the middle east, asia, australia, new zealand and the pacific islands

XI11 The Middle East, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands

(i) The Middle East and North Africa (including the Mediterranean) Ann Williams

Reference John L. Esposito (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world (OUP, E295) contains essays on every aspect of the subject which will make it ad essential reference work for a long time to come, although the price will make it difficult even for libraries to buy. G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville, The Islamic and Christian Calendar AD 622-2222 (AH I - 1650) (Ithaca P.) is a new paperback edition of a useful handbook.

General Nazih N. Ayubi’s sudden death means that Over-stating the Arab state: politics and society m the Middle East (Tauris, E45) is sadly his last reflection on the common problems of the area. Ghassem SalamC (ed.), Democracy without democrats? The renewal of politics in the Muslim world (ibid., pbk E14.95) is a collection which looks at the area without western spectacles. Efraim Inbak (ed.), Middle Eastern security: prospects for an arms control regime (Cass, E25, pbk E16) is a special issue of the Journal of Contemporary Security Policy concerned with the continuing threat of disrup- tion in the area. Ami Ayayon, The press in the Arab Middle East: a history (OUP, E37.50) is the first study of its influence from the nineteenth century to the present day. David McDowall, A modern history of the Kurds (Tauris, E24.50) sympathetically examines their impact from the nineteenth century. The Middle East Centre at SOAS continues to examine water resources. Tony Allan and Chibli Mallat, Water in the Middle East (Tauris Academic series, E55) examines the full extent of the problem, while Tony Allan and P.P. Howell, The Nile: sharing a scarce resource (CUP, E50) is a model case study. Robert Elgood, Firearms of the Islamic world (Tauris, E80) is worth mentioning as a comprehensive survey of this subject.

Islam Sachiko Murata and William L. Chittick, The vision of Islam (Tauris, pbk €12.95) does not replace Gilsenan as the best introduction to the subject. Mohammed Sharafuddin, Islam and romantic Orientalism: literary encounters with the Orient (ibid., pbk €14.95) continues the obsessive interest in this subject. Laura Guazzone (ed.), The Islamist dilemma: the political role of Islamist movements in the contemporary Arab world (Ithaca P., E45) examines the movements and the ruling classes. Fred Halliday, Islam and the myth of confrontation; religion and politics in the Middle East (Tauris, E35, pbk E12.95) is a balanced reading of the threat from modern fundamental Islam. Olivier Roy, The failure of political Islam (ibid., pbk E14.95) is a good journalist’s view of the subject.

Great Powers and the Middle East Robert J. Allison, The Crescent obscured: the United States and the Muslim world 1776-1815 (OUP, E25) is a survey

MIDDLE EAST, ASIA, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, PACIFIC ISLANDS 215

which concentrates on slavery. Marian Kind (ed.), The great powers and the end of the Ottoman empire (Cass, E25 pbk f17.80) is a new edition of a well- known collection. Matthew Jones, Britain, the United States and the Mediterranean war, 194244 (Macmillan, E40) is a solid account of American involvement. Donald D. Neff, Fallen pillars: US policy towards Palestine and Israel since the rise of Zionism (Tauris, pbk El 1.95) is a useful text book. Robert Holland, Emergencies and disorder in the European empires after 1945 (Cass, f32, pbk f15) is a special issue of the Journal of Commonwealth and Imperial History and includes articles on Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and

Pre 1800 Peregrine Hordern and Nicholas Purcell, The Mediterranean world: man and the environment in antiquity and the Middle Ages (Blackwell, €35) is an exciting and original study of the region. R.B. Serjeant, Farmers andfish- ermen in Arabia; studies in customary law and practice (Variorum, E47.50) is a useful collection of the eminent Arabist’s articles. Another Variorum collection is Paolo Costa, Studies in Arabian architecture (f75). Robert Hillenbrand (ed.), Studies in Persian painting (TauridCambridge Centre for Middle East Studies, E39.50) is a ground breaking collection of articles on techniques and history. This can be supported by Ebadollah Banari’s Bihzad, master of Persian painting (Tauris, €50). R.W. Ferrier, A journey to Persia: John Chardin’s portrait of a seventeenth-century empire (ibid., E25) gives a western view of the Safavid dynasty. D. Frank (ed.), Jews of medieval Islam; community, society and identity (Leiden: Brill, $100) is the useful collection from a 1992 London conference. Youssef Courbage and Philippe Fargues, Christians and Jews under Islam (Tauris, E39.50) looks at the communities from the medieval to the modern period. Brill Publishers have begun several series dealing with aspects of the Mediterranean. Benjamin Arbel, Trading nations; Jews and Venetians in the early modern eastern Mediterranean (Brill Jewish Studies, 14, $77.50) is valuable for eastern and western historians. Clay Stalls, Possessing the land: Aragon S expansion into Islam’s Ebro frontier under AIfonso the Battler (1104-1134) (Brill Medieval Mediterranean series, 7, $109.75) is revealing about Muslim occupation of the area. P.M. Holt has added to his history of the Mamluks by the publication of sources, Early Mamluk diplomacy (1260-1290): treaties of Baybars and Qalawiin with Christian rulers (Brill, $64.75). At last, there is an up to date collection of essays on all aspects of the most famous of Ottoman sultans: Metin Kunt and Christine Woodward (eds), Suleyman the Magnificent and his world: the Ottoman empire in the early modern world (Longman, f36, pbk f13.99).

Turkey and Iran M. Sukru Hanioglu, The Young Turks in opposition (OUP, f22.50) presents the picture from their point of view. For the current decade Cigdem Balim, Ersin Kalayciglu, Cevat Karatqs, Gareth Winrow and Feroz Yasamee (eds), Turkey: political, social and economic changes in the 1990s (Leiden: Brill Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East, 53, $93) presents a full debate. There has been a spate of books on twentieth century Iran this year. Baqer Moin, Khomeini; sign of God (Tauris, f24.95) is the fight biography in English. Saeed Rahnema and Sohrab Behdad, Iran after revolution: crisis of an Islamic state (ibid., E39.50) examines the problem of its political institutions. Fatemeh E. Moghadam, From land reform to Revolution: the political economy of public relations in Iran (ibid., f45) explains the chief cause of the unsettled state of the country. Ali Gheissari, Iranian intellectuals in the twentieth century (ibid., E39.50) looks at the opposition. Nikki R. Keddie; Iran and the Muslim world: resistance and revolution

Cyprus.

216 ANNUAL BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL LITERATURE

(Macmilan, E40) tries to explain Iran’s tendency to revolution. David Menashiri, Central Asia meets the Middle East (Cass, f30, pbk f16) investigates how the‘ end of the Cold War will affect Turkey and Iran.

Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Robert Wistrich and David Ohana, The shaping of Israel: memory, myth and identity (Cass, E32, pbk E16) is a special issue of the journal Israel Afsairs dealing with the myths sustaining Israel. Joseph Heller, The Stern Gang: ideology; policies and terror 1940-1949 (ibid., E37.50, pbk E16) puts the movement in its historical context. Begin’s career is assessed in Colin Shindler, Israel, Likud and the Zionist dream: power, politics and ideology from Begin to Netanyahu (Tauris, f25). Sara Roy, The Gaza Strip: the political economy of de-development (ibid.., f18.95) shows how this particular area has been exploited by both sides. T.G. Fraser, The Arab- Israeli conflict (Macmillan, E35, pbk E9.99) is a good general account. Amitzur Ilan, The origin of the Arab-Israeli arms race: armament embargo and military decision in Palestine 1948 (ibid., E40) shows how the UN action bene- fitted Israel. Meron Bevenisti, Intimate enemies; Jews and Arabs in a shared land (UCLA P. $24.95) examines the internal situation.

The Arab States David Saglv, Fundamentalism and liberal intellectuals in Egypt 1880-1991 (Cass, f32) looks at the roots of present positions. Ziad Abu-Amr, Islamic fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad (Indiana U.P., €27.50) presents a valuable case study. Asher Susser and Aryeh Shmuel Evitz, The Hashemites in the modern Arab world (Cass, E35) is a festschrift for Professor Uriel Dann. Eliezer Tauber, The formation of modern Syria and Iraq (Cass E30, pbk €15) com- pletes a trilogy of the modern Fertile Crescent. The economic view is put by Volker Perthes, The political economy of Syria under Asad (Tauris, €39.50). Moshe Ma’oz, Syria and Israel; from war to peacemaking (Clarendon P., f30) uses sources from both sides. Llora Lukitz, Iraq: the search for national identity (Cass, E30, pbk E16) examines the divisions in society in the 1990s. Musallam Ali Musallam, The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait: Saddam Hussein, his state and international power politics (Tauris for The British Academic P., E35) is a balanced account. Elie Salem Violence and diplomacy in Lebanon, (Tauris, E24.95) is a foreign minister’s memoir. Andrew Rathmell, Secret war in the Middle East: the covert struggle for Syria 1949-1961 (ibid., f39.50) is well researched and dispassionate. May Seikaly, Haifa: transformation of an Arab society 1918-1939 (ibid.) is an impressive social study.

Gulf States Jill Crystal, Oil politics in the Gulf; rulers and merchants in Kuwait and Qatar (CUP, pbk E15.95) is an update of an important study. Joseph A. Kechichian, Oman and the world; the emergence of an independent foreign policy (Santa Monica: RAND, 1993, pbk $30) examines the emerging state. Ahmad Nomen Almadhagi, Yemen and the USA from 1962 (Tauris Academic Studies, E39.50) assesses relations with Saudi Arabia as well as the US. Martha Mundy, Domestic government: kinship, community and polity in North Yemen (Tauris, Society and culture in the Modern Middle East series, €39.50) is a very important contribution to the understanding of social change in traditional societies.

Women’s Studies Billie Melman, Women’s orients: English women and the Middle East 1718-1918 (Macmillan, €50, pbk E16.99) has achieved a well deserved second edition. Judy Mabro, Veiled half-truths: western travellers ’ perceptions of the Middle Eastern women (Tauris, pbk f10.95) examines the


stereotypes. Margot Badran, Feminists, Islam and the nation: gender and the making of modern Egypt (Princeton U.P., €27.50) is an original study. Mahnaz Afkhami, Faith and freedom: women’s human rights in the Muslim world (Tauris, pbk €12.95) is a collection of general issues and case studies. Denu Kandiyoti, Gendering the Middle East (Tauris, Middle East Studies series, pbk €12.95) shows an interesting approach to the area.

North Africa Algeria dominates interest in the region at the moment. Two contributions are valuable for an understanding of this. Patricia M.E. Lorcin, Imperial identities: stereotyping, prejudice and race in colonial Algeria (Tauris Society and culture in the Middle East, E39.50) explains the roots of the problem. Hugh Roberts, ‘Algeria’s ruinous impasse and the honourable way out’ (International Affairs, 71) suggests a solution.

(ii) Asia Richard Newman (India), Paul Bailey (China and Japan), and James Grayson (Korea)

India The series of volumes from OUP Delhi, sub-titled Themes in Indian History, has begun to include selections of essays on the medieval period. S. Subramanyam (ed.), Money and the market in India 1100-1700 (€13.50) considers the impact of these factors on the politics, economics and society of India, in particular whether the impact was purely urban or more widely felt, and whether the state played a major part in these processes by forcing people to pay taxes in cash. The volume reprints articles on the Delhi sul- tanates and the Mughal empire, as well as essays on the west and south. D. Ludden (ed.), Agricultural production and Indian history (€16.99) looks at the varied explanations of productivity levels which are to be found in the writings of British administrators, nationalists and academics and then reprints articles by Eric Stokes, Binoy Chaudhuri, Ian Stone and others. S. Bose (ed.), Credit, markets and the agrarian economy in colonial India (€15.95) selects essays on five different regions of the subcontinent to illustrate the extent of indebtedness, the nature of relationships between creditor and debtor, and the way that analyses of debt have been shaped by colonial and nationalist dis- courses on the subject. These latter volumes overlap with earlier books in the series, and one is inclined to wonder whether the piling of one complex debate upon another is quite what the average undergraduate requires; in rural history, particularly, most students cry out for simplification.

One more volume has been added to the New Cambridge History of India: T.R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj: part 111, vol. 4 (CUP, €30). This is an analysis of British justifications of their rule in India, which, in Metcalfs view, drew some support from the perceived similarities between the two races, but ultimately placed more emphasis on the differences. The argument ranges over such subjects as ethnography, archaeology and gender relations.

Another series to make progress is D. Arnold and D. Hardiman (eds), Subaltern studies VIII: Essays in honour of Ranajit Guha (Delhi: OUP, €13.95). Some of the contributions - such as Gyan Pandey’s on ‘The prose of otherness’ and P. Chatterjee’s on historiography and the construction of Hindutva in Bengal - reflect current preoccupations. The founder of the series is honoured with a bibliography and biographical sketch.


The long-running series of South Asian Studies from CUP is being brought to an end with a flurry of volumes. D. Menon, Caste, nationalism and Communism in South India: Malabar, 1900-1948 (E30) examines the various forms of community to be found in the region, focusing on the rural economy, places of worship and caste. Menon argues that, while the Congress attempted to develop a sense of Hindu nationhood, the communists tried to create a community of peasants against their landlords, but ended by mediat- ing in a very pragmatic way, which created rural support for themselves. M. Israel, Communications and power: Propaganda and the press in the Indian nationalist struggle, 1920-47 (E40, pbk E17.95) considers that the British pro- moted their claims through the Anglo-Indian papers and through a cosy relationship between bureaucrats and journalists, while the Congress message got blurred by regional interests. J. Chatterjee, Bengal divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947 (E40) shows how the bhadralok, deprived of their dominant position in legislative politics by the Communal Award and the Poona Pact and losing much of their economic leverage in the countryside because of the depression and the rise of prosperous Muslim ten- ants, began to sink their factional differences and draw all Hindus together in a demand for a Hindu Bengali homeland that reinforced the movement towards Partition by the Muslims and the British. R. Chandavarkar’s misti- tled book, The origins of industrial capitalism in India: Business strategies and the working classes in Bombay, 1900-1940 (E40) is actually a study of the Bombay working classes, especially the millhands, and covers familiar ground in a challenging way. An old-fashioned survey of strikes, trade unions and left-wing leaders is to be found in S . Sen, Working class movements in India

S . Bhattacharya, A Dictionary of Indian history, 2 vols (New Delhi: Cosmo, E17.50 each) has entries about persons, places and events in alphabetical order, ranging from a few lines to several pages. S.Z. Lari, A history of Sindh (Karachi: OUP, E9.95) spans the period from Mohenjo-daro to Partition, with particular concentration on ruling dynasties. B. Chattopadhyaya, The making of early medieval India (Delhi: OUP, E14.95) is largely concerned with the merchants, towns and Rajput families of Rajasthan. I. Husain, The rise and decline of the Ruhela chieftaincies in the 18th century India (ibid., E12.95) looks at the chiefs’ relations with the Mughals and the Marathas as well as their zamindaris and other administrative arrangements. S. Gordon, Marathas, marauders and state formation in eighteenth century India (ibid., E12.95) is a thoughtful and elegantly-written collection of essays, some of which have previously been published in journals. Among those new to the volume are a study of princely legitimacy in the successor states of the Mughal empire and an examination of military entrepreneurship in the period 150&1700, in which Gordon argues that one reason for the Mughals’ failure to subdue the peninsula lay in the fact that the Rajput military ethos of the north, which the Mughals built on and developed, could not attract support in the south, where there were two very different military traditions, stem- ming from the Marathas and Vijayanagara. S:F. Dale, Indian merchants and Eurasian trade, 1600-1 750 (CUP, E30) challenges the conventional view that Asian merchants were no match for their European counterparts by analysing the activities of Indian merchants trading in the Volga-Caspian region.

A number of new books were published on British India, but only one - N. Rajendran, The national movement in Tamil Nadu. 1905-1914: Agitational politics and state coercion (Madras: OUP, El 1.95) - deals with the nationalist movement as such. Nationalist leaders, however, continue to receive comprehensive treatment. S.K. Bose and S . Bose (eds), Netaji Collected Works

1885-1975 (OUP, E9.99).


reached vol. 7, Letters to Emilie Schenkl, 1934-1942 and vol. 8, Letters, articles, speeches and statements 1933-1937 (Delhi: OUP, E l 5.99 each), the former disappointingly lacking in either personal or political intimacy. B.R. Nanda (ed.), The Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant, vols. 2 and 3 (ibid. E19.50 each) are almost entirely filled with speeches and statements in the U.P. Legislative Council between 1924 and 1926. True, Pant was an important figure, but if the project continues on this scale, when and at what cost will it end? D. Omissi, The sepoy and the raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1914 (Macmillan, E45) starts from the premise that the army was an example of colonial control, as well as its instrument, and looks at the kinds of Indians who enlisted, their motives for doing so, and their reasons for remaining loyal in periods of civil unrest. T. Roy, on the other hand, provides a regional study of the great Mutiny in The politics of a popular uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 (Delhi: OUP, f13.99), in which he argues that there was no close relationship between sepoy mutineers and popular rebels; rather, the marginality of agriculture meant that the British were unable to divide rich and poor, so all rose together. M. Harrison, Public health and preventive medicine in British India, 1854-1914 (CUP, €45 and E19.95) is a study both of the medical profession and the public health movement. C. King, One language, two scripts: The Hindi movement in nineteenth century North India (Bombay: OUP, E14.99) traces the growing differentiation between Hindi and Urdu and its impact on employment.

South India has been the focus for two important books. E.F. Irschick, Dialogue and history: Constructing South India 1795-1895 (California U.P., E36.50) examines the area around Madras which was devastated and depopu- lated by Hyder Ali in the 1780s and subsequently reconstructed with its ‘original’ institutions and social hierarchy. In D.W. Rudner, Caste and capitalism in colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars (U. of California, E40) we are provided, at last, with a study of South Indian merchants to match those of business communities in the north and west. Rudner shows how the Chettiars’ financial importance in the period 1 8 7 w 930 had pre-colonial roots, how their overseas trade enabled them to remit money back for industrial investment and philanthropy, and how their caste organisation began to unravel in the 20th century under the impact of government restrictions on banking.

In a book which has attracted fierce criticism from his co-religionists, H. Oberoi, The construction of religious boundaries: Culture identity and diversity in the Sikh tradition (Delhi: OUP, E25) asks what it meant to be a Sikh in the 19th century. He claims that Sikh texts are silent about religious diversity, witchcraft and the like; if they are mentioned at all, they are taken as a lapse into Hinduism, because Sikh literati followed European scholars in concen- trating on texts and thus on what Sikhism ought to be like, whereas, in Oberoi’s view, the social processes which produce a body of believers, myths and rituals also need to be taken into consideration in conceptualising religious identity.

S.S. Wadley, Struggling with destiny in Karimpur, 1925-1984 (California U.P., E36.50) returns to one of the most famous villages in the subcontinent, where Wadley, using the Wisers’ notes to add perspective to her own research, gives portraits of villagers from different castes and discusses attitudes to such matters as poverty, sexuality and the position of women. Zoe Yalland has produced a sequel to her earlier book on Kanpur in Boxwallahs: The British in Cawnpore, 1857-1901 (Norwich: Michael Russell, E28), in which the social and economic history of the community is seen partly through the career of a man who escaped from the city during the Mutiny


and then returned as a millowner. The architectural history of another city is described in R. Kalia, Bhubaneshwar: From a temple town to a capital city (Delhi: OUP, E14.99). There was tension here between the planners who wanted to develop the new town in harmony with the Indian traditions of the temple complex and those who wanted it to be modern and secular; unfortunately, what ultimately prevailed was the ‘bungaloathsome’ style of the Public Works township. A happier note is struck by S . Tillotson, Indian mansions: A social history of the Haveli (Cambridge: Oleander, €14.95). If this lacks the visual and intellectual excitement of V.S. Pramar’s remarkable book on the same subject, it is still a fascinating compendium of domestic history, which might well engage the interest of students encountering the subcontinent for the first time.

China: General J. Wills, Mountains of fame: portraits in Chinese history (Princeton U.P., $24.95) focuses on key individuals within their historical contexts in order to highlight continuities in Chinese political culture, in particular the cluster of ideas and assumptions that surrounded the relationship between ruler and minister. In addition to Confucius and Mao Zedong, Wills includes chapters on significant male and female rulers (the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, Empress Wu of the Tang dynasty, and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty), outspoken scholar-officials, and rebel leaders such as Hong Xiuquan, the instigator of the Taiping rebellion. This is a well written book and provides an excellent introduction to those students approaching Chinese history for the first time. Another study of rulership by F. Brandauer and Chun-chieh Huang (eds), Imperial rulership and cultural change in traditional China (Washington U.P., $40) is a collection of essays that seek to answer how far and to what extent emperors determined orthodoxy or pro- moted cultural change, as well as exploring the active role of emperors, myth- makers and dissenters in the creation of ideal images of rulership. K. Bernhardt and P. Huang (eds), Civil law in Qing and Republican China (Stanford U.P., €35) challenges conventional descriptions of the official legal system and attitudes towards the law in imperial and early republican China, which often assumed that law was solely identified with penal codes and punishment of criminals rather than also being concerned with civil matters. Drawing on local archives and court records in mainland China and Taiwan, the book’s contributors argue that civil cases (involving disputes over land transactions, debt, inheritance, and marriage contracts) were in fact an important aspect of local court practice. Furthermore, again contrary to conventional views, the contributors point out that the less privileged in society were not always reluctant to take their disputes to court, and that such disputes were settled by magistrates’ strict adherence to principles enshrined in the written codes rather than mediated by officials on the basis of vague and unpredictable notions of Confucian morality. R. Weller, Resistance, chaos and control in China (Washington U.P., $49.50) takes issue with theories that either detect in ritual and action amongst subaltern groups the signs of per- vasive and tacit resistance to hegemonic ideologies and powers or that emphasize the power of hegemonic structures to undercut such resistance by arguing that no one single interpretation can be attributed to texts, rituals and actions. Focusing on the mid-nineteenth century Taiping rebellion, ghost worship in late 1980s Taiwan, and the aftermath of the Tiananmen demonstrations in 1989, Weller shows that an initial multiplicity of interpretations and possibilities embedded in rituals and actions might lead to the domina- tion (albeit temporary) of one particular discourse or meaning, which in turn may lead to rebellion as in the case of the Taipings. On the other hand, in


the case of Taiwanese ghost worship, such multiplicity of meanings might remain despite attempts to dictate a single meaning. In the third case study Weller highlights the fragility of the authorities’ own interpretation of the Tiananmen demonstrations since quite different meanings of the incident will continue to be expressed in words, songs, symbols. and even clothing. A. Zito and T. Barlow (eds), Body, subject and power in China (Chicago U.P., pbk, El 3.50) is a collection of stimulating essays by historians, anthropologists and literary critics that draw on poststructural, Marxist and feminist approaches to analyse how the body has been categorized, classified and ordered within Chinese societies.

Tang-Song China P. Ebrey and P. Gregory (eds), Religion and society in Thng and Sung China (Hawaii U.P., $35, 1993) highlights the diversity of religious thought and practice as well as charting the interactions of religious change with political, social and economic transformations.

Qing China R. Smith, China’s cultural heritage: the Qing dynasty 1644-1912 (Westview P., pbk E13.50, 2nd edition) is an excellent overview (drawing on the most recent research) of political institutions, society, language, religion and art during China’s last imperial dynasty. In contrast to the first edition the author takes more note of change over time. Until recently there have been few in-depth studies that explore Chinese educational history before the twentieth century in its political, social and intellectual contexts. B. Elman and A. Woodside (eds), Education and society in late imperial China 1600-1900 (California U.P., $65) brings together social and intellectual historians to analyse education in practice from the last years of the Ming dynasty to the beginning of the twentieth century. Significant topics covered include the cultural and social ramifications of the civil service examination system, how the expansion of the Qing empire affected schooling on the frontiers and among non-Han Chinese minorities, and the various ways in which literate and non-literate forms of education were designed to shape values and behaviour within the family. One of the developments discussed in the book - the interaction between expansion of traditional-style academy education after the mid-nineteenth century rebellions and increasing local elite activism in educational affairs during the last decades of the Qing dynasty - is the subject of B. Keenan, Imperial China’s last classical academies (Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, pbk $16). D. Mungello, The forgotten Christians of Hangzhou (Hawaii U.P., $36) is an important new work on the Chinese-Christian encounter during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Drawing on the writings of both European Jesuits and Chinese literati converts such as Zhang Xingyao (1633-1713, Mungello argues that Christianity was assimilated (or ‘inculturated’) into Chinese culture to a greater extent than previous historians have assumed. D. Ownby and M. Heidhues (eds), ‘Secret societies’ reconsidered (M.E. Sharp, 1993) is a collection of essays that view secret societies as a sub-category of Chinese sworn brotherhoods in south China and southeast Asia. Revising previous interpretations of secret societies as deviant organizations with political overtones, the authors highlight their social and economic functions. One of these asso- ciations, the Triads (Tiandihui), is the subject of D. Murray, The origins of the Tiandihui: the Chinese Triads in legend and history (Stanford U.P.). Drawing on recently accessible archival sources in Beijing, Murray downplays the conventional view of the Triads as a specifically anti-Qing organization,, instead preferring to describe the organization as a mutual aid society responding to the socioeconomic circumstances and migration patterns of


China’s lower classes. The mid-nineteenth century Taiping rebellion (1 8% 1864) has tended to eclipse other rebellions that broke out between the 1840s and 1870s and which likewise contributed to the crisis of the Qing state. R. Jenks, Insurgency and social disorder in Guizhou: the ‘Miao rebellion 1854-1873 (Hawaii U.P., $41) is a study of one of these rebellions, which affected the southwestern province of Guizhou over a twenty-year period. Jenks argues that Han Chinese participation in the rebellion was as equally significant as that of the Miao, one of a number of ethnic minority peoples inhabitating China’s southwest. Rather than ethnic hostility per se, he locates the origins of the rebellion in widespread dissatisfaction with government tax- ation and corruption in a poor frontier region. Discussion of the official response to internal and external crises in the late nineteenth century has moved on considerably since M. Wright’s The last stand of Chinese conservatism (published in 1957), which argued that modernization was doomed to failure because its demands ran counter to Confucian values. More emphasis is now placed on the flexibility and pragmatism of Qing officials who were able to draw on an indigenous tradition of reform thought to promote mod- ernizing changes. s. Chu and K.C. Liu (eds), Li Hung-chang and China’s early modernization (M.E. Sharpe, pbk f18) focuses on the most important Qing official in the latter half of the nineteenth century, highlighting his role as both diplomat and modernizer. Several of the chapters seek also to demonstrate that, while Li championed the importation of western technology and the use of foreign advisers, his consistent aim was to secure China’s economic independence in the wake of continuing western encroachment. D. Pong, Shen Pao-chen and China’s modernization in the nineteenth century (CUP., f35) analyses the career of an important provincial official whose patriotism and institutional pragmatism led him in the 1860s to become the first significant Qing official to take charge of a modern enterprise, the Fuzhou Naval Dockyard. An invaluable insight into the mind of a reform- oriented scholar and official is H.H. Chien (trans), The European diary of Hsieh Fucheng (St. Martin’s P., 1993). Hsieh (Xue) Fucheng (1838-1894), who championed the expansion of industry and commerce, was China’s ambassador to Britain, France, Italy and Belgium from 1890 to 1894.

Overseas Chinese P. Choy, L. Dong and M. Horn (eds), The coming man: nineteenth century American perceptions of the Chinese (Washington U.P., pbk $24.95) is a fascinating addition to the growing scholarly literature on the experiences and reception of Chinese migrants in North America during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A compilation of pictorials and political cartoons appearing in national and regional publications in the U.S. from the 1860s to 1900, it illustrates how Chinese communities were viewed by the host society as well as the domestic political debates that surrounded the question of Chinese immigration.

Social and Economic History R. Gardella, Harvesting mountains: Fujian and the China tea trade 1757-1937 (California U.P.) highlights the crucial importance of tea in China’s domestic and international trade, demonstrating that tea production expanded considerably in response to growing world-wide demand after the early nineteenth century. Gardella goes on to argue, however, that this expansion did not lead to any fundamental restructuring of the economy, which meant that by the end of the nineteenth century Chinese tea had been overtaken in the world market by Indian and Ceylonese teas. T. Lyons, Poverty and growth in a south China county (Cornell East Asia Series, pbk $12) is a case study of the recent economic history of Anxi county


in Fujian province, charting how the dismantling of Maoism and the implementation of market-oriented reforms after 1978 affected a region that had been economically stagnant during the 1950s and 1960s. The impact of market reforms after 1978 on household structures, marriage strategies and childbearing practices is the subject of D. Davis and S. Harrell (eds), Chinese families in the post-Mao era (California U.P., 1993). E. Croll, From heaven to earth: images and experiences of development in China (Routledge) is a study of the ways in which peasants themselves have conceptualised and experi- enced government rural reforms since the early 1980s. Based on extensive fieldwork, Croll also notes that, although the refoTs have in the main asso- ciated development with the domestic sphere (the individual peasant household), the demands of resource management have necessitated subsequent readjustments to strengthen the village’s corporate economy.

Chinese Communism One of the most important political figures of the People’s Republic during the 1950s and 1960s was Zhou Enlai; his formative educational and political experiences are the subject of Chae-jin Lee, Zhou Enlai: the early years (Stanford U.P., E27.95). Of particular interest are chapters dealing with Zhou’s sojourns in Japan (1917-1919) and France (1921-1924). The nature of the Chinese communist revolution in the 1930s and 1940s continues to attract the interest of historians. 0. Wou, Mobilizing the masses: building revolution in Henan (ibid., E32.50) rejects a monocausal explanation, characterizing the revolution as a dual process of power politics and social revolution. Focusing on the central eastern province of Henan from 1925 to 1949, Wou convincingly demonstrates that the party’s ability to forge alliances with rural elites was as important as its interaction with the peasant masses. D. Goodman, Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese revolution (Routledge, E40, pbk E12.99) is a useful summary of Deng Xiaoping’s career before and after 1949, noting that the life of China’s current (and ailing) ‘paramount leader’ is virtually the history of the Chinese Communist Party itself. Goodman especially underlines Deng’s close relationship with the military (dating back to the late 1930s), the significance of which is highlighted by the fact that Deng’s last official post (given up in 1992) was the chairman- ship of the party’s Military Affairs Commission. A final chapter provides a chronological listing of Deng’s speeches and writings from 1938 to 1992.

Nationalism L. Li, Student nationalism in China 1924-1949 (State University of New York P., pbk $16.95) focuses on the history of the Whampoa Military Academy (founded in 1924) and the Anti-Japanese Resistance University (founded in 1936) to show how the Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party transformed nationalist sentiments amongst educated youth into an organized political force. H. Befu (ed.), Cultural nationalism in East Asia: representation and identity (Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, pbk $17) is a collection of essays that discuss the symbolic and discursive manifestations of cultural nationalism in China, Japan and Korea. Of particular interest is A. Waldron’s chapter on the role of the Great Wall as a national symbol during the twentieth century, and how meanings attributed to this symbol have changed over time both amongst Westerners and Chinese. L. Dittmer and S. Kim (eds), China’s quest for national identity (Cornell U.P., pbk E13.95, 1993) explores the ways in which nation has been defined in China’s domestic political history and foreign policy. G. Hoston, The state, identity and the national question in China and Japan (Princeton U.P., pbk $24.95) highlights two dilemmas faced by those Chinese and Japanese thinkers who embraced socialist internationalism in the 1920s and


1930s: how to reconcile the Marxist advocacy of the ultimate dissolution of the state with the need to retain the state as protection against the West, and how to resolve the tension between Marxism’s Eurocentric assumptions and their desire to assert indigenous cultural contributions to history.

Popular Culture Chang-tai Hung, War and popular culture (California U.P.) is a pioneering study of how China’s urban popular culture (cartoons, drama, newspapers) was successfully politicized by the CCP during the resistance war against Japan (1937-1945). In the process, Hung argues, a previously commer- cialized urban product was transformed into a propaganda medium aimed at a rural audience. J. Wasserstrom and E. Perry (eds), Popular protest and political culture in modern China (Westview P., pbk E13.50) is an expanded edition of a book originally published in 1992 that sought to place the Tiananmen demonstrations of 1989 within a larger context of China’s political culture. The new edition includes additional chapters by Chinese scholars who participated in the events of 1989 as well as by western scholars analysing more recent developments such as the politics of popular music in the early 1990s.

Contemporary China B. Brugger and S. Reglar, Politics, economy and society in contemporary China (Macmillan, pbk €12.99) is a very useful overview of changes since Mao’s death within the context of the history of the People’s Republic. Thematic chapters deal with rural and urban developments, changes in the legal system, the relationship between intellectuals and the state, gender issues, and policies towards the minority nationalities. C. Mackerras, P. Taneja and G. Young, China since 1978 (St. Martin’s P.) is an accessible introduction to the 1978-1992 period, covering political, economic and foreign policy developments as well as changes in legal, educational, health and population policies. China’s interaction with the world since the late 1980s is the focus of S. Kim (ed.), China and the world (Westview P., Third edition, pbk €15.50). In addition to chapters on China’s relations with the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan and the Third World, the book includes thoughtful thematic analyses such as those on the roles of anti- imperialism and human rights in China’s foreign relations. Two in-depth analyses of the political and economic impact of the post-Mao reforms are L. Dittmer, China under reform (Westview P., pbk E13.95) and J. Fewsmith, Dilemmas of reform in China (M.E. Sharpe, pbk E16). The former argues that overall there has been a shift since 1978 from an era of ‘continuing revolution’ (marked by radical ideology, mass movements, charismatic leadership and transnational foreign policy) to one of incremental reform characterized by the muting of ideology, the routinization of charismatic leadership, the establishment of a more tranquil and civil culture and the calculated pursuit of national interests. The latter focuses on the policy debates surrounding economic reform during the 1980s, linking them with continued political struggles amongst the leadership. The political struggles amongst the leadership over the course and nature of reform since 1976 are the subject of R. Baum, Burying Mao: Chinese politics in the age of Deng Xiaoping (Princeton U.P., $35). Baum concludes that, by the time China commemo- rated the one-hundredth anniversary of Mao Zedong’s birth in 1993, Mao’s ideological legacy had effectively been dismantled. M. Goldman, Sowing the seeds of democracy in China (Harvard U.P.) analyses the political debate amongst a group of intellectuals that had the tacit support of Hu Yaobang, the CCP Secretary-general until his dismissal in 1987. Based on interviews with prominent reform intellectuals such as Liu Binyan, Su Shaozhi and Wang Ruoshui, the book argues that the suppression of the democracy


movement in June 1989 marked an irrevocable change in the once close relationship between intellectuals and the state.

Gender A fascinating glimpse into the lives of women who devoted their lives to Buddhist devotion is provided by K. Tsai (trans), Lives of the nuns (Hawaii U.P., $28), a translation of a sixth century anthology detailing the biographies of 65 female nuns. An important new work that seeks to break with conventional views of the ‘victimized’ Chinese woman in history is D. KO, Teachers of the inner chambers: women and culture in 17th century China (Stanford U.P., pbk E11.95). KO looks at the creation of intellectual and emotional communities amongst women in their capacity as poets, teachers, artists, writers and readers. In the process the book not only highlights the gaps between norms and actual behaviour (or between formal and informal power), but also explains the functioning and reproduction of the gender system by focusing on women’s vested interests in it. C. Gilmartin, G. Hershatter, L. Rofel and T. White (eds), Engendering China: women, culture and the state (Harvard U.P.) is a collection of stimulating essays by Western and Chinese scholars that seeks to correct the previous ‘invisibility’ of women in Chinese history, while also avoiding the trap of using Western women’s experiences as the standard from which to analyse other women’s lives. Spanning the 16th century to the present, the essays deal with the issue of representation, the ways in which women have been agents, and the crucial importance of gender in the processes of state formation. M. Jaschok and S. Miers (eds), Women and Chinese patriarchy: submission, servitude and escape (Zed P.) analyses the ways in which women have been exploited and/or enslaved in the Chinese patriarchal system during the 19th and 20th centuries (in China, Hong Kong and Singapore) and the various strategies used by women themselves to cope with or contest their situation.

Japan: General S. Giffard, Japan among the powers 1890-1990 (Yale U.P., $27.50) is a useful general introduction to Japan’s foreign relations spanning the late Meiji period to the post-Cold War era. It takes into account both changes in the balance of power and domestic politics as influences on Japan’s policy choices. B. Marshall, Learning to be modern: Japanese political discourse on education (Westview P., pbk E17.50) is a much needed overview of Japanese educational history that begins with the late Tokugawa period in the early 19th century and ends with educational debates in the wake of Emperor Hirohito’s death in 1989. Marshall utilizes a wide range of previous scholarship to discuss changes in the administration and content of education, as well as the crucial role education played in state formation and dis- courses on national identity. 0. Checkland, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan 1877-1977 (St. Martin’s P., $65) details the history of the Japanese Red Cross (founded in the 1870s), arguing that, while ‘humanitarianism’ (narrowly defined as benevolent treatment of prisoners of war) characterized Japan’s behaviour during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), such an ideal by the late 1930s had been brushed aside in the wake of the military’s reassertion of earlier bushido values; this, Checkland maintains, explains the ill-treatment of allied prisoners of war during World War 11. M. Wiener, Race and migration in Imperial Japan (Routledge, E37.95) focuses on the migration of Korean labourers to Japan from 1910 (when Korea became a Japanese colony) to the 1930s and the conscription of Korean labour by the Japanese government during World War I1 to explore dis- courses of race and empire in Japan. Wiener also usefully discusses the nature


and evolution of Korean communities in Japan, showing how they were victims of Japanese racist assumptions that assigned Koreans an inferior place within the empire.

Early Modern Japan J. McClain, J. Merriman and Ugawa Kaoru (eds), Ed0 and Paris: urban life and the state in the early modern era (Cornell U.P., $42.50) discusses government, culture and resistance in the two cities from the late 16th century to the late 18th century, although the book’s potential contribution to comparative urban history is negated by the fact that most of the individual chapters dwell exclusively on either Edo or Paris. Chapters dealing with Edo of particular interest include those by A. Walthall (on festivals and riots) and W. Kelly (on the evolution of firefighting). C . Vaporis, Breaking barriers: travel and state in early modern Japan (Harvard U.P., $55) is an intriguing study of the official highway system established in the early 17th century. Vaporis charts the emergence of recreational travel during the Tokugawa period and how official restrictions on private travel gradually took on a mere symbolic function.

Meiji Japan The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 has in the past often been depicted merely as the prologue to Japanese expansion in the 20th century. S . Lone, Japan’s first modern war: army and society in the confict with China 1894-1895 (St. Martin’s P., $55) is a pioneering in-depth analysis of the war, not only of its military and diplomatic aspects but also of its impact on Japanese society itself.

Nationalism G. Hoston, The state, identity and the national question in China and Japan (Princeton U.P., pbk $24.95) analyses debates amongst Japanese Marxists from the 1920s to the 1940s, showing how their attempts to reconcile revolutionary internationalism with loyalty to the Japanese state (as rep- resented by the emperor) led to their championing of a particular kind of state socialism. H. Befu (ed.), Cultural nationalism in East Asia: representation and identity (Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, pbk $1 7) includes thought-provoking essays by Takashi Fujitani on the modern ‘inventions’ of the imperial .Cult and of the nation during the Meiji and Taisho eras, and H. Befu on ihe relationship of Nihonjinron (discussions of Japaneseness) to nationalism.

Korea It is still difficult to find appropriate general materials on Korean history which are suitable for classroom use. Two recent works, however, should be useful for the teacher or lecturer who wants to provide the student with some understanding of an unfortunately lesser known country. Hahn Moo- sook’s work of historical fiction Encounter: a novel of nineteenth century Korea (California U.P., 1992, $45) follows the lives of 30 early Catholic believers during the period of persecution and martyrdom in the last century. It is not only an accurately fictionalised account of the conflict between Confucianism and Christianity, but also provides meticulous detail about the life of the ordinary Korean during the last phase of ‘traditional’ society. Highly recommended for background on early East Asian social history. Stewart Lone and Gavan McCormack, Korea since 1850 (St. Martin’s P., 1993, pbk $16.95) gives a concise overview of modern Korean history useful for background to teaching on Korean or modem East Asian history. An important part of the discussion of contemporary Korea is the equal treatment given to both North and South Korea. The Japanese colonial period and the Korean War continue to be significant topics of research. Edwin H. Gragert, Landownership under colonial


rule: Korea’s Japanese experience, 1900-1935 (Hawaii U.P., $44) provides a provocative revisionist interpretation of Korea’s colonial experience by arguing that world market prices and not Japanese colonial policy or the cadastral survey of 191CL1918 had a greater effect on the impoverishment of the Korean peasantry and the rise of tenancy. An important new work on the Korean War for the first time uses extensive resources about the war’s origins from the three communist regimes involved in the conflict. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford U.P., 1993, $45) richly illustrate the conflicting national political interests of Stalin, Mao and Kim 11-sung. They also demonstrate clearly Kim’s early decision for an invasion of the south, and the extent to which Stalin supported the plans of the north Korean leader. Drawing on previously unavail- able materials, this book is not only a treasury of resources but it will be a standard work for some years.

(iii) Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands

Michael Sturma (Australia) and Peter Lineham (New Zealand and the Pacific Islands

Australia (all priced in Australian $)

General and Reference In a work which reflects broader changes in Australian history writing, Patricia Grimshaw, Marilyn Lake, Ann McGrath and Marian Quartly published Creating a nation (Melbourne: McPhee Gribble, $20). The work self-consciously shifts the spotlight to the contributions of women, Australian Aborigines, non-Anglo migrants and workers in the process of shaping Australian history. The book has stimulated consider- able debate. Various critics have charged the authors with emphasising the exclusion of women from power while according them an equal role in shaping history; lacking sufficient historiographical context; neglecting areas such as cultural history, international context, the contribution of the Irish, and the interconnections between feminist and Aboriginal perspectives. All agree, however, that this is a significant contribution to Australian historiography. Richard White and Penny Russell in Pastiche I: Reflections on 19th century Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, $25) offer a collection of fourteen semi- nal articles on Australian Colonial History originally published over the past two decades. Each article is prefaced with a brief retrospective by its original author. Another stimulating collection is offered by Kate Darian-Smith and Paula Hamilton (eds), Memory and history in twentieth century Australia (Melbourne: OUP, $27). Contributed essays discuss the problems of oral history and take up current debates about how memory works and shapes historical consciousness. Among the topics discussed are the influenza epi- demic which hit Australia after the Great War, Aboriginal memories of British nuclear tests in the 1950s and the metaphorical recollections of Vietnam veterans.

For reference collections, see Susan Bambrick (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Australia (Melbourne: CUP, $75). The Encyclopedia includes major sections on Aboriginal heritage and History since European contact, over 300 photos, over 70 maps and nearly 100 contributors. A useful supple- ment to the Australian Dictionary of Biography is provided by Brian Dickey

228 A N N U A L BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL LITERATURE

(ed.), The Australian Dictionary of Evangelical Biography (Sydney: Evangelical History Association, $40). Dickey provides an introduction on evangelicalism, and the volume contains biographical material which will not be found in other reference works.

Biography A pair of recent works suggests Australian historians have entered a more self-reflective phase. Stuart Macintyre, A history for a nation: Ernest Scott and the making of Australian history (Melbourne U.P., $20) examines the life and writings of the country’s first professor of Australian history. Ernest Scott taught history from 1913 to 1936 at Melbourne University, where Macintyre now occupies his eponymous chair. Another of Australia’s prominent professors of history, Char19 Manning Hope Clark, is the subject of Manning Clark: Essays on his p l d e in history (ibid., $30) edited by Carl Bridge. The late professor Clark has been a figure of some controversy, most recently through a with- ering attack by the former editor of his multi-volume A History of Australia. In this collection of essays, mainly authored by a younger generation of historians, Clark’s public persona and history writing are analysed.

Ross Fitzgerald has written a biography on a controversial federal trea- surer, Red Ted: The life of E.G. Theodore (Queensland U.P., $25). Edward Granville Theodore began his political career as a militant North Queensland unionist in 1907, ending his life in 1950 as a wealthy publisher and mining magnate. In between ‘Red Ted‘ was elected premier of Queensland in 1919 and elected to federal parliament in 1927. As Prime Minister Scullin’s trea- surer, his proto-Keynesian policies were unappreciated at the time, and he lost his seat in 1931. Theodore was to undergo numerous changes in ideological position during his lifestime, for example opposing union activism during World War I1 while a director of the Allied Works Council. Fitzgerald explores Theodore’s personal life in an attempt to explain his frequently con- tradictory nature, but is handicapped by a lack of private papers. Following Theodore’s death most of these were apparently destroyed by his secretary (and possibly lover). Another ‘Red Ted‘ is the subject of Peter S. Cook, Red barrister: A biography of Ted Laurie QC (La Trobe U.P., $30). The book is based largely on the author’s interviews with Laurie who was born in Melbourne in 1907, completed a degree in law in 1935 and joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1939. In part politicised by the Spanish Civil War, Laurie remained active in the Communist Party until 1965, the same year he became a Queen’s Counsel.

William J. Lines, An all consuming passion: Origins, modernity and the Australian l$e of Georgiana Molloy (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, $40) explores the life of a nineteenth century Western Australian botanist. Another Georgiana features in Brenda Niall’s Georgiana: A biography of Georgiana McCrae, painter, diarist, pioneer (Melbourne U.P., $40). Born the illegitimate daughter of a duke, trained in portrait painting, McCrae ended up in the colony of Victoria married to a lawyer and the mother of nine children. Once described as ‘the Australian Jane Austen’, the work of Jessie Couvreur has proved far less enduring. Patricia Clarke traces her career as a writer, journalist and lecturer in Tasma, the life of Jessie Couvreur (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, $35). Couvreur published her first stories in the colonial press in the 1870s. and wrote seven novels between 1889 and her death in 1897. The life and philosophy of ‘first wave’ feminist Rose Scott is traced in Judith Allen, Rose Scott: Vision and revision in feminism (Melbourne: OUP., $40). While Scott’s views of sexuality seem thoroughly Victorian, Allen demonstrates the continuities between her thought and modern feminism.

The life of Australian notable Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop spans almost a cen-


tury, from 1907 to 1993. Sue Ebury, who formerly edited Dunlop’s diaries published in 1986, has contributed a massive biography in Weary, the life of Sir Edward Dunlop (Melbourne: Viking, $45). While Dunlop served as a medical officer in the Middle East and later practiced as a civilian surgeon in Melbourne, he is best remembered as a heroic leader of POWs after being captured by the Japanese in 1942. A survivor of the infamous Burma- Thailand railway, Dunlop went on to serve on numerous government and honorary committees following the war. Another biography covers the life of a man who didn’t survive the Second World War, film cameraman .Damien Parer. Neil McDonald bases his book War cameraman: The story of Damien Parer (Melbourne: Thomas C. Lothian, $25) on wide-ranging interviews and voluminous documents.

Convicts, Crime and Law Enforcement In Ordered to the Island: Irish convicts and Van Diemen’s Land (Sydney: Crossing Press, $25), John Williams follows the pattern of statistical analysis of convict records pioneered by L.L. Robson in the 1960s. About one-fifth of the convicts exiled to Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) were Irish. Williams gives us a breakdown of this group in terms of age, gender, literacy, offence and so on to reveal they were not nearly as homogenous as might be imagined. Barrie Dyster offers an excellent overview of convict historiography in an article simply entitled ‘Convicts’ (Labour Hist., 67). David Kent provides a revisionist examination of female convict rebellion with ‘Customary behaviour transported: A note on the Parramatta female factory riot of 1827’ (J. Aust. Studs., 40). Although partly concerned with Australia’s convict past, A nation of rogues? Crime, law and punishment in colonial Australia (Melbourne U.P., $25) edited by David Philips and Suzanne Davies, examines crime and policing mainly for what they tell us about broader social attitudes and behaviour. The book consists of seven essays, which taken together cover much of the nineteenth century with a bias toward fin-de-siPcle Melbourne. Particular attention is given to the way ‘justice’ was shaped by the issues of race, gender and class.

Mark Finnane’s Police and government. Histories of policing in Australia (Melbourne: OUP, $25) is more concerned with the institutional and political aspects of law enforcement. Finnane assesses the impact of police on government, different sections of the community and the political role they assume in historical context. Special attention is given to the issues of policing domestic violence and Aborigines. On a different tack Australia’s equivalent of the FBI/CIA, ASIO, is the principal topic of David McKnight’s Australia’s spies and their secrets (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, $25). A former newspaper and television journalist, currently teaching journalistic studies, McKnight examines the Australian Security Intelligence Organization’s counter-espi- onage role from its formation following the Second World War up to the 1970s.

Labour and Economic History Despite predictions to the contrary, labour history appears far from dead. Challenges to Labour history (New South Wales U.P., $25) edited by Terry Irving includes essays by thirteen contributors including the prolific Marilyn Lake, Ann McGrath, Bruce Scates and Ralene Frances. A number of the writers address the challenges labour history faces in a post-modemist, post-Marxist era. A highlight is Irving’s critical introduction to the text.

In the realm of economic history, Graeme Donald Snooks, Portrait of the family within the Total Economy: A study of longrun dynamics, Australia 1788-1990 (Melbourne: CUP., $35) stresses the household’s contribution to


Australia’s economy with attention to changes in family formation and the movement of women into the paid workforce. He argues that the household sector was central to the ‘Total Economy’. To some degree Snooks uses Australia as a case study in dealing with broader international trends. The book is also noteworthy for its compilation of useable statistical series for the period. In a work which slots in with earlier books by the same author, the late N.G. Butlin’s Forming a colonial economy: Australia 1810-1850 (ibid., $35) discusses how and why the early Australian economy took the shape it did. The book is useful for its demographic work as well as its charting of economic change. It is perhaps most original in its exploration of early public finance in Australia and the impact of British fiscal policies.

Aboriginal Australians and Race Relations A number of recent books focus on Aboriginal station life and participation in the cattle industry. Bain Attwood, A life together, a life apart. A history of relations between Europeans and Aborigines (Melbourne U.P., $25) offers a highly original oral history. Reminiscences centre on a white couple, Charlie and Elsie Burrage, who managed a series of Aboriginal stations in New South Wales between 1917 and 1940. It is in a sense a family history with a difference, revealing the values and institutionalized paternalism of the era. A more conventional oral history collection is Herb Wharton’s Cattle camp: Murrie drovers and their stories (Queensland U.P., $17). The book relates the experiences of nine Aboriginal men and women born in the 1920s and 1930s who spent much of their working lives in the northern cattle industry. The subjects tell stories in their own words, with interspersed commentary by Wharton. Dawn May has contributed Aboriginal labour and the cattle industry. Queensland from white settlement to the present (Melbourne: CUP, $30). Using a wide range of docu- mentary sources, May traces the role of Aborigines in the Queensland cattle industry from colonisation to the state regulation of the early twentieth century through to the impact of technology. A concise and incisive article on early race relations is provided by Richard Broome, ‘Aboriginal victims and voyagers: Confronting frontier myths’ (J . Aust. Studs., 42).

War The Anzac legend which began with the landing of Australian troops at Gallipoli during the First World War, is the subject of two new books. Alistair Thomson provides less a military history than an examination of the politics of memory in Anzac memories: Living with the legend (Melbourne: OUP., $40). Thomson looks at the oral histories of surviving ‘diggers’ from prewar days to the 1980s, charting the shifts in public and private myth making. Denis Winter, on the other hand, considers the strategy, tactics and com- bat at Gallipoli in 25 April 1915: The inevitable tragedy (Queensland U.P., $19). In the process, Winter challenges some of the conventional thinking about the Anzac landing such as its hasty planning. Another revisionist view is presented by A. Cooper in ‘The Australian historiography of the First World War: Who is deluded?’ (Aust. J. Pol. Hist., 40). In Australia and the holocaust 1933-1945 (Melbourne: Australia Scholarly P., $35), Paul R. Bartop focuses mainly on Australia’s policy towards Jewish refugees before the outbreak of World War 11. Bartop argues that Australians perceived refugees as more an immigration than humanitarian issue, and their policies were tinged by xenophobia and antisemitism. Brendan O’Keefe with F.B. Smith, Medicine at war: Medical aspects of Australia’s involvement in Southeast Asian conflicts 1950-1972 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin with the Australian War Memorial, $50) continues a series of official volumes begun after the First World War. This volume examines the medical support for


Australian troops and the health problems confronted in Malaya, Borneo and more particularly Vietnam. Topics covered include helicopter evacua- tions, the growth of medical infrastructure, venereal disease, tropical diseases, while F.B. Smith tackles the thorny issue of ‘agent orange’.

Gender Sydney-based historian Penny Russel has authored A wish of distinction. Colonial gentility and femininity (Melbourne U.P., $25) as well as edited For richer, for poorer, Early colonial marriages (ibid.). The latter book consists of six chapters, each telling the story of a couple from the first half of the nineteenth century. As described in the introduction, the volume attempts to combine the ‘discipline of history with the pleasure of romance’, and gives us some intimate glimpses of colonial matrimony. In A Wish of Distinction, Russel uses the diaries, memoirs and letters of women to examine Melbourne’s female gentry and their families from 1860 to 1880. The book reveals a society fraught with competition over moral and social status, and obsessed with public appearances. The theme of colonial femininity is also taken up by Bernice McPherson in an essay published in the Journal of Australian Studies, 42. McPherson argues that a number of ideal feminine types circulated in colonial society, and relates stereotypes of the ‘Australian girl’ to contemporary notions of national character. Joy Damousi’s Women come rally: Socialism, communism and gender in Australia (Melbourne: OUP, $25) gives an account of women’s experience in left-wing movements and employs feminist discourse analysis to trace the masculinist tradition in early socialist movements and the Communist Party of Australia. The study is divided into two broad sections, dealing with the period from 1890 to 1920 and from 1920 to 1955. Damousi examines the links and conflicts between feminism and socialism, and includes critique on communist autobiographies by both men and women. On the edge: Women’s experience of Queensland (Queensland U.P., $30), edited by Gail Reekie, is a disparate collection of women’s experiences in the ‘sunshine state’ during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The topics covered range from fashion to the mobilisation of women during the Second World War to cases of sexual harassment.

Republicanism and Political History With republicanism increasingly on the public agenda, a number of historims continue to be key players in the debate. A collection of essays by contributors including John Hirst, Don Baker and Robin Gollan is put together by editors David Headon, James Warden and Bill Gammage in Crown or country: The traditions of Australia’s republicanism (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, $25). Topics covered in the book include nineteenth century republicans such as John Dunmore Lang and Charles Harpur, the growth of an independent Australian foreign policy and changing concepts of citizenship. W. G. McMinn, Nationalism and federalism in Australia (Melbourne: OUP, $25) explores the question of when did Australians first achieve a sense of nationhood. The bargaining of politicians both before federation in 1901 and after is discussed. Federation and nationalism are also themes dealt with by Luke Trainor in British imperialism and Australian nationalism: Manipulation, conflict and compromise in the late nineteenth century (Melbourne: CUP, $30). While acknowledging the cultural power of British imperialism, Trainor examines competing nationalisms in Australia and argues that federation of the Australian colonies was far from inevitable. In Power and protest: Movements for change in Australian society (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, $25), Verity Burgmann argues for the continued importance of social class and the labour movement in analysing the politics of change. Special attention is given to movements by Aborigines, women,


lesbian and gay groups, greens and peace advocates. Dean Jaensch fills a sub- stantial gap in Australian political historiography with his history of the Liberal party, The Liberals (ibid., $20). Tracing the origins of the party from 1909 with its blend of economic individualism and social conservatism, Jaensch includes an analysis of the Liberals 1993 federal election defeat. With the return of Liberals to power in 1996 the book is even more timely.

Clothing, Culture, Suburbia and Shopping Margaret Maynard provides a fascinating history of clothing in Fashioned from penury. Dress and cultural practice in colonial Australia (Melbourne: CUP, $30). Some of the topics covered in this rich field of research are the impact of Western clothing on Australian Aborigines, convict identity and colonial etiquette. Colonial self-help and aspirations are the subject of P.C. Candy and J. Laurent (eds), Pioneering culture. Mechanics Institutes and School of Arts in Australia (Adelaide: Australian Library P., $48). Various essays examine the establishment of institutes in Britain as well as Australia, consider aspects of adult and techni- cal education, and assess the impact of the institute/school of arts movement. Louise C. Johnson (ed.), Suburban dreaming. An interdisciplinary approach to Australian cities (Deakin U.P., $27) includes articles by some of the leading practitioners of urban history including Graeme Davison and Peter Spearitt. Discussions range from Australia’s urban past in international context, to the growth of suburbs in tandem with communications technology to the ‘post- modernist’ present. It is the city and suburbs, especially of Sydney and Melbourne, which also provide the locus for Beverly Kingston’s slim volume, Basket, bag and trolley: A history of shopping in Australia (Melbourne: OUP, $19). Kingston investigates the relationship between shoppers and shops, and argues that it was between the 1860s and 1920s that shopping emerged from a pursuit of the wealthy to embrace an upwardly mobile middle class. Kingston traces the growth of chain stores with self-help service from the 1920s to the development of supermarkets and suburban shopping centres in the 1950s. Other topics covered along the way include advertising and mass marketing, notions of taste, customer credit and changing shopping patterns with the advent of cars and television.

New Zealand (all priced in New Zealand $)

Maori D. Sutton (ed.), The origin of the first New Zealanders (Auckland U.P., $40), a fascinating set of conference papers, continues a long debate on the period 60&1100 and which part of Eastern Polynesia produced the group which became the Maori. Otago in the South island has a sudden influx of Maori study, including Te mamae me te aroha: the pain and the love (Otago U.P., $30), the story of the Maori people of Otago and of their sale of the Otago black in 1844, R. Harlow, Otago S first book: the distinctive dialect of southern Maori (Otago Heritage Books, $10) and P. Tremewan, Selling Otago: a French buyer, 1840; Maori sellers 1844 (ibid., $20). Meanwhile, there is a heated exchange between P. Munz and A. Salmond about the latter’s Two worldr, noted in a previous issue, challenging her historical perspective. For contemporary Maori, a significant contribution by M. Durie details the phases of Maori concern with their health as a people in Whaiora: Maori health development (OUP, Aus%30).

Welfare and Labour History P. Walsh (ed.), Pioneering New Zealand labour history: essays in honour of Berth Ruth (Palmerston North: Dunmore P.) is a


fine set of essays from a conference of the Labour History group. In N.Z.J. Hist., 28, J. McAloon writes on ‘A political struggle: Christchurch Labour politics 1905-1913’, while a special number of N.Z.J. Hist., 28, looks at com- pulsory arbitration which was established in an innovative law in 1894, with articles by J.E. Martin, on the 1930s, A. Green on the waterfront unions which ignored the system, K. Taylor on the Communist Party, P. Walsh on the 1968 court ruling which gave no general wage order and marked the collapse of the system, while P. Franks writes on the Employment Contracts Act of 1992 and the collapse of the Clerical Workers Union. R. Richards, Closing the door to destitution: the shaping of the social security acts of the United States and New Zealand (Penn State U.P., $105) takes further the debate over the emergence of welfare systems.

Social History A wonderfully creative book by R. Arnold, New Zealand’s burning: The settlers’ world in the mid 1880s (Victoria U.P., $40) uses techniques of the Annales school, although inevitably less is delivered than promised about the nature of community in the 19th century. W.D. Borrie has written again on population history in The European peopling of Australasia: a demographic history 1788-1988 (Australian National University, Aus$25) which contains rich statistical data. P. Day, The radio years: a history of broadcasting in New Zealand, vol. 1 (Auckland U.P., $55) traces the story from the 1920s to the 1960s with scholarly care, combining scholarship and wit. A.C. Wilson writes an official history of the Post Office’s telephones division in Wire and wireless: a history of telecommunications in New Zealand, (Dunmore P., $40). D. Grant, On a roll: a history of gambling and lotteries in New Zealand (Victoria U.P., $40) is an authoritative commissioned history on a fascinating subject. There is a growing bibliographic literature, including D. Dow, Annotated bibliography for the history of medicine and health in New Zealand, (Dunedin: Hocken Library, University of Otago, $40), which is a very thorough contribution. M. Tennant, Children’s health, the nation’s wealth: a history of children’s health camps (Bridget Williams Books, $35) tells the story of how concern for the health of children led to the establishment of highly interfering camps at which children were taught hygiene and right attitudes. As for commissioned histories, F. Hercock writes entertainingly on A democratic minority: a centennial history of the Auckland University Students Association (Auckland U.P., $35). P. O’Farrell has returned to old pastures with more of a picture book in Through Irish eyes: Australian and New Zealand images of the Irish (Auckland: Tandem Press, $40). On a related subject, S. Brosnahan writes a brilliant analysis of Irish rioting in ‘The “battle of the borough” and the “saige o Timaru”: sectarian riot in colonial Canterbury’ (N.Z.J. Hist., 28).

Political History Edmund Bohan, Edward Stafford: New Zealand’s Jirst statesman (Hazard P., $50) studies a premier who served in the 1860s. This is a meticulous work of history about a politician whom the author establishes to be far more significant than previously realised.

Military and Foreign Policy V. Orange, Ensor’s endeavour (London: Grub Street, $60) is a biography of a prominent World War I1 aircraft captain and wing commander. M. Templeton, Ties of blood and empire: New Zealand’s involvement in Middle East defence and the Suez crisis, 1947-57 (Auckland U.P., $35) reveals the extent of New Zealand’s support of the British in this crisis, and how some of the British behaviour in the period led policymakers towards a more independent stance.


Local History Among a range of local histories is K. Parker, Kaitaia: a nos- talgic glimpse of the 1940s (Mangonui, published by author, $40). This is a well-research account on a small northern town.

Women’s History Suffrage and beyond: International feminist perspectives, ed., C. Daley and M. Nolan (Auckland U.P., $40) includes essays by P. Grimshaw and R. Dalziel on New Zealand, and papers on the commemora- tion of the franchise in NZ which gave rise to the conference in 1993. B. James and K. Saville-Smith have produced a disappointing second edition to their Gender, culture and power (OUP, $26).

Religious History There are a number of small denominational works, including J. McKean, The church in a special colony: a history of the Presbyterian Synod of Otago & Southland 1866-1991 (Dunedin: The Synod, $29). A very small denomination has told its story in J.A. King, The Lutheran story: a brief history of the Lutheran church in New Zealand 1842-1993 (Palmerston North: Lutheran Church of New Zealand, $15). The ever-growing literature on the Pacifists includes W. Lawry, We said no to war! (Dunedin: Wordspinners for the author, $1 6.). Theological history is developing with C.R. Pearson, The theological case of J. M. Bates, (Dunedin: Presbyterian Historical Society). There are a series of historic Maori schools with denominational bases, and S . Old, St. Stephen’s school: Missionary and multiracial origins (Auckland: Concept Publishing). J. Tolerton’s Convent girls (Penguin, $25) is a nice piece of oral history, but we await serious analysis of the influence.

Cultural History A series of articles by leading scholars in Turnbull Library Record on the development of New Zealand culture includes A. Simpson, P. Harcourt and P. Downes on theatre, W. Main on the magic lantern, and J.M. Thomson on music. There have been some entertaining works during the year, none more so than S . Eldred-Grigg, M y history, I think (Penguin, $30), which outrageously caricatures in novel form some of the erstwhile historian’s friends and enemies.

The Pacific Islands General K. Howe, R. Kriste and B. La1 (eds), Tides of history: The Pacijic islands in the twentieth century (Allen & Unwin, $35) has a variety of essays on the changing character of the various islands and their development into nations. It is a work with great merits and has been very well-received. Other general work includes the collection from a conference, Pacijic history: papers from the 8th PaciJic History Association conference (Guam U.P.) which has a wide variety of useful papers. R.C. Thompson, The Pacijic basin since 1945 (Longman) includes Asia, Australasia and American states, but still gives a useful perspective. In J. Pacijic Hist., 29, D. Munro writes on the perennial issues of ‘Who owns Pacific history’. I.C. Campbell’s short comment on ‘European-Polynesian encounters’ is a more general critique on the thesis of W.H. Pearson that such encounters always involved confrontation.

Exploration and Colonisation Among the works on explorers, E. Duyker, An oficer of the blue: Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne, South Sea explorer 1724-1772 (Melbourne U.P.) has been well-received. Vol. 1 of The journal of Jean-Francois de Galaup de la Perouse, ed., J. Dunmore (Hakluyt Society) is a

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very important contribution. The great British Pacific explorer, Captain Cook, receives no new insights in the solid and well received book by R. Hough, Captain James Cook: a biography (Hodder & Stoughton, $ 5 9 , while J. Gasgoigne, Joseph Banks and the English enlightenment: useful know- ledge and polite culture (CUP, Aus$SO) is by contrast a refreshing exploration of Banks’ theories of science and culture. On the nineteenth century there are works by G. Bell, In search of Tusitala: travels in the Pacific afier Robert Louis Stevenson (Picador) and B. Finney, who has traced the routes of the explorers, and writes on this in Voyage of discovery: a cultural odyssey through Polynesia (California U.P.). N. Thomas, Colonialism S culture: anthro- pology, travel and government (Melbourne U.P.) includes references to the Pacific.

Religious History An interesting account of pre-European religion is N. Thomas, ‘Marginal powers: shamanism and hierarchy in eastern Oceania’ in Shamanism, history and the state, ed., N. Thomas and C. Humphrey (Michigan U.P.). B. Lawson, Collected curios: missionary tales from the South seas (Montreal: McGill University Libraries, Can$35) is a clever post- modernist analysis of an exhibition of missionary artefacts. P. Barnes writes on John G. Paton, the great missionary in Presbyterian leaders of nineteenth century Australia, ed., R.S. Ward (Melbourne: R.S. Ward, 1993), while G. Busch writes on ‘Whalemen, missionaries and the practice of Christianity in the nineteenth-century Pacific’ (Hawaiian J. Hist., 27). M. Ernst, Winds of change: rapidly growing religious groups in the Pacific (Pacific Conference of Church) is a very full treatment of a wide variety of groups.

Military history: The RAAF in the Southwest Pacific area’ 1942-45 (Canberra: RAAF) has a number of useful papers.

Individual Islands and Island Groups The Cooks Dick Scott, Would a good man die? (Hodder, $38) traces the noto- rious story of the execution of three Niueans by the Island’s Resident Commissioner from New Zealand, Hector Larsen. Easter Island In the J. Pacific Hist., 29, S.R. Fischer writes on ‘Rapanui’s Tu’u Iho versus Mangareva’s Atu Motua’ about settlement traditions in Easter island, while the journal Rapa nui, 8, has many contributions on the debate over the settlement of the Islands. See also H. Marinsson-Wallin, Ahu: the ceremonial stone structures of Easter island (Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis). Fiji A Howard and E. Kjellgren, ‘Martyrs, progress and political ambition: re-exam- ining Rotuma’s “religious wars” ’ in J. Pacific Hist., 29, questions the religious character of the wars of 1871 and 1878. G.E. Gorman and J.J. Mills have contributed a volume entitled Fiji to the World Bibliographical series (Oxford: Clio P., E35). A. Emberson-Bain, Labour and gold in Fiji (CUP, Aus $75) traces the period from 1933 to 1971 at the Vatuloula gold mine, and shows how it affected life for Fijians. N. Kasuage writes on ‘Christ the devil and money: witchcraft in Fijian history’ (Man and Culture in Oceania, lo), and T. Carroll on ‘Owners, immigrants and ethnic conflict in Fiji and Mauritius’ (Ethnic and Racial Studs., 17). C. Toren conducts a clever anthro- pological analysis on ‘All things go in pairs, or the sharks will bite: the anti- thetical nature of Fijian chiefship’ (Oceania, 64). A. Arno comments on ‘Personal names as narrative in Fiji: politics of the Lauan inomasticon’ (Ethnology, 33), while M. Kaplan and J.D. Kelly write on ‘Rethinking resis-


tance: dialogics of “disaffection” in colonial Fiji’ (American Ethnologist, 2 1). Hawaii The Hawaiian J. Hist., 28, includes articles on Waialua, C.C. Harris, the English standard school system on the islands, the great Chinese merchants’ ball of 1856, population trends before 1778, and an interesting study by R.A. Greer, ‘Grog shops and hotels: bending the elbow in old Hawaii’. S. Cunningham writes on Hawaiian religion and magic (St Paul: Llewellyn Pubs.) Micronesia Relevant publications are H.M. Friedman, ‘Arguing over empire: American interservice and interdepartmental rivalry over Micronesia 1943-1947’, D.R. Shuster, ‘Custom versus a new elite: Palau’s 16 state consti- tutions’, and H.M. Schwalenberg and T. Hatcher, ‘Micronesian trade and foreign assistance: contrasting the Japanese and American colonial periods’ (J. PaciJic Hist., 29). D. Damas writes on, Bountiful island: a study in land tenure on a Micronesian atoll (Wilfrid Laurier U.P.). Vol. 211 of Isla includes articles on Yap food production, the partition of the Marianas, while J.H. Hallas explores military developments in The devil’s anvil: the assault on Palau (Praeger). New Caledonia S. Henningham, ‘The best specimens in all our colonial domain’ deals with New Caledonians who went to France in 1931 for a colonial exhibition. As usual The Bulletin de la Sociktk d’Etudes Historiques de la Nouvelle Caledonie, 99, has published most research, with articles in French on delegates at international events, naming, civil servants, and the annexation of the islands. Niue T. Luka and F. Keene, Niue Island to New Zealand (Whangarei: the authors, $20) is about a Niue islander who moved to New Zealand. Papua New Guinea In J. PaciJic Hist., 29, there are articles by S.R. Jaarsma on ethnographers in the 1950s, ‘Your work is of no use to us’ and on mining, by D. Hyndman, ‘A sacred mountain of gold’. Samoa A. Kramer, The Samoa islands: an outline of a monograph with particular consideration of German Samoa (Auckland: Polynesian P.) is a very large work which at last takes seriously the German control of the western Samoa until World War I. This first volume focuses on constitution and pedigrees. W. Tagupa ‘Law, status and citizenship conflict and continuity in New Zealand and Western Samoa (1922-1982)’ (.I. PaciJic Hist., 29) discusses the defining of citizenship in New Zealand and its former colony, while T.T. Tamasese comments on ‘The riddle in Samoan history’ (ibid.). Solomons D.N. Beniston, The call of the Solomons: the New Zealand Methodist women’s response (Auckland: Wesley H.S.) focuses on an important missionary work through the eyes for women missionaries. See also R. Stella, Moments in Melanesia (Melbourne U.P.). Tonga An article in J. PaciJic Hist., 29, by I.C. Campbell, ‘The doctrine of accountability and the unchanging locus of power in Tonga’ deals with the 1980s and 1990s. S.L. Donald, In some sense the work of an individual: Alfred Willis and the Tongan Anglican Missions 1902-1920 (Auckland: Colcom Press) tells an odd story of an attempt to con- vert Methodists to the Episcopal approach. Vanuatu W.F.S. Miles, ‘Francophonie in post-colonial Vanuatu’ (J. PaciJic Hist., 29) looks at French influence in the period after 1970. Matthew Gubb, Vanuatu’s 1980 Santo Rebellion: International responses to a microstate security crisis (Canberra papers on strategy & defence no. 107, ANU, Aus$l4) goes into more detail than previous accounts.

the middle east, asia, australia, new zealand and the pacific islands

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