The Migration to America

The American History Story

Did you know?

• Before 1492 cultures in America had almost no contact with the rest of the world?

How it all began…

• Ice Ages – 100, 000 years ago– Much of earths water froze

into huge ice sheets known as glaciers.

– As Ocean levels dropped – there was an exposed area of land connecting Asia and Alaska (Beringia)

– The Land Bridge is where the most evidence points to for migration into America

Hey….Mrs. KishDidn’t others migrate another way?

• The Land Bridge – as previously mentioned as the land name Beringia.

• Some by boat- possibly hugging the shoreline of Beringia.– (FYI – land bridge

submerged about 10,000 years ago- this area is now a waterway called the Bering Strait)

The other theories…

• Coastal Route Theory

• Pacific Crossing Theory

• Atlantic Crossing Theory– Examine page 19 in your book to see the

different routes.– What do you think?

• Not only does the land bridge theory make the most sense and appears to be the easiest, this is where the majority of evidence points to.

Native Americans

• Native Americans are descended from Asians who probably began migrating to North America approximately 15-30,000 years ago.

• How do we know this?

• Radiocarbon dating– A method scientists use to

determine the age of objects by measuring radioactivity left behind (carbon 14) in fragments of wood and bone

Mesoamerica

• The agricultural revolution occurred between 9-10,000 years ago.

• In the area known today as Southern Mexico and Central America

First Crops

Pumpkins Gourds

Squash Beans

Peppers Maize

Timeline for American Civilizations

• 28,000 BC – Asians Migrate to North America• 9000 BC – Populations reach tip of South America• 8000 BC – Crops cultivate in Mesoamerica• 1500 BC –Olmec culture emerges (Verecruz Mexico)• 1000 BC –Adena culture thrives North America• 200 BC – Hopewell culture in North America• 200 AD – Mayan culture in Mesoamerica• 300 AD – Hohokam in SW North America• 800 AD – Toltitech dominate in Mesoamerica• 1100 AD – Anasazi in 4 corners – Utah, Colorado, Arizona & New Mexico• 1200 AD – Cahokia – Mississippians – population reaches 16,000• 1325 – Aztec build Tenochtitlan (Mexico City today) – A might empire is started.

Olmec Stone Mask

By the time Native Americans Arrived, Native Americans were in small groups

Far NorthEastern

Woodlands

West

NativeAmericans

Anasazi, Hohokam, Zuni, Hopi, Pueblo, Mississippian

Intuit

Aleut Wampanoag, Narragansett, Pequot

Southwest

Pacific Coast

Great Plains

Native American Cultures….

• Take a minute with your assigned group, to find out about your assigned Native American group and report back to the class in 5 minutes. See pages 20-25 for help. (Region Mapping to be put on board for notes for all of us)

• Group 1- The Southwest• Group 2 – The Pacific Coast• Group 3 – The Great Plains• Group 4 – The Far North• Group 5 – The Northeast• Group 6 – The Southeast

Group Name

Dwellings or other items of interest.

Customs or Traditions

GroupsFood Supply

African Cultures• West -

– Ghana, Mali & Songhai – 3 empires– Trading Gold & Salt– Islam religion a major influence

• Central & Southern-– Small village communities– Fishers & Farmers– Hunters & Gatherers– Women had more influence then in other parts of the world.

• Slavery –– Slaves – people captured in war– Get out of slavery – by purchase, improving social status– Muslims – took non-Muslims captive as slaves– Arab traders and others – traded goods for slaves– Sugarcane Plantations in Europe increased slave trading

European Cultures

• Roman Empire – dominated much of Europe for centuries. Imposing stable social and political order.

• Middle Ages – Began after the fall of the Roman Empire. Law and order vanished.

life did not expand beyond their community.

European Society

• New Political System Feudalism – a political

system in which nobles gained land in exchange for loyalty & military support for the king.

• Manorialism– The economic ties between

nobles and peasants.

• Peasants – worked for land owners for pay and protection.– Serfs - were not sold and

could not leave without permission, living with little and working for the lords manor/estate.

Crusades

• Introduced the western and eastern parts of Europe, causing an increase in trade, development of currency and the collapse of the Mongol empire, a search for new ways to get goods from Asia.

Other terms & Info

• Renaissance- intellectual revolution from 1350-1600

• Astrolabe- navigational instrument using the suns position to determine direction.

• Carvel –small Portuguese ship using sails, exploring shallow inlets.

• Motive- a need or desire to cause a person to act

• Technology – practical application of knowledge

• Exploration- a discovery of new things

• The Portuguese Exploration– Under the rule of Prince Henry

the Navigator, great progress in exploring, finding a water route to Asia.

Europe Encounters America

• Columbus sought a sea route to Asia.

Instead, he landed in the America’s.

Please read Columbus—the Facts

Please highlight the parts you think are accurate.

On your own – we will go over in class in about 3 minutes.

What about the Vikings?

• People who came from Scandinavia, known as the Vikings proven with archaeological evidence to be the first European to arrive in America.– 700 AD – Viking ships – Longboats– Leif Erickson – 1000 AD – Went to

Newfoundland. Tried to set up colonies but did not have better weapons and were out numbered by the Native Americans.

More about Spain & Columbus

• By 1400 most educated Europeans knew that the world was round…but few details and geography was known, most thought the world was much smaller then it actually was!

Spain sends Columbus

• 1492– Columbus & 3 ships – Nina, Pinta & Santa Maria– Reached the Caribbean – The Bahamas– Called people Indians – thought he reached Indies.– Looking for Gold – found Cuba & Hispaniola– Damage to Santa Maria – Columbus leaves 40 men

in search of gold while he returns home.– Returns with 17 ships and 1200 Spanish colonists.– Men he left were killed and fort was destroyed.

Columbus & Hispaniola

• Many were looking for easy gold and unwilling to work.Some went back to Spain feeling mislead.

• Columbus determined explored further inland of Hispaniola, finding enough loose gold to make mining worthwhile.

• His brother Bartholomew founded Santo Domingo, the first capital of Spain’s Empire in America.

More Voyages

• 1498- northern coast of South America

• 1502 – American coastline from Guatemala to Panama.

• Spain Claims America – early 1500’s– Claiming Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica & Puerto

Rico and begin exploring the America mainland.

Treaty of Tordesillas

• An agreement between Spain & Portugal on a dividing line and rights to discovery.– Different from line of

demarcation created by Pope Alexander VI

Naming of America

• Named after Amerigo Vespucci, who repeated Columbus’s attempt to Asia. After his second attempt he realized it was not Asia and made his discovery widely known and published in Europe.

• The new continent was later named America after “Amerigo the discoverer”.

Ponce de Leon

• A Spanish Governor of Puerto Rico– Sailed north in 1513- looking for the fountain

of youth discovered Florida (the land of the flowers).

Ferdinand Magellan

• Sailed around South America in 1520, naming the Pacific Ocean. He was the first to circumnavigate the world.

FYI – He died in the Philippines before returning. Of the 237 men who set out on five ships to circumnavigate the earth, only 18 completed the circumnavigation of the globe and managed to return to Spain in 1522 .

The Columbian Exchange• Interactions between the people

and environments of Europe and the Americas.

• Native Americans

– Corn, squash, beans– Potatoes, peppers– Peanuts, Chocolate– Tobacco, chewing gum &

tomatoes

– Canoe– Snowshoe– Poncho– Parka– Toboggan

• Europeans

– Wheat, Oats, Barley– Rye, Rice, Coffee– Onions, Bananas

– Live Animals• Chickens• Cattle• Pigs• Sheep• Horses

– Weapons• Firearms

– Disease• Influenza, Measles, Mumps• Chicken pox & Small Px

Summary

• North America– 30,000 - Asians to N.A.– 9-10,000 – Ag Revolution– To 1500’s – Various Native

American Cultures shape the developed environment

– 1565-early 1600’s –• Spanish & French establish towns in

St. AugustineQuebecSanta Fe

• Africa– 1300-1400 – arrival of

Arabs/Europeans lead to beginning of slave trade

• Europe– 1400 - Gold/Sugarcane

discovery-lead to slaves– 1400 (late) – Encounter

America, colonize area, expansion of slave trade