the medical patient the renal system; hypertensive emergencies condell medical center ems system...

The Medical PatientThe Medical PatientThe Renal System; The Renal System;

Hypertensive EmergenciesHypertensive Emergencies

Condell Medical CenterCondell Medical CenterEMS SystemEMS System

October 2008 CEOctober 2008 CESite Code # 10-7200E1208Site Code # 10-7200E1208

Prepared by: Sharon Hopkins, RN, BSN, EMT-P

ObjectivesObjectives• Upon successful completion of this module, the

EMS provider should be able to:– List the components and function of the

urinary system– State signs and symptoms of chronic kidney

disease– Define hemodialysis– Identify the differences between AV fistulas

and AV shunts & implications in the field– Apply the Renal SOP’s given a scenario– List the steps in performing an abdominal

assessment

– Describe the physical assessment of the patient with flank pain

– Describe the management of the patient with flank pain

– Define the criteria for a hypertensive emergency– List the signs and symptoms of hypertensive

emergencies– Describe the rationale for treatment using Lasix

and Nitroglycerin for hypertensive emergencies– Describe the proper technique to obtain a blood

pressure– Describe the components of a neurological

assessment

– Successfully calculate the GCS given the findings of the patient assessment

– Return demonstrate pupillary assessment– Return demonstrate the in-line Albuterol

set-up– Return demonstrate the preparation of an

Amiodarone IVPB set-up– Identify and appropriately state interventions

for a variety of EKG rhythms – Identify ST elevation on a 12 lead EKG– Successfully complete the 10 question quiz

with a score of 80% or better

Urinary SystemUrinary System• Contains 4 major structures

– Kidneys• Vital organs• Located in upper abdomen; retroperitoneal

area• 1 behind the spleen; 1 behind the liver

– Ureters– Urinary bladder– Urethra

Function of the Urinary SystemFunction of the Urinary System

• Major functions– Maintains blood volume via proper balance of

water, electrolytes, and pH– Retains key compounds (ie: glucose) and

eliminates wastes (ie: urea)– Monitors and maintains arterial blood

pressure (in addition to other mechanisms) – Regulates erythrocyte (RBC) development

Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder

• Storage receptacle for the production of urine until it is convenient or necessary to void

• Fully distended can hold 500 ml of urine

– The more distended the bladder, the more vulnerable to blunt trauma

• After urination, the bladder contains about 10 ml of fluid

Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease• Can be from a specific kidney disease or as a

complication from other conditions– Diabetes

#1 reason in USA for need for kidney transplant

– Hypertension– Kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis)– Inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis)– Polycystic kidney disease

Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Kidney Disease

• Diseased or injured kidneys – Blood flow through the renal system decreases– Inflammatory changes occur in the glomeruli

• A group of capillaries where blood is filtered into a nephron (structure that produces urine)

– Capillary walls thicken decreasing permeability– Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is reduced

• Volume of blood filtered per day thru glomeruli

Symptoms of Chronic Kidney DiseaseSymptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease

• Most common symptoms– Swelling, usually of lower extremities– Fatigue– Weight loss, loss of appetite– Nausea and/or vomiting– Change in urination

• Reduction in volume or frequency– Change in sleep patterns– Headache– Itching – high levels of phosphorus in system; dry skin– Difficulties with memory or concentration

Complications of Chronic Kidney Complications of Chronic Kidney DiseaseDisease

• Hypertension– May be a leading cause but can also develop

in the early stages as a complication

• Anemia– Decreased production of red blood cells

• Bone disease– Disorders of calcium and phosphorus

• Malnutrition• Altered functional status and well-being

DialysisDialysis

• Dialysis is required when the kidneys fail and a transplant is not performed

• Peritoneal dialysis uses a catheter thru the abdominal wall to filter the blood

HemodialysisHemodialysis

• Hemodialysis is a procedure in which a machine filters harmful waste and excess salt and fluid from your body

• Access points are created to be functional within weeks and to last several to many years

• Usual access point is the forearm

Fistulas and Shunts Fistulas and Shunts

• Arteriovenous (AV) fistula– Most common type of access– Fistula created internally by sewing an artery

to a vein forming a small opening between the two

– Pressure from the arterial flow eventually enlarges and strengthens the vein

– May take 6 weeks to heal but can last for years

• Arteriovenous (AV) graft

– Access is similar to a fistula

– A synthetic tube is used to surgically connect the artery to the vein

– AV graft often heals within 2-3 weeks

– With proper care, can last several years

– Higher likelihood of forming clots or becoming infected than an AV fistula

Renal DialysisRenal Dialysis

HemodialysisHemodialysis

• Most people treated with hemodialysis 3 times a week– Each session lasts approximately 3-5 hours

• Some patients, at some dialysis centers, may choose daily dialysis– Usually performed 6 days per week for 2 –

21/2 hours each session– Patients often report improved B/P and quality

of life

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal DialysisDialysis

• CAPD is a self-care treatment where the patient instills dialysate fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity through a surgically implanted catheter through the abdominal wall

• The dialysate stays in the abdominal cavity a prescribed period of time and then is drained out

CAPD InstructionsCAPD Instructions

• Do not disconnect the CAPD bags from the catheter– If the patient is transported, transport with the

drainage bag remaining below the level of the patient’s waist

• Do not infuse any fluids or medications directly into the catheter– This IS NOT an alternate IV site

• Transport the patient with the CAPD intact

Renal ProtocolRenal ProtocolCare of Patients with Grafts or ShuntsCare of Patients with Grafts or Shunts

• Do NOT take B/P on arm with active fistula or graft

• Do NOT start IV on arm with active fistula or graft

• If site is bleeding, apply direct pressure• In case of arrest and no IV access consider

IO siteAccess of fistula or graft is only with contact to

Medical Control

Care of The Renal PatientCare of The Renal Patient

• Best to err on the side of conservative treatment– Monitor and support the ABC’s

– High flow O2 is appropriate to maximize respiratory efficiency

– Carefully monitor fluid administration– Monitor cardiac rhythm for disturbances– Caregivers can help manage the additional

equipment on the patient

Abdominal Pain AssessmentAbdominal Pain Assessment• Chief complaint

– The sign or symptoms that prompted the patient to call for help

– Use an open – ended question to determine the reason for the call• “Why did you call us today?” or• “What seems to be the problem?”

– During the interview the chief complaint generally becomes more specific

AssessmentAssessment

O – onset of the problem– Did problem start suddenly or gradually?– What was patient doing at the time?

P – provocation/palliation– What makes the symptoms worse? Better?

Q – quality– In the patient’s own words how do they

describe their pain (ie: crushing, tearing, sharp, dull?)

R – region/radiation– Where is the symptom?– Does it move?– If the patient uses one finger or isolates to

one spot, the pain is considered localized– If the pain is described using both hands or

indicating a larger area, the pain is diffuse– Is there referred pain (pain felt in a body area

away from the source)?

S – severity– Intensity of pain or discomfort– 0 – 10 scale

• “0” is no pain; “10” is the worse pain in your life

– Can the patient be distracted?– Do they lie still or are they writhing about?

T – time– When did the symptoms begin?

Associated symptoms– Are other symptoms present that are

commonly linked to certain diseases that can help rule in or out your diagnosis?

Pertinent negatives– Are any likely associated symptoms absent?– Absence of symptoms can be information as

helpful as presence of other symptoms

Assessment Pitfalls in the Chronic Assessment Pitfalls in the Chronic Renal PatientRenal Patient

• The challenge to the medical professional is to separate the acute complaint from the chronic condition– What is new today that changes your status?

• Many of these patients have unstable baselines to start with– Fluid and electrolyte imbalance– EKG disturbances

Physical Assessment - AbdomenPhysical Assessment - Abdomen

• Boundaries run from xiphoid process to symphysis pubis

• A full bladder will distort assessment and increase discomfort for the patient

• To relax the abdominal wall or to ease pain, a pillow placed under the knees would be helpful

• Start by asking the patient where it hurts– Examine painful areas last

• Warm your hands and stethoscope– If hands are cold, palpate over clothing until

hands warm up• Monitor facial expressions for pain or discomfort

– Validate the facial expression• Often the patient scrunches their face in

anticipation of pain• Assessment techniques to use

– Inspection, auscultation, percussion, lastly palpation

Abdominal Assessment TechniquesAbdominal Assessment Techniques

Inspection

– A visual review looking for abnormalitiesAuscultation

– Move the stethoscope in a circle approximately 2 inches from the umbilicus listening for bowel sounds

• Normal bowel sounds gurgle approximately every 5-15 seconds

Percussion

– Not often performed in the field

– Helps determine size and location of organs

– Determines gas, solid, and fluid filled areas

– Tympany heard over most of abdomen

– Dullness percussed over spleen and liver

Palpation– Palpate painful areas last– To increase comfort to patient, have

them take slow, deep breaths thru open mouth

– Flexing knees relaxes abdominal wall– Abdominal pain on light palpation

indicates peritoneal irritation or inflammation

– Voluntary guarding – patient anticipates pain or is not relaxed

– Involuntary guarding – peritoneal inflammation (lining of abdominal cavity)

SOP Abdominal Pain Stable SOP Abdominal Pain Stable PatientPatient

• Routine medical care

• Watch the patient for vomiting

• Stable patient– Patient alert– Skin warm and dry– Systolic B/P > 100 mmHg

• Contact Medical Control for pain management

SOP Abdominal Pain Unstable SOP Abdominal Pain Unstable PatientPatient

• Routine medical care• Watch the patient for vomiting• Unstable patient

– Altered mental status– Systolic B/P < 100 mmHg

• Establish IV; x2 if possible– Fluid challenge in 200 ml increments

• 20 ml/kg in pediatric patient (max 3 challenges)

• Contact Medical control for pain management

Flank PainFlank Pain

• Where’s the flank?– The area of the back below the ribs and

above the hip bones

• What organs lie in the flank areas?– The kidneys

• What is a common reason for flank pain?– Renal calculi (aka kidney stones)

Causes of flank pain

Kidney StonesKidney Stones

• The formation of crystals in the kidney’s collection system

• Hospitalization common for pain control and fluid hydration

• Additional inpatient treatment may be necessary– Lithotripsy – sound waves used to break apart

larger stones into smaller ones that can be passed during urination

Kidney StonesKidney Stones

• More common in males

• Suggestion of hereditary patterns

• Risk factors include immobility and certain medications (anesthetics, opiates, psychotropic drugs)

• Stones can form in metabolic disorders (ie: gout)– Production of excessive uric acid and calcium

Stones From Calcium SaltsStones From Calcium Salts

• The most common type of stone

– 75 – 85% of all stones

• Calcium stones 2 – 3 times more common in men

• Average age of onset 20 – 30 years

• Familial indication

• History of one stone and patient likely to form another one within 2 – 3 years

Struvite Stones Struvite Stones

• Represent 10 – 15% of all stones

• Formation associated with chronic urinary tract infection or frequent bladder catheterization– Patients with spinal cord injuries– Patients with spina bifida

• More common in women (due to their higher incidence of UTI’s)

Uric Acid StonesUric Acid Stones

• The least common of all stones

• Form more often in men

• Tend to occur with family histories so most likely a hereditary component

• Half of patients with uric acid stones have gout

Patient AssessmentPatient Assessment

• Chief complaint almost always severe pain– Kidney stones considered to be the most

painful medical condition

• Pain started vague, dull, poorly localized (visceral pain) in one flank

• Within 30 – 60 minutes pain is extremely sharp, remains in the flank and radiates downward and anteriorly to the groin

Physical ExamPhysical Exam

• Agitated, restless, uncomfortable patient

• B/P and heart rate elevated with the pain

• Skin typically pale, cool, clammy

• Patient may not be able to lie still for abdominal examination

• Observed urine sample may have gross hematuria or will be evident in lab analysis

ManagementManagement

• Position of comfort• Be prepared for vomiting (due to pain)• IV fluids for volume replacement and as a

drug route, and to promote urine formation and movement through the system to flush through the stone

• Analgesia for pain – limited amounts used in the field often have minimal effect, if at all

SOP Flank PainSOP Flank Pain

• SOP treatment same as abdominal pain

• Call Medical Control to obtain pain medication orders

• Be patient’s advocate for pain control– Kidney stones are considered the most

painful human condition (just ask someone who has had one!)

Hypertensive EmergencyHypertensive Emergency

• A life-threatening crisis with an acute elevation of the blood pressure

– Systolic B/P > 230 mmHg

– Diastolic B/P > 120 mmHg

• Usually seen in patients with untreated or poorly controlled hypertension

Hypertensive EmergencyHypertensive Emergency

• Signs and symptoms

– Epistaxis – nosebleed

• The nasal tissue is very thin and prone to bleed

– Headache

• “The worst headache in my life” often indicates a subarachnoid bleed

– Visual disturbances (ie: blurred, blindness)

– Restlessness– Confusion– Nausea and vomiting– Neurologicial changes

• Altered mental status to seizures to coma• Complications

– Hypertensive encephalopathy• Severe headache, vomiting, visual changes,

paralysis, seizures, stupor, coma– Ischemic (clot) or hemorrhagic (bleed) stroke

Field AssessmentField Assessment• Chief complaint received is often headache• Additional accompanying complaints

– Nausea and/or vomiting– Blurred vision– Shortness of breath– Epistaxis (nosebleed)– Vertigo (dizziness)– Level of consciousness may be normal, altered,

or patient may be unconscious

Field AssessmentField Assessment• Findings

– Skin may be pale, flushed, or normal– Skin may be warm or cool; moist or dry– If hypertensive encephalopathy is

present, it may cause left ventricular failure• Patient will be in pulmonary edema

– Lung sounds clear unless in pulmonary edema

– Pulse often strong and bounding

SOP - Hypertensive EmergencySOP - Hypertensive Emergency

• Routine Medical Care

• Obtain and record the B/P in both arms

• Monitor & record vital signs and neuro status every 5 minutes

• Lasix 40 mg IVP– 80mg if already on Lasix at home

• Contact Medical control for further orders– Possible Nitroglycerin order

Treating Hypertensive Treating Hypertensive EmergenciesEmergencies

• Initial goal

– To achieve a progressive, controlled reduction in the blood pressure to minimize risks of hypoperfusion in the vascular beds in cerebral, coronary, and renal blood flow

– Goal is not to reduce the blood pressure to “normal” levels as fast as possible

Why Give Lasix?Why Give Lasix?

• Lasix is a venodilator and a diuretic

• By dilating blood vessels, blood pressure can be decreased

• Venodilator effect noticed before evidence of diuretic effects are seen

• Decreasing fluid volume is another method to reduce the blood pressure by reducing the volume to be pumped

Why Give NitroglycerinWhy Give Nitroglycerin

• Primarily a venodilator– Will dilate the diameter of blood vessels– Decreases blood pressure – Especially useful in the patient with coronary

ischemia– Still need to screen for use of Viagra or Viagra

type drugs in the past 24-36 hours

Obtaining Obtaining A Blood A Blood PressurePressure

Blood Pressure MeasurementBlood Pressure Measurement• Poor technique can result in inaccurate

values• Patient’s arm should be at the same

vertical height as the heart• The cuff bladder should fit snugly around

the arm• The lower edge of the cuff should be

placed 1 inch above the brachial artery• The bladder should be centered over the

brachial artery

• The bell end of the stethoscope will produce better sounds

• The diaphragm is easier to place and hold with one hand

• The cuff and tubing should not be touching clothes which can give false sounds

• After the cuff is pumped up, the air should be released slowly– Air released too fast may cause an inaccurate

measurement to be read– Cracked tubing causes air to leak too fast

Obese Site & B/P CuffObese Site & B/P Cuff

• Wrap the blood pressure cuff around the forearm

• Center the bladder over the radial artery

• Place the stethoscope over the radial artery

• Obtain and document the blood pressure in the usual manner (ie: 120/80)

Blood Pressure by PalpationBlood Pressure by Palpation

• Rough estimation of the systolic value

• Palpate for the loss of the radial or brachial pulse and continue to inflate the cuff an additional 30 points

• Slowly release the air and when the pulse is first felt, this is the recorded systolic B/P

• Document the reading as “100/palpation”

Rough Estimate of Blood Pressure Rough Estimate of Blood Pressure By PalpationBy Palpation

• A rough guideline; accuracy is debatable

• If the radial pulse is palpated, the B/P is said to be roughly 80 mmHg

• If the femoral pulse is palpated, the B/P is said to be roughly 70 mmHg

• If only the carotid (central) pulse is felt, the B/P is said to be roughly 60 mmHg

A “Neuro” AssessmentA “Neuro” Assessment

• Level of consciousness– A – alert (means awake but not necessarily

oriented; spontaneous eye opening; responds to voice but can be confused; and has motor function )

– V – responds to verbal command no matter how slight and type of response

– P – responds to pain or tactile stimuli only– U – unresponsive with no eye, voice, or motor

response at all to voice or pain

• Ask 2 questions to determine level of consciousness– “What month is this?”– “How old are you?”

• Obtain the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on all EMS patients– Best eye opening (4 points)– Best verbal response (5 points)– Best motor response (6 points)

• Evaluate pupillary response

Performing a Pupillary CheckPerforming a Pupillary Check• Ask patient to focus

on an object (ie: tip of your nose)

• Bring the light in from the side and out the same way

• Without shining in the eyes move the penlight into position for the opposite side and repeat

• Vital signs– Signs of increasing intracranial pressure

include increasing B/P and dropping heart rate

• Check muscle tone and strength• Evaluate facial symmetry (smile)• Evaluate clarity of speech

– The above 3 are the Cincinnati Stroke ScaleArm drift, facial symmetry, speech

• Additionally:– Coordination or gait and sensory

• Movement and sensation

Repeat AssessmentRepeat Assessment

• If you want to see where the patient is going, you’ve got to know where they’re coming from– GET A BASELINE EVALUATION

• You can anticipate something happening if you are watching the trends– PERFORM REPEAT ASSESSMENTS AS

OFTEN AS INDICATED

• Prevents surprises

• Need to constantly monitor the situation

• Watch for trends

• Anticipate surprises

Pain Management SOPPain Management SOP

• Routine trauma or medical care• Continuous patient monitoring

– Respiratory status– SaO2

– Blood pressure

• Morphine– 2 mg slow IVP over 2 minutes– May repeat every 2 minutes– Maximum total 10 mg

Respiratory Depression Related to Respiratory Depression Related to Morphine UseMorphine Use

• Supportive oxygenation

– If SaO2 is falling and ventilation rates are declining, consider supportive bagging• Ventilation rates for supportive bagging (AHA)

–Adult 1 breath every 5 – 6 seconds –Pediatric patients 8 and less 1 breath every

3 – 5 seconds• Narcan (narcotic antagonist)

– 2 mg IVP if respiratory depression

Glasgow Coma Scale ExerciseGlasgow Coma Scale Exercise

• Review the following 3 patient’s assessment findings

• Evaluate for their GCS• Determine the best response and score

the patients– Best eye opening 1 - 4 points– Best verbal response 1 – 5 points– Best motor response 1 - 6 points

• Note: GCS to be obtained on all patients!

GCS Exercise #1GCS Exercise #1

• You are assessing a 56 year-old patient• The patient is unresponsive. Nothing

happens when you call the patient’s name. when you pinch the patient, their eyes open, then close.

• When pinched, the patient says “don’t, stop” and then is silent.

• When pinched, the patient pushes you away


• Your patient is a 16 year-old male.• Upon approaching, the patient’s eyes are

open and they are looking around with an anxious look.

• They do not answer questions; they groan if pinched.

• They do not follow commands. When touched, the patient grabs your arm and doesn’t let go.


• Your patient is an 8 month-old.

• Their eyes are closed. There is no response to pinching.

• When pinched, the patient groans weakly.

• When pinched, the patient tries to pull away or turn away from the evaluator.

GCS Exercise AnswersGCS Exercise Answers

• GCS #1 total –11– Eye opening – 2– Verbal response – 4– Motor response – 5

• GCS #2 total – 11– Eye opening – 4– Verbal response – 2– Motor response - 5

• GCS #3 total – 7– Eye opening – 1– Verbal response – 2– (groans to pain –

incomprehensible words)

– Motor response – 4– (withdraws to pain)

Skill – In-line AlbuterolSkill – In-line Albuterol• For Albuterol to

have its bronchodilating effects, it must be delivered down into the lungs

• If the patient can’t inhale it in, we have to push it in

Normal use with corrugated Normal use with corrugated tubing connected to the T-piecetubing connected to the T-piece

Kit connected to oxygen and run at 6 l/minute (enough to create a mist).Nebulizer kept upright at all times.

In-line AlbuterolIn-line Albuterol

• Intubate the patient– While waiting to intubate, can “bag” the

Albuterol into the lungs via in-line set-up thru ambu mask

• Confirm placement in the usual manner– visualization– chest rise & fall– 5 point auscultation– ETCO2 detector

• Evaluated after 6 breaths are delivered

To adapt nebulizer to in-line use:To adapt nebulizer to in-line use:

• Remove mouthpiece from T-piece and replace with BVM

• Connect nebulizer to

oxygen source

• Corrugated tubing left in place on T-piece

• Clear adaptor placed on distal end of corrugated tubing

• Once intubated, clear adaptor connected to ETT

Albuterol will be effective if it gets into the bronchial system, not just into the back of the throat.

The BVM helps push the Albuterol where it will do the most good.

EKG Review & TreatmentEKG Review & Treatment

The patient hasno pulse!

6 second strip

There is NO pulse!!!

EKG Interpretation #1EKG Interpretation #1

• PEA with a rate over 60• CPR• Secure airway• Search for causes (6 H’s; 5 T’s)• Establish IV/IO access• Epinephrine 1:10,000 1 mg IVP/IO every

3-5 minutes– No Atropine – rate over 60

6 H’s6 H’s• Hypovolemia – fluid challenge

• Hypoxia – supplemented oxygen flow

• Hydrogen ion – acidosis – ventilate (breathe) for the patient

• Hyper/Hypokalemia – electrolyte imbalance

• Hypothermia – warm them up

• Hypoglycemia – screen all unconscious/altered level of consciousness patients for glucose level

5 T’s5 T’s

• Toxins – think little kids getting into the wrong places (ie: purses, cabinets)

• Tamponade, cardiac

• Tension pneumothorax – needle decompression

• Thrombosis, coronary

• Thrombosis, pulmonary (embolism)

• Trauma

EKG Interpretation #2EKG Interpretation #2

• Strip A – complete heart block

• Strip B – paced rhythm

• Unstable Type II and 3rd degree heart blocks

– Patient often unstable due to slow heart rate

– Begin TCP

– Rate: 80/minute

– Sensitivity: auto/demand

– Output: lowest mA until capture

Comfort Measures For TCPComfort Measures For TCP

– Valium 2 mg IVP slowly over 2 minutes– May repeat 2 mg IVP every 2 minutes– Maximum of 10 mg

• Can touch the patient and not receive shocks– It’s the patient that feels the electrical

stimulation

EKG Interpretation #3EKG Interpretation #3• VT – wide complex, until proven otherwise, is VT• 2 questions to ask for all tachycardias

Question #1 – is patient stable or unstable• Evaluate LOC and B/P

–If you are not perfusing, you cannot maintain an adequate level of consciousness or blood pressure

• If unstable, prepare for immediate cardioversion

– If stable, ask question #2

22ndnd Question To Ask if Stable Question To Ask if Stable TachycardiaTachycardia

Question #2 – is complex (QRS) narrow or wide?• Narrow think SVT

–Adenosine is drug of choice• Wide think VT

–EMS choice between Amiodarone or Lidocaine–Mixing the antidysrhythmics makes the heart

more irritable–Let the ED know which drug therapy was

started

• If stable VT– Antidysrhythmic treatment

• Amiodarone 150 mg diluted in 100 ml D5W IVPB

–Draw up Amiodarone dose, add to 100 ml D5W IV bag and gently agitate to mix; label the bag (drug, amount, time added)

–Run thru mini-drip tubing; piggyback into the primary IV line

–Run over 10 minutes (rapid drip rate just below wide open)

• OR Lidocaine 0.75 mg/kg IVP x1– Contact Medical Control for further orders

EKG Interpretation #4EKG Interpretation #4• Sinus bradycardia• If symptomatic/unstable (poor cardiac output with

altered mental status and B/P <100)– Atropine 0.5 mg rapid IVP

• “When they’re alive give them 0.5”– May repeat every 3-5 minutes to a max of 3 mg– If ineffective begin TCP– If TCP ineffective, treat per Cardiogenic Shock

• IV fluid challenge in 200 ml increments, Dopamine drip

Where’s ST elevation?

12 Lead Interpretation #112 Lead Interpretation #1• ST elevation in exercise #1

– V1 – V3

• 12 lead obtained in field– EMS to evaluate the 12 lead looking for

patterns of ST elevation• I, aVL, V5, V6• II, III, aVF• Any contiguous V leads

– EMS to call in what they see & fax the 12 lead

Where’s the ST elevation?

12 Lead Interpretation #212 Lead Interpretation #2

• ST elevation in exercise #2– V2 – V4




Where’s the ST elevation?

12 Lead Interpretation #312 Lead Interpretation #3• ST elevation in exercise #3

– II, III, aVF




BibliographyBibliography

• Bledsoe, Porter, Cherry. Paramedic Care; Principles & Practices. 3rd Edition. Brady. 2009.

• Burrows-Hudson, S. Chronic Kidney Disease. AJN. Feb 2005. Vol 105, No2.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVPU• www.hospital-equipment.co.uk/images/taking-bl• www.mayoclinic.com/health/hemodialysis/DA00078• www.neuroexam.com/• www.strokestrategyseo.ca/pdf_docs/neurological%20assess

ment• www.vascularweb.org/patients/NorthPoint/

Dialysis_Access.html

the medical patient the renal system; hypertensive emergencies condell medical center ems system...

Documents