the medicinal properties of coriander · 2017-06-19 · a9:=@d@a96c fd65 e96 ?2>6 coriandrum 7@c...
TRANSCRIPT
The Medicinal Properties of Coriander
Coriander* (Coriandrum sativum) [Apiaceae]
(McGuffin 2000)
* In the United States, the leaf of Coridandrum
sativum is commonly called cilantro while the fruit is
commonly called coriander seed. In this article, to
prevent confusion and to use the common parlance,
I refer to cilantro or cilantro leaf as coriander leaf
and coriander fruits as coriander seeds.
Other common names
Ayurvedic: Dhanyaka (seed)
Chinese (Pinyin name): Yuan sui zi (seed)
Italian: Cilantro (leaf), Coriandolo (seed)
French: Coriandre
German: Koriander
Spanish: Cilantro
Unani: Kazbura
United Kingdom and Australia: Coriander leaf,
coriander seed
In many countries of the world, it is also called
Chinese parsley.
Part Used: Seed and leaf
Coriander and History
Coriander has a long history of use. It is mentioned
in the Papyrus of Ebers dating around 1500 BCE.
Coriander is also mentioned in the writings of Cato
the Elder (234 – 149 BCE) as well as Pliny the Elder
(23 – 79 CE). It has also been reported that
coriander seeds were known in England before the
Norman Conquest (around 1066 CE). Pliny the
Elder, a Roman author, naturalist, and natural
philosopher, used the name coriandrum for this
herb. The name is thought to be derived from the
word koros (a bug) in reference to the strong smell
of the fresh leaves (Grieve 1971). Some individuals
have a distinct aversion to the smell and taste of
fresh coriander leaves. When bed bugs are crushed,
the insects emit a smell that is reminiscent of fresh
coriander leaf. That may, in part, explain the origin
of the name coriander.
Coriander’s Constituents
The chemical composition of foods is of interest to
individuals who may want to gain a better
understanding of how herbal constituents may
influence the function of the body. The following are
some of the known constituents found in the seeds
and leaves of coriander.
The leaf has appreciable amounts of vitamins A, B
(including folic acid, and B6), C, and K. The leaf is
also a rich source of dietary fiber and minerals
including calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese,
and potassium (Kirshmann 1996). Fibers and
minerals provide important dietary factors that help
us maintain our health. Dietary fibers are essential
for intestinal regularity and to maintain healthy
cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Potassium is an
important component of cells and body fluids that
help regulate heart rate and blood pressure. Iron is
essential for healthy red blood cell production.
Manganese is used by the body as a co-factor to
manufacture the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide
dismutase. Coriander leaf also contains powerful
antibacterial compounds including α-pinene,
β-phellandrene, cineole, and borneol.
Coriander seed contains between 0.1 to 2.0 percent
of volatile oil depending on the seed variety. The
constituents of the essential oil of coriander seeds
can be broken down into four major groups:
Daniel Gagnon, Medical Herbalist
1. alcohols including linolool (60-80%), geraniol
(1.2-4.6%), terpinen-4-ol (3%), and α-terpineol
(0.5%); 2. hydrocarbons including γ-terpinene
(1-8%), r-cymene (3.5%), limonene (0.5%-4.0%),
camphene (1.4%), and myrcene (0.2%-2.0%); 3.
ketones including camphor (0.9-4.9%); and 4.
esters including geranyl acetate (0.1-4.7%) and
lynalyl acetate (0-2.7%) (Mandal 2015). Since the
seeds are rich in fats (16-28%) and protein
(11-17%), their residues at the end of the distillation
process can be used as animal feed (Evans 1989).
Coriander seed essential oil is pale yellow or
colorless, has the odor of coriander, and has a mild
aromatic taste. The fruit contains malic acid,
tannins, and fatty acids including linoleic acid,
palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid. Before
starting the distillation process, the seeds are
crushed, this allows more essential oil to be
extracted (Grieve 1971).
One of the major constituents of coriander seed oil
is linalool. When isolated from the oil, linalool is
used for a variety of purposes. It is estimated that
linalool finds its way into 60-80% of all commercial
perfumed hygiene products and cleaning products
including soaps, shampoos, body lotions, and
detergents. It is also used as a chemical intermediate,
leading to the manufacturing of such products as
vitamin E. Additionally, pest management
professionals use linalool as an insecticide against
fleas, fruit flies, and cockroaches (Evans 1996).
Coriander leaf essential oil contains approximately
44 compounds mainly aromatic acids containing
2-decenoic acid (30.8%), E-11-tetradecenoic acid
(13.4%), capric acid (12.7%), undecyl alcohol
(6.4%), tridecanoic acid (5.5%), and undecanoic
acid (7.1%) as major constituents (Bhuiyan 2009).
In the last decade, the essential oil of coriander leaf
has been gaining in popularity as more people use
essential oils in their everyday lives.
Agricultural Production
The primary producers of coriander seeds are
Egypt, India, Morocco, and the United States.
Smaller quantities are also produced in Hungary,
Poland, Czech Republic, Holland, France, Italy,
Turkey, the Balkans, Germany, China, Iran, as well
as some countries of Central and South America
(Teuscher 2005). Two varieties of seeds dominate
the market, Coriandrum sativum var. vulgare which
yields seeds that measure 3 to 5 mm in diameter
while Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum yields
seeds that measure only 1.3 to 3 mm in diameter
(Teuscher 2005). The seeds from Morocco and
India are primarily of the vulgare variety and are
larger (75 to 100 seeds per gram) while seeds from
Eastern Europe are primarily of the microcarpum
variety and are smaller (> 130 seeds per gram)
(Teuscher 2005). The seeds that come from the
smaller seed varieties contain higher levels of
essential oils (up to 2.0%). The varieties that
produce larger seeds yield less essential oil (0.1 to
0.3%). That explains why growers who produce
seeds destined for the distillation of essential oils
favor small seed production. During the Communist
regime, the U.S.S.R. was the major producer of
coriander seed essential oil and controlled the world
price and supply. Today, Ukraine continues the
legacy and is still one of the primary producers of
coriander seed essential oil (Evans 1996).
Coriander seeds and leaves have significant
medicinal properties and offer substantial health
benefits.to mankind.
The Medicinal Proprieties of Coriander Seeds
There are seven major areas within which the
healing power of coriander seeds can be tapped.
1. Coriander seeds and strong-tasting herbs
For hundreds of years, coriander seeds have been
added to numerous formulations with the goal to
soften the assault of bitter-tasting herbs on the taste
buds (Leclerc 1976).They are excellent at masking
the taste of very strong herbs. They are often added
to laxative-based products that contain such
bitter-tasting herbs as cascara sagrada, buckthorn,
senna, jalap, and aloin latex. They are also added
to formulas that contain barberry, Oregon grape
root, quassia bark, as well as many other bitter or
strong tasting herbs (Van Hellemont 1986). With the
help of coriander seeds, herbal mixtures containing
strong-tasting herbs taste better, much better. Thus,
a greater number of individuals become willing and
able to take their “bad tasting” medicines.
2. Coriander seeds and gastrointestinal gas
Although most people prefer not to talk about this
subject, flatulence can be a serious annoyance and
cause serious embarrassment. Not only is it socially
unacceptable, but it can cause serious gastrointestinal
pain. Coriander seeds offer their considerable
carminative properties to individuals afflicted with
this health annoyance. Carminative herbs help
prevent or stop gas production throughout the entire
digestive system. The seeds can be lifesaving for
individuals who have constant burping or experience
significant amount of flatulence, especially when
they eat certain foods (milk and other dairy
products, onion, garlic, cabbage, cauliflower, green
peppers, Brussels sprouts, beans, lentils, etc.) or
after eating particularly rich meals. Although
coriander seeds may not be as strong as anise
seeds, fennel seeds, or dill seeds, for most individuals,
they offer excellent relief when an episode of
gastrointestinal gas flares up (Van Hellemont 1986).
A tea can be made by mixing whole coriander,
anise, and fennel seeds together and crushing them
just before making the tea. The freshly prepared tea
is a very pleasant addition to the end of a meal.
3. Coriander seeds and stomach tissues
protection
Coriander seeds possess substantial stomach
protective properties. These properties may be
useful when a person experiences digestive cramps
after eating certain foods or when significant stress
manifests as stomach upsets or digestive
disturbances. Coriander seeds decrease or stop
stomach spasms, production of gastrointestinal gas,
as well as excess or insufficient production of
digestive juices. Recently, researchers found that
coriander seeds increase the production of a gastric
compound by the stomach that protects its epithelial
(surface) layer from the harsh digestive juices (Zaidi
2012). It is used in Europe both to increase the
digestive juice secretion when they are low and as
an effective calmative when stomach acids are too
elevated (Van Hellemont 1986).
Individuals who experience considerable stress in
their lives initially see their production of digestive
juices decrease substantially. During stress, the
body protects itself by shunting blood away from the
digestive tract. This results in a decreased
production of digestive juices manifesting as
difficulty digesting meals and increased
fermentation in the digestive system manifesting as
gas. A tea or tincture of coriander seeds taken 20
minutes before meals will increase the secretion of
digestive juice and facilitate digestion (Wichtl 2004).
However, when stress continues over a long period
of time, the opposite may occur. Secretions may
increase but, unfortunately, because of the stress, it
doesn’t occur at meal times. This leads to inflammation
of the stomach lining. Stomach burning, esophageal
reflux, and ulceration may occur. For those types of
digestive discomforts, drink one cup of tea after
meals. Coriander seeds stimulate the digestive
function but do not aggravate the acidity that may
already exist. It actually gets rid of the inflammation
and supports the return to proper digestive function
(Pole 2006).
Another area where coriander seeds may be of useis in Helicobacter pylori infections. It is estimatedthat up to 50% of the world’s population is infectedto a certain degree with H. pylori. Researchers fromPakistan noted that coriander seeds decrease theproduction of inflammatory substances such as IL-8or ROS, factors known to inflame the stomach
(Zaidi 2012). These researchers recommend that coriander seeds be added to the diets of patientsfaced with stomach ulcers. The seeds are bothsoothing to the gastric membranes and calming tothe gastric inflammation.
4. Coriander seeds and stress
As noted above, stress can wreak havoc on the digestive system. Its negative influence can be feltthroughout a person’s life. Some of the symptomsthat accompany stress include sleep disturbances,anxiety, muscle tension and aches, headaches, fatigue, mood swings, edginess, and forgetfulness.Research suggests that one of the ways that coriander seeds can be helpful for stress is that theyseem to exert a muscle-relaxant effect (Rabbani2011). The seeds were nearly equivalent to diazepam as a substance that reduces anxiety (Mahendra 2011). They also exerted numerous positive effects to those afflicted with stress (Koppula2012). Add in the help that coriander seeds offer insleep issues and anxiety (Andalib 2011), and youdiscover an herb that clearly belongs in your medi-cine cabinet.
5. Coriander seeds and diabetes
In many countries around the world, countless diabetics choose to use herbs either as a primarytreatment for, or as an adjunct to, the treatment oftheir diabetes (Otoom 2006, Srinivasan 2005). Oneof the main herbs used for this purpose is corianderseeds. Animal studies have demonstrated that usingthe seeds modifies glucose regulation in a positiveway (Gray 2007). In a human study, a group of 20volunteers each took 2.5 grams of ground coriander
seed twice a day for 60 days. Another 20 volunteersdid not take coriander seeds and served as a controlgroup. At the end of the trial, the treatment grouphad a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar levels. In addition, they also experienced a healthyrise in their beta carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione levels. The control groupdid not see any improvements of these parameters(Rajeshwari 2011). As a word of caution, if you are adiabetic and choose to use coriander seeds to supplement your diabetes care plan, be sure to monitor your blood sugar closely and talk with yourdoctor about your usage of coriander seeds for thatpurpose.
6. Coriander seeds, kidneys, and blood pressure
Coriander seeds have been used for centuries as adiuretic, to help the kidneys get rid of excess water(Fournier 1948). Laboratory studies using animalshave confirmed the value of using the seeds for thatpurpose (Aissaoui 2008). Additional research by thesame university group showed that, in animals withhigh blood pressure, the use of coriander seed teahelped lower the blood pressure (Jabeen 2009).What makes coriander seeds attractive is the factthat this herbal medicine spares potassium. Most diuretic drugs not only eliminate sodium but alsopotassium. Proper amounts of potassium are essentialfor healthy cardiac function. When large amounts ofpotassium are eliminated from the human body, thedeficiency of this essential mineral may lead to irregular heart beat (arrhythmia). Since corianderseeds barely increased the elimination of potassium,they are thought to be safer than the diuretic drugsused for that purpose. Some individuals, in order tominimize the side effects experienced with the diureticdrugs supplement their diet with coriander seeds. Asa word of caution, if you have high blood pressureand choose to use coriander seeds to supplementyour hypertension care plan, monitor you blood pressure closely and talk with your doctor about yourusage of coriander seeds for this purpose.
7. Coriander seed essential oil and skin health
Coriander seed essential oil is used as a topicaltreatment for chronic wounds, impetigo, and herpessimplex outbreaks (Abascal 2012). The seed oil isalso used as a liniment for rheumatism and painfuljoints. (Wichtl 2004). The oil reduces the productionof inflammatory compounds both in the skin and inthe joints, and is a safer alternative to NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) (Abascal2012).
The Medicinal Properties of Coriander Leaf
1. Coriander leaf and heavy metal detoxification
Starting in the early 1990s, the use of coriander leaf
has been advocated as a strategy to eliminate heavy
metal accumulations, particularly those of mercury,
from the human body. The putative rationale behind
this use is that coriander leaf constituents are
thought to attach to heavy metals and promote their
excretion out of the body. Much has been written
about this controversial therapy. Proponents are
staunchly adamant that ingestion of coriander leaf
results in a lessening of heavy metal load while
opponents of the therapy argue that there is no
scientific basis for the claims made by those
advocating its use. In 1995 and 1996, Dr. Omura,
MD, published two papers where he introduced the
use of a new bidigital O-ring test claimed to measure
heavy metal levels in the body. He also proposed a
protocol to remove heavy metals from the human
body. In his clinical practice, Dr. Omura observed
mercury blood levels rise after his patients had
mercury dental amalgams removed. He had also
noted that individuals who ate Vietnamese soup
made with coriander leaf experienced increasing
excretion of mercury, lead, and aluminum. From
these two observations, he started to treat patients
exhibiting high heavy metal loads with 100 mg
coriander leaf tablets four times a day He claimed
that levels of heavy metals dropped substantially
(Omura 1995, Omura 1996). In the United States, Dr.
Deitrich Klinghartd, MD., became a proponent of Dr.
Omura’s method and began teaching health
professionals about his own specific protocol for
heavy metals removal. However, no other clinical
papers or human clinical trials have been published
to show the efficacy of using coriander leaf to remove
heavy metals once they are deposited in human
tissues. The lack of published clinical studies lies at
the center of the controversy.
However, keep in mind Dr. Omura’s observation that
eating coriander leaf may reduce the absorption of
heavy metals when it occurs at the same time as the
heavy metal exposure. There is strong evidence in
animal studies that coriander leaf used either prior to
or at the same time as heavy metal or toxin exposure
may protect the liver and other tissues. In an animal
study where mice were fed lead and coriander
leaves, the study showed that ingestion of coriander
leaf reduced the negative effects of lead on liver
enzymes, testosterone levels and sperm density as
well as the concentration of lead in the mice’s
gonads (Sharma 2010). In another animal study,
mice were exposed to lead in their drinking water.
The study concluded that coriander leaf seemed to
contain some type of unidentified chelating agent, an
agent that binds and stimulates the excretion of
another substance. Coriander leaf was shown to
suppress lead deposition in the mice’s bones and
kidneys (Aga 2001). Another animal study showed
that feeding coriander leaf extract to rats prior to
exposing them to liver toxins offered significant liver
protection (Sreelatha 2009).
The long and short of these studies is the implication
that eating coriander leaf with foods that contain
elevated amounts of heavy metals or toxins may
prevent their absorption in our body. For example,
eating coriander leaves with sea foods, tuna, or other
fish that contain significant amounts of heavy metals
may protect you from the heavy metals found in
these foods. Given that high levels of heavy metals
are increasingly found in all types of foods, it is
certainly an excellent idea to incorporate the regular
use of coriander leaf into our everyday diet.
Preparation and Dosage
Internally:
Coriander Seed: Coriander seeds make a good
tasting tea. To make the tea, steep one tablespoon of
crushed coriander seeds in a cup of hot water for 10
to 15 minutes and filter. Take 2 or 3 cups per day. To
use powdered coriander seed: take ½ teaspoon per
dosage mixed well in water or juice, from 2 to 5 times
a day (Van Hellemont 1986).
Coriander Leaf: Take 30 drops of the liquid herbal
extract in warm water 2 or 3 times a day at meal
times. Add approximately 1 tablespoon of the fresh
leaves to your meal when you consume foods that
may have an elevated heavy metal load, such as
sea food, tuna, or other fish located higher on the
food chain.
Externally:
Coriander seed essential oil can be mixed in a
carrier oil such as sweet almond oil. Stir 1 ounce of
coriander seed essential oil into 10 ounces of sweet
almond oil. Mix well. Apply to the skin or joints as
needed (Bartram 1998).
Safety
The Botanical Safety Handbook, 2nd Edition,
classifies coriander seed and leaf as a Class 1 herb,
an herb that can be safely consumed when used
appropriately (Gardner 2013). Other researchers
have also concluded that coriander seeds are very
safe, even when taken in very large doses
(Mahendra 2011).
Contraindications
Coriander seed and leaf have no known
contraindications (Van Hellemont 1986).
Side Effects
A few isolated reports of allergic reactions to
coriander seed and leaf have been reported
(Manzanedo 2004).
Drug Interactions
The Botanical Safety Handbook 2nd Edition has clas-
sified coriander seed and leaf as a Class A herb, an
herb for which no clinically relevant interaction are
expected (Gardner 2013).
Kitchen tips
Do not buy powdered coriander seeds as they will
lose their aroma and essential oils very quickly. Buy
whole seeds and crush or powder them just before
use. By following these recommendations, you
access the full medicinal qualities of the seeds when
you need them.
Whole dried seeds will keep for years when they are
stored in hermetically-sealed glass or metal
containers in an area low in moisture and free of
light (Wichtl 2004).
Coriander leaf will keep for a relatively long time in
the refrigerator when it is placed as a whole plant
with whole washed roots in a vase filled with water.
Cover the plant and the vase with a plastic bag.
Regularly remove the leaves that are turning yellow.
Stored in that way, the plant will stay fresh for many
weeks (Teuscher 2005).
ReferencesAbascal, K. and Yarnell, E. 2012. Cilantro – Culinary herb or
miracle medicinal plant. Alternative and Complementary
Therapies. 18(5): 259-264.
Aga, M., Iwaki, K., Ueda, Y., Ushio, S., Masaki N., Fukuda,
S., Kimoto, T., Ikeda, M. and Kurimoto, M. 2001. Preventive
effect of Coriandrum sativum (Chinese parsley) on localized
lead deposition in ICR mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 77: 203-208.
Aissaoui, A., El-Hilaly, J., Israili, ZH. and Lyoussi, B. 2008.
Acute diuretic effect of continuous intravenous infusion infusion
of an aqueous extract of Coriandrum sativum L. in
anesthesized rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 115(1): 89-95.
Andalib, S., Vaseghi, A., Vaseghi, G. and Motavallian, A. 2011.
Sedative and hypnotic effects of Iranian traditional medicinal
herbs or the treatment of insomnia. EXCLI J. 10: 192-197.
Bartram, T. (1998) Bartram’s Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine.
London, England: Constable and Robinson Ltd.
Bhuiyan, N.I., Begum, J. and Sultana, M. 2009. Chemical
composition of leaf and seed essential oil of Coriandrum
sativum L. from Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 4:
150-153.
Evans, W. 1989. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy,13 ed.
London, England: Bailliere Tindall.
Evans, W. 1996. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy,14 ed.
London, England: WB Saunders Co. Ltd.
Fournier, P. 1948. Le livre des plantes medicinales et
vénéneuses de France. Lechevalier, Paris, France.
Gardner, Z. and McGuffin, M. editors. 2013. Botanical Safety
Handbook, 2 ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Gray, A.M. and Flatt, P.R. 2007. Insulin-releasing and
insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant
Coriandrum sativum (coriander). Br J Nutrit 81(03): 203-209.
Grieve, M. A Modern Herbal. NY, NY, Dover Publications, Inc.:
1971 (reprint of 1931 ed.).
Jabeen, Q., Bashir, S., Lyoussi, B. and Gilani, A.H.
Coriander fruit exhibits gut modulatory, blood pressure lowering
and diuretic activities. 2009 J. Ethnopharmacol. 122(1). 123-130.
Kirshmann J.D. 1996. Nutrition Almanac, 4 ed. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Koppula, S. and Choi, DK. 2012. Anti-stress and anti-amnesic
effects of Coriandrum sativum Linn (Umbelliferae) extract – an
experimental study in rats. Trop J Pharmaceutical Res.
11: 36-42.
Leclerc, H. 1976. Précis de phytotherapie. Paris, France:
Masson.
Mahendra, P. and Bisht, S. 2011. A daily use spice with great
medicinal effect. Pharmacognosy J. 3:84:88.
Mahendra, P. and Bisht, S. 2011. Anti-anxiety activity of
Coriandrum sativum assessed using different experimental
animal models. Indian J Pharmacol. 43: 574-577.
Mandal, S., and Mandal, M. 2015. Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum L.) essential oil: Chemistry and biological activity.
Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 5(6): 421–428.
Manzanedo, L., Blanco, J., Fuentes, M., Caballero, M.L. and
Moneo, I. 2004. Anaphylactic reaction in a patient sensitized
to coriander seed. Allergy. 59(3): 362-363.
McGuffin, M., Kartesz, J.F., Leung, AY. and Tucker, A.O. 2000.
Herbs of Commerce, 2 ed. Silver Springs, MD: American Herbal
Products Association.
Omura, Y, and Beckman, S.I. 1995. Role of mercury (Hg) in
resistant infections and effective treatment of Chlamydia
trachomatis and Herpes family viral infection (and potential
treatment for cancer) by removing localized Hg deposits with
Chinese parsley and delivering effective antibiotics using various
drug uptake enhancement methods. Acupunct Elecrother Res.
50: 195-229.
Omura, Y., Shimotsuura, Y., Fukuoka, A., Fukuoka, H. and
Nomoro, T. 1996. Significant mercury deposits in internal organs
following the removal of dental amalgam, and development of
pre-cancer on the gingiva and the sides of the tongue and their
represented organs as a result of inadvertent exposure to strong
curing light and effective treatment. Acupunct Electrother Res.
21: 133-160.
Otoom, S.A., Al-Safi, S.A., Kerem, Z.K. and Alkofahi, A. 2006.
The use of medicinal herbs by diabetic Jordanian patients.
J. Herb Pharmacother. 6(2): 31-41.
Pole, S. 2006. Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional
Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
Rabbani, M., Vaseghi, G., Sajjadi, S.E. and Amin, B. 2011.
Persian herbal medicines with anxiolytic activity. J Med Plants
39: 7-11.
Rajeshwari, CU. and Andallu, B. 2011. Oxidative stress in
NIDDM patients: Influence of coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
seeds. Res J Pharmaceutical Biol Chem Sci. 2: 31-41.
Rudrappa, Umesh. Cilantro (Coriander Leaves) nutrition facts.
http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/cilantro.html. Accessed
7/23/2016.
Sharma, V., Kansai, L. and Sharma, A. 2010. Prophylactic
efficacy of Coriandrum sativum (coriander) on testis of lead-
exposed mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 136: 337-354.
Sreelatha, S., Padma, P.R. and Umadevi, M. 2009. Protective
effects of Coriandrum sativum extracts on carbon
tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol.
47: 702-708.
Srinivasan, K. 2005. Plant foods in the management of diabetes
mellitus: Spices as beneficial antidiabetic food adjuncts.
Int J Food Sci Nutr 56(6): 399-414.
Teuscher, E., Anton, R. and Lobstein. A. 2005. Plantes
Aromatiques. Paris, France: Editions Tec et Doc.
United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research
Service. National Nutrient database for Standard Reference
Release 28. 2016. https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2931
Accessed 7/23/2016.
Van Hellemont, J. 1986. Compendium de Phytotherapie.
Brussels, Belgium: Association Pharmaceutique Belge.
Wichtl, M. (Ed.) 2004. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals.
3 ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Zaidi, S.F., Muhammad, J.S., Shahryar, S. Usmanghani, K. and
Gilani A. 2012. Anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of
selected Pakistani medicinal plants in Helicobacter pylori-infected
gastric epithelial cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 141: 403-413.
Biography
Daniel Gagnon, Medical Herbalist, MS, RH (AHG) is a French
Canadian from Ontario who relocated to Santa Fe, NM in 1979.
He has been a practicing Medical Herbalist since 1976. Daniel is
the author of The Practical Guide to Herbal Medicines, a book
designed to provide herbal health care options. He is also the
co-author of Breathe Free, a book on healing the respiratory
system. He regularly teaches herbal therapeutics both nationally
and internationally.
Daniel is the owner of Herbs, Etc., a natural vitamin and supple-
ment retail store and an organic manufacturing facility. For more
information on Herbs, Etc., please go to: www.herbsetc.com.
Daniel can be reached at [email protected].