the mobilization of materials by human activities …web.mit.edu/2.813/www/class slides/lecture 4...

The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and

Natural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural ActivitiesNatural Activities2.83/2.813

T. G. Gutowski

Outline

1. Wackernagel’s results: carbon cycle

2. Other cycles: rock, water, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

3. Klee and Graedel

4. Some specific elements

5. New chemicals (TRI, REACH…)

The Carbon Cycle

2612622 666 OOHCOHCO +→+

Other Cycles

• Hutton’s Rock Cycle

• Hydrological Cycle

• Nitrogen

• Sulfur

• Phosphorous

Hutton’s Rock Cycle

Ref. Press and Siever

hydrological cycle

http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi2150/oldnotes/lecture3/lecture3.html

Nitrogen Cycle

http://www.neuse.ncsu.edu/nitrogen/

•large reservoir of N2

•chlorophyll, DNA, RNA

•fixation by bacteria

•soy and alfalfa

•bird guano

•Haber-Bosch

terminology

Reservoir(Stocks)

Reservoir(Stocks)

Flowsor

Fluxes

Out Rate

Reservoirin Amount Time Residence =

Residence Times

• Sodium (ocean) 48 million years

• Iron (ocean) 100 years

• CO2 (atmosphere) 10 years

• Nitrogen (atmosphere) 400 million years

• Sulfur dioxide (atm) hours to weeks

Press and Siever

Klee & Graedel look at the mobilization (fluxes) of the elements

• Natural flows

– weathering and

erosion

– sea spray

– primary plant

productivity

• Anthropogenic flow

– mining

– fossil fuels

– biomass burning

Flux Categories

1. NPP plant uptake

2. Sea Spray aerosols

3. Erosion crustal weathering

4. Fossil Fuel Burning to air

5. Biomass Burning to air

6. Mining from reservoir

Study of 77 of the 92 naturally occurring elements

Results for Magnesium Klee & Graedel 2004

Adapted from Klee and Graedel, 2004

1A VIIIA

1

H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12

Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB

13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

Dominated

(>50% of Mobilization)

Perturbed

(15-50% of Mobilization)

Unperturbed

(<15% of Mobilization)Undetermined

54/77 = 0.7 red or green

This is a first estimate

• “eat my dust”

• preliminary study

• ignores pathways, exposure, sensitivity

• doesn’t differentiate between the elements

• more study needed

• but this doesn’t look good (potential disruptions)

Methodology

• Estimated mobilization of total mass of major categories

• Estimated elemental composition for each category

• Example: Mt Krakatoa ejected nearly 20km3 into the air in 1883

Quantities Mobilized from Klee and Graedel

= 1.5 Gt/yr1,500 Tg/yrErosion to rivers

= 224.5 Gt/yr224,500 Tg/yrNPP

= 3.8 Gt/yr3,800 Tg/yrSea spray

= 8.6 Gt/yr8,600 Tg/yrBiomass burning

= 3.3 Gt/yr3,268 Tg/yrOil

= 4.7 Gt/yr4,741 Tg/yrCoal

Mass/yrMass/yrCategory

Composition

Element

Average

Concentration in

Coal in g/Mg *

Average

Concentration in

Petroleum in g/Mg •

Average

Concentration in

Crust in g/Mg †

Average

Concentration in

Seawater in g/Mg ‡

Average

Concentration in Dry

Plant Matter in g/Mg

§

2 He -- -- 0.003h

0.00001 --

3 Li 20 -- 22 0.2 --

4 Be 2.0 0.0004d

3.1 --

5 B 50 0.2e

17 4.5 58

6 C 890000a

855000f

3240 28 478000i

7 N 5850a

10500f

83 150 25000

9 F 150 -- 611 1.3 --

11 Na 400b

12 25670 10770 1100

12 Mg 700b

0.1d

13510 1290 6250

13 Al 11000b

0.5d

77440 0.002 500j

14 Si -- -- 303480 2.2 --

15 P 150 -- 665 0.1 2250

16 S 13500a

10300f

953 905 2000

17 Cl 1000 10 640 19354 550

19 K 1000b

4.9 28650 399 32500

20 Ca 2300b

5.0d

29450 412 30000

21 Sc 4.0 0.004 7.0 -- --

22 Ti 600 0.1 3117 -- 1.0j

23 V 40 279 53 0.003 1.6j

Example: Mt Krakatoa

• Mt Krakatoa ejected nearly 20km3 into the air in 1883, almost total darkness in Jakarta, lowers earth’s temperature a few degrees for several years

• tsunami kills 36,000

• child of Krakatowa

Mt Krakatoa*

1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

Dominated


Perturbed


Unperturbed


Adapted from Klee and Graedel, 2004

1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

Dominated


Perturbed


Unperturbed


54/77 = 0.7 red or green

Mining data from USGS

Aluminum Production

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050

year

metric tons

Primary production

Secondaryproduction

Apparentconsumption

World production

Nitrogen Cycle Revisited

http://www.neuse.ncsu.edu/nitrogen/

•Nitrogen fixed by plantsVs Nitrogen added by fertilizer

•Nitrogen lost to run-off

•Nitrogen to Carbon ratio

Toxicity

• nutrients and toxins

• dose - response

• LD50

• persistent

• bio-accumulative

– lead

– mercury

– cadmium

– arsenic

Toxicity*

1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity

*Adapted from Industrial Ecology (Table 10.5)

Adapted from Klee and Graedel

1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

54 12 13

Unperturbed


High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity

Dominated


Perturbed


Strategies for Improvement

• 50% fossil fuels, 10% mining,

50% bio-mass burning

• Mining=0

• Fossil Fuel consumption=0

• Fossil Fuels=0 and Mining=0

50% fossil fuels, 10% mining, 50% bio-mass burning

1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

Dominated


Perturbed


Unperturbed


Mining=0

1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

Dominated


Perturbed


Unperturbed


Fossil Fuel consumption=0

1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

Dominated


Perturbed


Unperturbed


Fossil Fuels=0 and Mining=0

1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

Dominated


Perturbed


Unperturbed


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Klee & Graedel Realistic conversation Mining=0 Fossil Fuels=0 Fossil Fuels, Mining=0

Dominated

Perturbed

Unperturbed

Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity

Klee & Graedel 54 7 27 12 1 3 13 1 0

Realistic conservation 27 3 11 27 3 15 25 3 4

Mining=0 31 3 16 24 4 10 24 2 4

Fossil Fuels=0 25 1 8 21 4 9 33 4 12Fossil Fuels, Mining=0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 9 30

Dominated Perturbed Unperturbed

Per cent Ant hr opogeni c Mobi l i zat i on

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Percent

Zn As Se Br Mo Ag Cd Sn Sb Te

Adapted from Klee and Graedel

1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

Dominated


Perturbed


Unperturbed


Natural Mobilization Dominance

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

Crustal weathering Seaspray Plant primary production Undetermined

Natural Mobilization Dominance1A VIIIA

1


2

He

3

Li

4

Be

5

B

6

C

7

N

8

O

9

F

10

Ne

11

Na

12


13

Al

14

Si

15

P

16

S

17

Cl

18

Ar

19

K

20

Ca

21

Sc

22

Ti

23

V

24

Cr

25

Mn

26

Fe

27

Co

28

Ni

29

Cu

30

Zn

31

Ga

32

Ge

33

As

34

Se

35

Br

36

Kr

37

Rb

38

Sr

39

Y

40

Zr

41

Nb

42

Mo

43

Tc

44

Ru

45

Rh

46

Pd

47

Ag

48

Cd

49

ln

50

Sn

51

Sb

52

Te

53

I

54

Xe

55

Cs

56

Ba

57

La

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Ti

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn

87

Fr

88

Ra

89

Ac

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

Nd

61

Pm

62

Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

70

Yb

71

Lu

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

*crustal weathering accounts for more mobilization of brown colored elements than seaspray and plant primary production combined

(similarly seaspray and plant primary production dominate for blue and green colored elements respectfully).

Crustal weathering* Seaspray Plant primary production Anthropogenic dominates or undetermined

TRI list of 517 toxic chemicals

504 TRIS(2,3-DIBROMOPROPYL) PHOSPHATE 0 0 0 0 58 0

505 TRYPAN BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0

506 URETHANE 0 13092 0 13092 358 10864

507 VANADIUM (EXCEPT WHEN CONTAINED IN AN ALLOY)14600 428388 414816 857804 1202 251336

508 VANADIUM COMPOUNDS 1070604 273368 17493434 18837406 21370 1107931

509 VINCLOZOLIN . . . 0 . .

510 VINYL ACETATE 451021 8445 0 459466 881264 2293042

511 VINYL CHLORIDE 139462 0 0 139462 190019 480973

512 VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE 101 0 0 101 42991 87763

513 WARFARIN AND SALTS 0 0 0 0 1 0

514 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 760707 71250 3055 835012 10207680 31740899

515 ZINC (FUME OR DUST) 0 32563907 321256 32885162 231814 679150

516 ZINC COMPOUNDS 524630 20377049 31395597 52297275 1890332 4524736

517 ZINEB 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 Total 201701899 123194823 272409300 597306022 208199640 1423962206

http://www.epa.gov/tri/

http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer/

Lead Production: World (top);

US apparent consumption (yellow);

US primary (blue);US secondary

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

year

metric tons

Mercury, Hg

• Klee and Graedel’s Results

• Natural Sources

• Anthropogenic Sources

• Fish, Minamata Bay and CH3Hg

• Toxic levels, CDC report

Klee and Gradel’s Results for Mercury Mobilization

(Modified to correct errors)

.0054.64.5.01.08

TotalTg/yr

TotalGg/yr

NPPGg/yr

SeaGg/yr

WeatherGg/yr

.0437.4.8261.4

TotalTg/yr

TotalGg/yr

BurnGg/yr

Fossil Gg/yr

MiningGg/yr

Mercury in the Environment

Anthropogenic Mercury US and World

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050

Year

Amount (Metric Tons)

Primary production

Apparentconsumption

Unit value ($/t)

World production

Emission from Power Plants in US

Fish and CH3Hg

CDCCenters for Disease Control and

Prevention

www.cdc.gov/

Mercury in Blood measured on µg/L, From 3rd CDC

Lead, Pb

• Klee and Graedel’s Result

• Natural Sources

• Anthropogenic Sources

• Cycles

• Toxic levels, CDC report

Klee and Gradel’s Results for Lead Mobilization

0.6606.0126

TotalTg/yr

TotalGg/yr

NPPGg/yr

SeaGg/yr

WeatherGg/yr

3.3231913100

TotalTg/yr

TotalGg/yr

BurnGg/yr

Fossil Gg/yr

MiningGg/yr

Lead in Blood, 3rd CDC Report measured in µg/dL

Historical Values

Lead, Pb

Materials Flows

inm&

outm&M

dtmmMoutin)( && −=∆ ∫

How big are our materials flows?

US TDO≈ 90t per capita

90 t X 6 billion people =………

Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgaysummit Mount Everest, May 1953

sea le

ve

l

8,8

48 m

≈200

km

3

right

circ

ula

r cone

No Class on Tuesday,on Thursday Exergy!

the mobilization of materials by human activities …web.mit.edu/2.813/www/class slides/lecture 4...

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