([email protected])


56

Appendix 2: The News Article of The New York Times Entitled “South Korean Prime

Minister Offers to Resign over Deadly Ferry Disaster.

South Korean Prime Minister Offers to Resign Over Deadly Ferry Disaster

By: Choe Sang Hun 26 April 2014

SEOUL, South Korea — Prime Minister Chung Hong-won, the No. 2 official in the

South Korean government, apologized and offered to resign on Sunday, as the country remained

angry and saddened over the sinking of a ferry that left 302 people, a vast majority of them high

school students, dead or missing.

The government has come under fire as early investigations revealed a slew of loopholes

in safety measures and a lax regulatory enforcement that investigators said contributed to the

sinking of the 6,825-ton ferry, the Sewol, on April 16. It was also criticized for failing to respond

quickly and efficiently to the crisis and for fumbling during the early stages of rescue operations.

A somber-looking Mr. Chung accepted the criticism on Sunday when he offered “an

apology to the people” during a nationally televised news conference. “When I saw the people’s

sadness and fury, I thought it was natural for me to step down with an apology,” he said. Mr.

Chung was the highest-ranking government official to lose his job over the sinking, South

Korea’s worst disaster since 1995, when a department store collapsed in Seoul, killing 501

people.

South Koreans were especially traumatized by the fact that most of the dead and missing

were students on a class trip. Many survivors reported that the crew repeatedly instructed


http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/world/asia/stowage-and-design-problems-are-cited-in-south-korea-ferry-disaster.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/world/asia/stowage-and-design-problems-are-cited-in-south-korea-ferry-disaster.html

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/southkorea/index.html?inline=nyt-geo


57

passengers to stay inside while the ship was listing dangerously and gradually sinking off

southeastern South Korea.

The ship’s captain, Lee Jun-seok, 69, and 14 other top members of the crew escaped the

ferry in the first two Coast Guard ships arriving at the scene. All of them were now under arrest

on criminal charges, including accidental homicide.

Mr. Chung’s resignation will become official when President Park Geun-hye accepts it.

By midday Sunday, Ms. Park had not commented publicly on the resignation offer. The prime

minister is a largely ceremonial post in South Korea, with the executive power concentrated in

the president, and is sometimes fired when the government takes responsibility for a major

scandal or policy failure.

As of Sunday morning, 115 ferry passengers remained missing. The number of the

survivors, 174, has not changed for the past 11 days. The official death toll was at 187 on

Sunday, where it has remained because of bad weather. Divers trying to reach inside the ship

have been stymied by strong waves and rapid currents. Once inside, they face the more

challenging task of making their way through narrow corridors clogged with debris to try to

reach into small cabins in the front and a large communal sleeping hall in the back of the ship

where many of the students were believed to have been trapped.

The nation has been plunged into a paroxysm of grief and shame. Loud cheering at

baseball stadiums has been banned, and television comedy programs suspended. Schools

canceled their spring-break trips. When thousands of Buddhists paraded through downtown


http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/world/asia/hopes-fade-for-families-in-ferry-disaster.html

58

Seoul on Saturday evening, ahead of the Buddha’s May 6 birthday, many of them carried black-

and-white lotus lanterns in memory of the dead.


59

Appendix 3: The Cohesion of the Lexical Items in The Korea Herald and The New York

Times.

THE COHESION OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS IN THE KOREA HERALD

1. The Arrangement of the Subtopics

TOPICS SENTENCES

(The keywords are in bold)

The offer of Prime

Minister’s

resignation.

Prime Minister Chung Hong-won offered to resign Sunday amid public

outrage over the government’s bungled response to the sinking of the

Sewol ferry, in which over 300 died or went missing.

The Prime Minister

Statements on his

Resignation

―On behalf of the government, I want to apologize for a series of

problems from preventive steps (for such accidents) to the government’s

initial response and follow-up measures,‖ he said in a press conference

at the government complex in Seoul. ―Witnessing the sorrows of those

who lost their loved ones and sadness and anger of the people, I felt the

right thing for me to do was to take all responsibility as the prime

minister.‖

The governmental

issue related to the

resignation of the

Prime Minister.

Chung said he felt it was not wise to burden the government by keeping

his job. He declined to comment on whether the rest of the Cabinet would

also offer to resign.

President Park Geun-hye’s office said she would accept his resignation

after the incident was resolved. This means Chung is likely to stay in

office until late May.

The widely-expected Cabinet reshuffle, which would have kicked off as

Chung stepped down, is also likely to be delayed.

Prime Minister’s

comment on the

issue of some

irregularities related

to the ferry sinking.

The prime minister, the second in command, also said that that rampant

“corruption and malpractices” in Korean society that contributed to the

disaster must be rooted out. A nationwide probe that followed the

accident revealed various irregularities in the management of the

Sewol’s operator Chonghaejin Marine Co.

It was also revealed that the company hired substandard crew for the ferry

in a bid to save costs.

The opinions about

the resignation of

the Prime Minister.

The main opposition New Politics Alliance for Democracy blasted

Chung’s offer to resign, calling it ―utterly irresponsible and cowardly.‖

It also called on Park to sincerely apologize for the incident to console the

bereaved families of the victims.

―The Cabinet, including the prime minister, must put all their efforts into

managing the current situation. The responsible attitude would be to


60

apologize to the people and succumb to their will afterward,‖ said NPAD

coleader Ahn Cheol-soo.

Chung’s abrupt resignation is widely interpreted as an attempt to calm

the public’s discontent with the Park administration’s disaster

management.

The description of

the ferry sinking.

The 6,825-ton Sewol capsized on April 16 while en route to Jejudo

Island from Incheon, and took some 300 of its 476 passengers

underwater. The majority of the passengers aboard the doomed ship were

high school students on a trip to the island.

The critics toward

the government

about their bad

response to the

disaster.

The government, flustered in the face of a looming tragedy, initially

mistook the situation for a minor incident after a false report claimed all

passengers had been safely rescued. It was only after the ship had sunk

that the authorities recognized the gravity of the situation.

Families of the dead and missing accused the government of failing to

act promptly or put enough efforts into search and rescue operations.

A pan-government response team headed by Chung was formed more

than a day after the accident, and even then official numbers on

passengers, survivors and the dead were inconsistent.

The former prosecutor took office as the Park government’s first prime

minister, in February last year.

2. The Lexical Cohesion

Forms of Lexical

Cohesion

Lexical Items

Reiteration Prime Minister

(Repetition of same lexical item (3 times))

Chung


Response

(Repetition of same lexical item. (2 times))

Outrage – Anger

(Repetition of its synonym)

Sorrow – Sadness


Irresponsible - Abrupt

(Repetition of its near-synonym)

Collocation Offered to resign-public outrage

Apologized-a series-steps-responses-measures


61

Witnessing-sorrows-sadness-anger

Accept-resolved

Rampant ―corruption and malpractices‖-rooted out-irregularities-revealed

Irresponsible-cowardly-abrupt

Capsized-doomed

Mistook-false report-failing to act promptly-inconsistent

3. The Grammatical Cohesion

a. Reference

Reiterated Items Sentences Referent

Prime Minister Prime Minister Chung Hong-won offered to

resign Sunday amid public outrage over the

government’s bungled response to the sinking of

the Sewol ferry, in which over 300 died or went

missing.

The Prime Minister of

South Korea

The prime minister, the second in command, also

said that that rampant ―corruption and

malpractices‖ in Korean society that contributed

to the disaster must be rooted out.

The Cabinet, including the prime minister, must

put all their efforts into managing the current

situation.

Chung Chung said he felt it was not wise to burden the

government by keeping his job.

The name of the Prime

Minister of South

Korea This means Chung is likely to stay in office until

late May.

The widely-expected Cabinet reshuffle, which

would have kicked off as Chung stepped down, is

also likely to be delayed.

The main opposition New Politics Alliance for

Democracy blasted Chung’s offer to resign,

calling it ―utterly irresponsible and cowardly.‖

Chung’s abrupt resignation is widely interpreted

as an attempt to calm the public’s discontent with

the Park administration’s disaster management.

A pan-government response team headed by

Chung was formed more than a day after the


62

accident, and even then official numbers on

passengers, survivors and the dead were

inconsistent.

Response Prime Minister Chung Hong-won offered to resign

Sunday amid public outrage over the



missing.

The action of the

government in order to

cope with the disaster.

―On behalf of the government, I want to apologize

for a series of problems from preventive steps (for

such accidents) to the government’s initial

response and follow-up measures,‖ he said in a

press conference at the government complex in

Seoul.

Outrage – Anger Prime Minister Chung Hong-won offered to resign

Sunday amid public outrage over the



missing.

The anger of the public,

especially the family of

the victims.

―Witnessing the sorrows of those who lost their

loved ones and sadness and anger of the people, I

felt the right thing for me to do was to take all

responsibility as the prime minister.‖

Sorrow – Sadness ―Witnessing the sorrows of those who lost their

loved ones and sadness and anger of the people, I

felt the right thing for me to do was to take all

responsibility as the prime minister.‖

The sadness of the

people due to the

disaster.

Irresponsible-

abrupt

Chung’s offer to resign, calling it ―utterly

irresponsible and cowardly.‖ It also called on

Park to sincerely apologize for the incident to

console the bereaved families of the victims.

The opinion about the

resignation of the

Prime Minister.

Chung’s abrupt resignation is widely interpreted

as an attempt to calm the public’s discontent with

the Park administration’s disaster management.


63

b. Conjunction

Forms of Conjunction Number of Occurrence Meaning

And 11 Additive

Or 2

THE COHESION OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS IN THE NEW YORK TIMES

1. The Arrangement of the Topics

TOPICS SENTENCES

(The keywords are in bold)

The offer of Prime

Minister’s

resignation.

SEOUL, South Korea — Prime Minister Chung Hong-won, the No. 2

official in the South Korean government, apologized and offered to

resign on Sunday, as the country remained angry and saddened over

the sinking of a ferry that left 302 people, a vast majority of them high


The critics toward the

government about

their bad response to

the disaster.

The government has come under fire as early investigations revealed a

slew of loopholes in safety measures and a lax regulatory enforcement

that investigators said contributed to the sinking of the 6,825-ton ferry,

the Sewol, on April 16.

It was also criticized for failing to respond quickly and efficiently to

the crisis and for fumbling during the early stages of rescue operations.

The Prime Minister

Statements on his

Resignation

A somber-looking Mr. Chung accepted the criticism on Sunday when he

offered ―an apology to the people‖ during a nationally televised news

conference. ―When I saw the people’s sadness and fury, I thought it

was natural for me to step down with an apology,‖ he said.

Mr. Chung was the highest-ranking government official to lose his job

over the sinking, South Korea’s worst disaster since 1995, when a

department store collapsed in Seoul, killing 501 people.

The irregularities on

the operator of the

ship which cause high

death toll.

Many survivors reported that the crew repeatedly instructed passengers

to stay inside while the ship was listing dangerously and gradually

sinking off southeastern South Korea.

The ship’s captain, Lee Jun-seok, 69, and 14 other top members of the

crew escaped the ferry in the first two Coast Guard ships arriving at the



64

scene. All of them were now under arrest on criminal charges,

including accidental homicide.

The governmental

issue related to the

resignation of the

Prime Minister.

Mr. Chung’s resignation will become official when President Park

Geun-hye accepts it. By midday Sunday, Ms. Park had not commented

publicly on the resignation offer.

The prime minister is a largely ceremonial post in South Korea, with

the executive power concentrated in the president, and is sometimes

fired when the government takes responsibility for a major scandal or

policy failure.

The recent report

about the death toll

and rescue struggle.

As of Sunday morning, 115 ferry passengers remained missing. The

number of the survivors, 174, has not changed for the past 11 days.

The official death toll was at 187 on Sunday, where it has remained

because of bad weather.

Divers trying to reach inside the ship have been stymied by strong

waves and rapid currents. Once inside, they face the more challenging

task of making their way through narrow corridors clogged with debris

to try to reach into small cabins in the front and a large communal

sleeping hall in the back of the ship where many of the students were

believed to have been trapped.

The grief of the nation

due to the disaster

The nation has been plunged into a paroxysm of grief and shame. Loud

cheering at baseball stadiums has been banned, and television comedy

programs suspended. Schools canceled their spring-break trips. When

thousands of Buddhists paraded through downtown Seoul on Saturday

evening, ahead of the Buddha’s May 6 birthday, many of them carried

black-and-white lotus lanterns in memory of the dead.

2. The Lexical Cohesion

Types of Lexical

Cohesion

Lexical Items

Reiteration Mr. Chung

(Repetition of same lexical item ( 3 times))

Apology


The South Korean Government – The Government


65


Failing – Fumbling

(Repetition of its near-synonym)

Sadness – grief


Collocation Apologized-offered to resign-angry-saddened

Failing to respond-quickly-efficiently-fumbling

Apology-saw-sadness-fury

Instructed-stay-listing-sinking off

Criminal charges-accidental homicides

Official-accept

Ceremonial-executive-fired-scandal-failure

Not changed-trying-challenging-trapped

Grief-shame-cheering-banned-comedy-suspended-trips-canceled-

buddhist-paraded

3. Grammatical Cohesion

a. Reference

Reiterated Items Sentences Referent

Mr. Chung A somber-looking Mr. Chung accepted

the criticism on Sunday when he offered

―an apology to the people‖ during a

nationally televised news conference.

The Prime Minister of South

Korea.

Mr. Chung was the highest-ranking

government official to lose his job over

the sinking, South Korea’s worst

disaster since 1995, when a department

store collapsed in Seoul, killing 501

people.

Mr. Chung’s resignation will become

official when President Park Geun-hye

accepts it.

Apology A somber-looking Mr. Chung accepted

the criticism on Sunday when he offered

A regretful acknowledgement

of a failure of the Prime



66

―an apology to the people‖ during a

nationally televised news conference.

Minister in handling the

disaster.

―When I saw the people’s sadness and

fury, I thought it was natural for me to

step down with an apology,‖ he said.

The South Korean

Government – The

Government

South Korea — Prime Minister Chung

Hong-won, the No. 2 official in the

South Korean government, apologized

and offered to resign on Sunday, as the

country remained angry and saddened

over the sinking of a ferry that left 302

people, a vast majority of them high


The Government of South

Korea.

The government has come under fire as

early investigations revealed a slew

of loopholes in safety measures and a

lax regulatory enforcement that

investigators said contributed to the

sinking of the 6,825-ton ferry, the

Sewol, on April 16.

Failing – fumbling It was also criticized for failing to

respond quickly and efficiently to the

crisis and for fumbling during the early

stages of rescue operations.

Bad action by the government

in handling the disaster.

Sadness – grief ―When I saw the people’s sadness and

fury, I thought it was natural for me to

step down with an apology,‖ he said.

Sadness of the people

especially the family of the

victims.

The nation has been plunged into

a paroxysm of grief and shame.


67

b. Conjunction

Forms of Conjunction Number of Occurrence Meaning

And 12 Additive

Or 2


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