the mongols and the changes in the world

The Mongols and The The Mongols and The Changes in the WorldChanges in the World

Chapters 14 and 15Chapters 14 and 15

AP World HistoryAP World History

Mr. BartulaMr. Bartula

1000-1350: The Age of the 1000-1350: The Age of the Nomadic EmpiresNomadic Empires

A period in which the Eastern A period in which the Eastern Hemisphere became more tightly Hemisphere became more tightly integrated than ever before.integrated than ever before.

The primary reason for this integration The primary reason for this integration was the establishment of trans-regional was the establishment of trans-regional empires by nomadic groups like the empires by nomadic groups like the Seljuk Turks and the MongolsSeljuk Turks and the Mongols

As a result, long distance travel on a As a result, long distance travel on a large scale became possible.large scale became possible.

1000-1350: The Age of the 1000-1350: The Age of the Nomadic EmpiresNomadic Empires

Other factors encouraging this Other factors encouraging this integration:integration:

1.1. The expansion of Islam (Dar al’Islam).The expansion of Islam (Dar al’Islam).

2.2. India’s continuing economic power (but India’s continuing economic power (but cultural decline)cultural decline)

3.3. Such conflicts as the Crusades and the Such conflicts as the Crusades and the Reconquista exposed Europeans to the Reconquista exposed Europeans to the benefits of long distance trade and other benefits of long distance trade and other contact. contact.

Long Distance Travelers: Marco Long Distance Travelers: Marco Polo 1271-1295Polo 1271-1295

Long Distance Travelers: Ibn Long Distance Travelers: Ibn Battuta 1325-1353Battuta 1325-1353

The Mongols: IntroductionThe Mongols: Introduction

The Mongols probably did more to The Mongols probably did more to change the course of world history in change the course of world history in a shorter period of time than any a shorter period of time than any other group of people in the 600-other group of people in the 600-1450 period.1450 period.

Their conquests ushered in a period Their conquests ushered in a period of frequent and extended of frequent and extended international contact.international contact.

The Mongols: IntroductionThe Mongols: Introduction

The Mongols have generally been cast in a The Mongols have generally been cast in a negative light as brutal conquerors.negative light as brutal conquerors.

Since the Mongols left few records of their Since the Mongols left few records of their own, most of what we have comes from own, most of what we have comes from conquered peoples or enemies.conquered peoples or enemies.

Europeans, who had fewer contacts with Europeans, who had fewer contacts with the Mongols, generally had a more the Mongols, generally had a more favorable view of them. Many Europeans favorable view of them. Many Europeans saw the Mongols as potential allies against saw the Mongols as potential allies against the Muslims.the Muslims.

The Mongol Homeland The Mongol Homeland

The Mongol Homeland and Ethnic The Mongol Homeland and Ethnic GroupsGroups

The Mongols’ Early HistoryThe Mongols’ Early History

Pastoral nomadic Pastoral nomadic people living in people living in Central Asia.Central Asia.

Disunited tribes Disunited tribes who regularly who regularly fought each otherfought each other

Polytheistic and Polytheistic and animistic religionanimistic religion

Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan

““The greatest The greatest happiness is to happiness is to vanquish your vanquish your enemies, to chase enemies, to chase them before you, to them before you, to rob them of their rob them of their wealth, to see those wealth, to see those dear to them bathed dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to in tears, to clasp to your bosom their your bosom their wives and wives and daughters.”daughters.”

Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan ““Be of one mind and one Be of one mind and one

faith, that you may faith, that you may conquer your enemies conquer your enemies and lead long and happy and lead long and happy lives.” (to his army)lives.” (to his army)

““With Heaven’s aid I With Heaven’s aid I have conquered for you have conquered for you a huge empire. But my a huge empire. But my life was too short to life was too short to achieve the conquest of achieve the conquest of the world. That is left the world. That is left for you.” (to his sons on for you.” (to his sons on his deathbed)his deathbed)

Chinggis Khan 1162-1227Chinggis Khan 1162-1227

Son of a Mongol chieftain, originally Son of a Mongol chieftain, originally named Temujin.named Temujin.

Omens at birth indicated he would be Omens at birth indicated he would be a mighty warriora mighty warrior

At age 13, he was betrothed to Bortei At age 13, he was betrothed to Bortei (14), daughter of another Mongol (14), daughter of another Mongol chieftain.chieftain.

His father was murdered by another His father was murdered by another clan, and Temujin swore vengeance.clan, and Temujin swore vengeance.

His rise to powerHis rise to power

Rejected as leader of his tribe, Temujin Rejected as leader of his tribe, Temujin and his family were abandoned and left and his family were abandoned and left alone on the plains. Temujin swore alone on the plains. Temujin swore vengeance.vengeance.

Temujin ruled his family with an iron will, Temujin ruled his family with an iron will, killing his younger brother when he caught killing his younger brother when he caught him stealing food.him stealing food.

Temujin’s reputation as a stern and fierce Temujin’s reputation as a stern and fierce leader spread among the Mongols.leader spread among the Mongols.

His rise to powerHis rise to power

Taken prisoner on a hunting trip, Temujin Taken prisoner on a hunting trip, Temujin killed his guards and escaped, increasing killed his guards and escaped, increasing his reputation for bravery and ferocity.his reputation for bravery and ferocity.

At age 17 he married Bortei. Her father At age 17 he married Bortei. Her father gave him a rare black sable skin as a gave him a rare black sable skin as a present. This became his symbol.present. This became his symbol.

Shortly after, Temujin’s father’s tribe Shortly after, Temujin’s father’s tribe begged him to become their chieftain, and begged him to become their chieftain, and he issued a call for all Mongols to unite he issued a call for all Mongols to unite under his leadership. under his leadership.

Temujin Takes PowerTemujin Takes Power In 1183 Temujin was In 1183 Temujin was

declared Great Khan of the declared Great Khan of the Mongols and renamed Mongols and renamed Chinggis: “precious Chinggis: “precious warrior” or “spirit of light.”warrior” or “spirit of light.”

Chinggis wanted to break Chinggis wanted to break down tribal identities and down tribal identities and create a unified Mongol create a unified Mongol statestate

Chinggis organized the Chinggis organized the Mongol army into decimal Mongol army into decimal units (100, 1000, 10000) units (100, 1000, 10000) and sent orders through and sent orders through hand signalshand signals..

Mongol CavalryMongol Cavalry The Mongol army could The Mongol army could

cover immense cover immense distances at spectacular distances at spectacular speeds.speeds.

Soldiers carried dried Soldiers carried dried meat and powdered meat and powdered yak’s milk as provisionsyak’s milk as provisions

At times they would At times they would nick their horse’s necks nick their horse’s necks and drink the blood and drink the blood while at full gallop.while at full gallop.

Mongol Fighting TacticsMongol Fighting Tactics

The Mongols prized their horses for being The Mongols prized their horses for being fast and flexible, allowing them to strike fast and flexible, allowing them to strike hard and then disappear.hard and then disappear.

The Mongols developed a composite bow The Mongols developed a composite bow which could be fired on horseback with a which could be fired on horseback with a range of 350 yards.range of 350 yards.

The Mongols developed leather and The Mongols developed leather and wooden saddles and stirrups for longer wooden saddles and stirrups for longer and more comfortable journeys.and more comfortable journeys.

Chinggis and His ConquestsChinggis and His Conquests Chinggis Khan’s ruthlessness Chinggis Khan’s ruthlessness

and ferocity were well known, and ferocity were well known, and indeed, he would and indeed, he would exterminate entire cities which exterminate entire cities which opposed him. Individuals who opposed him. Individuals who became his enemies were became his enemies were treated the same way.treated the same way.

However, he always gave However, he always gave cities and regions the chance cities and regions the chance to surrender first, and if they to surrender first, and if they did so, he was merciful.did so, he was merciful.

Chinggis was a master of the Chinggis was a master of the feigned withdrawal: he would feigned withdrawal: he would pretend to retreat, drawing his pretend to retreat, drawing his enemies after him, then enemies after him, then quickly surround them.quickly surround them.

Chinggis and His ConquestsChinggis and His Conquests

Chinggis led two successful Chinggis led two successful campaigns against northern China.campaigns against northern China.

After two Mongol merchants were After two Mongol merchants were killed by a Central Asian ruler for killed by a Central Asian ruler for being insolent, Chinggis launched a being insolent, Chinggis launched a major invasion in 1219.major invasion in 1219.

After several years of devastating After several years of devastating conflict, all of Central Asia was conflict, all of Central Asia was brought under Mongol control.brought under Mongol control.

The Death of Chinggis KhanThe Death of Chinggis Khan

Shortly after the Shortly after the conquest of Central conquest of Central Asia, Chinggis was Asia, Chinggis was killed in a hunting killed in a hunting accident.accident.

His body was His body was buried in a secret buried in a secret location location somewhere in somewhere in Mongolia.Mongolia.

Chinggis’ LegacyChinggis’ Legacy The four most significant legacies of The four most significant legacies of

Chinggis Khan are:Chinggis Khan are:• his tolerance of many religions• his tolerance of many religions• his creation of the Mongols' first • his creation of the Mongols' first script (written language)script (written language)• his support for trade and crafts• his support for trade and crafts• his creation of a legal code • his creation of a legal code specific to the Mongols' pastoral- specific to the Mongols' pastoral-

nomadic way of lifenomadic way of life Recent DNA studies indicate that 1 out of Recent DNA studies indicate that 1 out of

every 12 men alive today may be a every 12 men alive today may be a descendant of Chinggis Khandescendant of Chinggis Khan

The Mongol Empire at the death of The Mongol Empire at the death of Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan

The Mongols After Chinggis’ DeathThe Mongols After Chinggis’ Death

Chinggis’ sons and grandsons divided and Chinggis’ sons and grandsons divided and expanded the Mongol Empire. There were expanded the Mongol Empire. There were four major Khanates:four major Khanates:

The Great Khanate: Mongolia and ChinaThe Great Khanate: Mongolia and China The Kipchak Khanate (Golden Horde): The Kipchak Khanate (Golden Horde):

RussiaRussia The Ilkhanate: Persia and the Middle EastThe Ilkhanate: Persia and the Middle East The Chagatai Khanate: Central AsiaThe Chagatai Khanate: Central Asia By maintaining law and order, the Mongols By maintaining law and order, the Mongols

instituted the “Pax Mongolica” or instituted the “Pax Mongolica” or Mongolian Peace.Mongolian Peace.

The Mongols After Chinggis’ DeathThe Mongols After Chinggis’ Death

The Mongols continued to practice The Mongols continued to practice religious tolerationreligious toleration

A postal system for sending A postal system for sending messages was establishedmessages was established

Trade and commerce were Trade and commerce were encouraged, trade routes were kept encouraged, trade routes were kept open and guarded by Mongol soldiersopen and guarded by Mongol soldiers

The Mongol Ecumene (Community)The Mongol Ecumene (Community)

Mongol Conquests After Chinggis’ Mongol Conquests After Chinggis’ DeathDeath

Batu Khan (grandson) invaded Russia Batu Khan (grandson) invaded Russia between 1236-1242.between 1236-1242.

The capital of Kiev and many other The capital of Kiev and many other Russian cities were destroyed, and the Russian cities were destroyed, and the Russians reduced to peasants.Russians reduced to peasants.

Batu and his successors then invaded Batu and his successors then invaded Eastern Europe and penetrated all the way Eastern Europe and penetrated all the way to Vienna.to Vienna.

The death of Ogadei Khan (son of The death of Ogadei Khan (son of Chinggis) caused the Mongols to retreat to Chinggis) caused the Mongols to retreat to Central Asia, never returning to Europe.Central Asia, never returning to Europe.

Mongol Conquests After Chinggis’ Mongol Conquests After Chinggis’ DeathDeath

Hulagu Khan (grandson) Hulagu Khan (grandson) invaded the Middle East in invaded the Middle East in 1256-57 and destroyed the 1256-57 and destroyed the Islamic heartland.Islamic heartland.

The Seljuk Turks, who had The Seljuk Turks, who had dominated Dar al’Islam, dominated Dar al’Islam, were permanently were permanently weakened.weakened.

In 1257 Baghdad was In 1257 Baghdad was sacked and burned. The sacked and burned. The last Abbasid Caliph was last Abbasid Caliph was chopped to pieces.chopped to pieces.

The Mongols destroyed The Mongols destroyed many other Islamic cities many other Islamic cities before being stopped by before being stopped by the Mameluke Turks in the Mameluke Turks in Egypt.Egypt.

The Mongols in ChinaThe Mongols in China Until recently, most historians assumed Until recently, most historians assumed

that the Mongols’ impact on China (as well that the Mongols’ impact on China (as well as the rest of their empire) was only as the rest of their empire) was only negative.negative.

The Mongol conquest of China caused The Mongol conquest of China caused great loss of lifegreat loss of life

The Mongols eliminated (temporarily) the The Mongols eliminated (temporarily) the Confucian examination systemConfucian examination system

The Mongols distrusted the Chinese and The Mongols distrusted the Chinese and placed them at the bottom of their placed them at the bottom of their hierarchy.hierarchy.

The Mongols in ChinaThe Mongols in China

The Mongols did The Mongols did encourage trade and encourage trade and international contacts international contacts which were helpful to which were helpful to ChinaChina

The Mongols also The Mongols also adapted or borrowed adapted or borrowed ideas from the Chinese ideas from the Chinese for their governments.for their governments.

The Mongols also The Mongols also patronized artists and patronized artists and scientists in China.scientists in China.

Kublai Khan and the Yuan DynastyKublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan, grandson of Kublai Khan, grandson of

Chinggis, became Great Chinggis, became Great Khan in 1260Khan in 1260

By 1279 he had completely By 1279 he had completely conquered the Southern conquered the Southern Song and established the Song and established the Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368.Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368.

His Chinese capital was His Chinese capital was established at Daidu established at Daidu (modern Beijing)(modern Beijing)

Kublai Khan preferred to Kublai Khan preferred to use Chinese in his use Chinese in his government, rather than government, rather than having direct Mongol rule.having direct Mongol rule.

Kublai Khan and the Yuan DynastyKublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty

The Mongols encouraged The Mongols encouraged artisans, artists, and poets in artisans, artists, and poets in China.China.

Chinese merchants, who had Chinese merchants, who had formerly had low status, were formerly had low status, were now favored by the Mongols.now favored by the Mongols.

The Mongols reopened and The Mongols reopened and guarded trade routes and guarded trade routes and increased the supply of paper increased the supply of paper money in China and the rest money in China and the rest of their empire. of their empire.

The Mongols were religiously The Mongols were religiously tolerant. Buddhists tolerant. Buddhists themselves, they allowed themselves, they allowed Muslims, Christians, and Muslims, Christians, and others to worship freely others to worship freely throughout their empire.throughout their empire.

The Mongols established a The Mongols established a vast road and communication vast road and communication system throughout China system throughout China

Kublai Khan and his favorite wife, Kublai Khan and his favorite wife, ChabiChabi

Mongol Women Mongol Women

Mongol women were Mongol women were accustomed to a great accustomed to a great deal of independence deal of independence and freedom.and freedom.

In China, Mongol In China, Mongol women refused to women refused to accept footbinding.accept footbinding.

This, and the open This, and the open manner in which manner in which Chabi and other Chabi and other Mongol women lived, Mongol women lived, shocked the Chinese.shocked the Chinese.

The Forbidden CityThe Forbidden City

Kublai Khan’s palace complex in Kublai Khan’s palace complex in DaiduDaidu

Constructed in many different Constructed in many different architectural styles to symbolize the architectural styles to symbolize the multicultural nature of the empire.multicultural nature of the empire.

Also contained a huge campground Also contained a huge campground on which the Mongols would camp in on which the Mongols would camp in yurts once or twice a year.yurts once or twice a year.

Mongol Collapse in ChinaMongol Collapse in China Two failed invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281Two failed invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 Kublai Khan gradually lost interest in life after the Kublai Khan gradually lost interest in life after the

death of Chabi and retreated to the Forbidden death of Chabi and retreated to the Forbidden CityCity

Neo-Confucianists in China opposed the Mongols Neo-Confucianists in China opposed the Mongols as foreign invadersas foreign invaders

Mongol dislike for the Chinese was alienating.Mongol dislike for the Chinese was alienating. After Kublai’s death in 1294 there were After Kublai’s death in 1294 there were

succession problems and economic decline.succession problems and economic decline. Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes) increased Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes) increased

in the early 1300sin the early 1300s The Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming The Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming

Dynasty in 1368, and the Mongols were driven Dynasty in 1368, and the Mongols were driven out of China.out of China.

The Fall of the Mongolian KhanatesThe Fall of the Mongolian Khanates

Overexpansion meant the empire grew too Overexpansion meant the empire grew too large to be successfully governed.large to be successfully governed.

Succession problems plagued the Succession problems plagued the khanates.khanates.

Economic decline and rebellions also Economic decline and rebellions also played a role.played a role.

By the late 1300s only the Kipchak By the late 1300s only the Kipchak Khanate or “Golden Horde” remained in Khanate or “Golden Horde” remained in place.place.

Timur-i-Lang: The Last Gasp of the Timur-i-Lang: The Last Gasp of the Mongols 1336-1405Mongols 1336-1405

Claimed to be a descendant of Claimed to be a descendant of Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan

Created large empire in Central AsiaCreated large empire in Central Asia Attempted but failed in the conquest Attempted but failed in the conquest

of Chinaof China Patron of the arts, encouraged tradePatron of the arts, encouraged trade Destructive, merciless, conquerorDestructive, merciless, conqueror

Consequences of the Mongol Consequences of the Mongol EmpireEmpire

Reopening of the trade routes between Reopening of the trade routes between Europe and Asia increased trade and other Europe and Asia increased trade and other contacts.contacts.

The destruction of Dar al’Islam and the The destruction of Dar al’Islam and the weakening of the Seljuk Turks allowed the weakening of the Seljuk Turks allowed the Ottoman Turks to move into the Middle Ottoman Turks to move into the Middle East.East.

Russia was cut off from European contact. Russia was cut off from European contact. Princes from Moscow led the final revolt Princes from Moscow led the final revolt against the Mongols, and that city became against the Mongols, and that city became the new Russian capitalthe new Russian capital

Consequences of the Mongol Consequences of the Mongol EmpireEmpire

The opening of the trade routes and The opening of the trade routes and encouragement of trade allowed encouragement of trade allowed bubonic plague to enter Europe.bubonic plague to enter Europe.

The Ottoman Turks in the Middle The Ottoman Turks in the Middle East were more interested in military East were more interested in military expansion than trade “Conquest expansion than trade “Conquest Over Commerce.”Over Commerce.”

The World After the MongolsThe World After the Mongols

The new Ming Dynasty in China was The new Ming Dynasty in China was proud of the return to native Chinese proud of the return to native Chinese rule.rule.

To reinforce this pride, the Ming To reinforce this pride, the Ming Emperor authorized voyages to the Emperor authorized voyages to the Indian Ocean to demonstrate Indian Ocean to demonstrate Chinese power and to collect tribute.Chinese power and to collect tribute.

The admiral in charge of the voyages The admiral in charge of the voyages was Zheng He.was Zheng He.

Zheng He (Cheng Ho) 1371-1435Zheng He (Cheng Ho) 1371-1435

Born a Muslim in Born a Muslim in southwest Chinasouthwest China

Captured and castrated Captured and castrated by Ming soldiers at age 10 by Ming soldiers at age 10

Sent to Beijing to serve, Sent to Beijing to serve, with other eunuchs, in the with other eunuchs, in the emperor’s courtemperor’s court

Highly intelligent and well Highly intelligent and well educatededucated

Intent on asserting Intent on asserting China’s power in the China’s power in the world.world.

Zheng He’s treasure shipsZheng He’s treasure ships

Zheng He’s treasure shipsZheng He’s treasure ships

Three and four masted ships were built by Three and four masted ships were built by the Chinese as early as the 8the Chinese as early as the 8thth century. century.

The Song and Yuan Dynasties continued to The Song and Yuan Dynasties continued to build larger ships with compartments, build larger ships with compartments, holds for fresh water, and private cabins.holds for fresh water, and private cabins.

The Ming Dynasty introduced “treasure The Ming Dynasty introduced “treasure ships” 400 feet long, with nine masts, ships” 400 feet long, with nine masts, twelve sails, four decks, and room for twelve sails, four decks, and room for hundreds of passengers and tons of cargo.hundreds of passengers and tons of cargo.

The ships were armed with small cannons.The ships were armed with small cannons.

The Seven Ming VoyagesThe Seven Ming Voyages

1405-07: 317 ships (60 treasure 1405-07: 317 ships (60 treasure ships) 28,000 passengers. S.E. Asia, ships) 28,000 passengers. S.E. Asia, Malacca, IndiaMalacca, India

1407-09: 68 ships to India1407-09: 68 ships to India 1409-11:48 ships to Malacca, Ceylon, 1409-11:48 ships to Malacca, Ceylon,

IndiaIndia 1413-15: 63 ships to Persian Gulf1413-15: 63 ships to Persian Gulf

The Seven Ming VoyagesThe Seven Ming Voyages

1417-19: Persian Gulf, Red Sea, East 1417-19: Persian Gulf, Red Sea, East Coast of AfricaCoast of Africa

1421-22: Red Sea, East Coast of 1421-22: Red Sea, East Coast of AfricaAfrica

1431-33: 100 ships, 27,000 men. 1431-33: 100 ships, 27,000 men. South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Red South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea Sea

Opposition to the Ming VoyagesOpposition to the Ming Voyages Neo-Confucianists opposed the Ming Voyages Neo-Confucianists opposed the Ming Voyages

for several reasons:for several reasons:1.1. The Mongols and other enemies could attack by The Mongols and other enemies could attack by

landland2.2. The voyages were wasteful and extravagantThe voyages were wasteful and extravagant3.3. Money could be better spent on internal Money could be better spent on internal

improvements to the Grand Canalimprovements to the Grand Canal4.4. Foreign trade was unnecessary and would only Foreign trade was unnecessary and would only

hurt China.hurt China.5.5. The eunuchs who supported the voyages were The eunuchs who supported the voyages were

not really Chinese and therefore suspect.not really Chinese and therefore suspect.

The Voyages EndThe Voyages End

In 1433 the Neo-Confucianists convinced In 1433 the Neo-Confucianists convinced the Emperor to order a halt to the the Emperor to order a halt to the voyages.voyages.

The treasure ships were ordered The treasure ships were ordered dismantleddismantled

Ships larger than two masts were banned.Ships larger than two masts were banned. Records of the voyages were ordered Records of the voyages were ordered

destroyed.destroyed. Zheng He died in 1435, almost forgotten.Zheng He died in 1435, almost forgotten.

Changes in EuropeChanges in Europe

The 11The 11thth, 12, 12thth, and 13, and 13thth centuries centuries were a period of growth and were a period of growth and development for Western Europe.development for Western Europe.

Warmer weather, longer growing Warmer weather, longer growing seasons, and better tools increased seasons, and better tools increased agricultural production and agricultural production and population.population.

Trade and commerce grew and Trade and commerce grew and encouraged urbanization and wealthencouraged urbanization and wealth

The Calamitous 14The Calamitous 14thth Century Century

Climate changes led to “The Little Ice Climate changes led to “The Little Ice Age” in the Northern Hemisphere ca Age” in the Northern Hemisphere ca 1300-1800.1300-1800.

The Hundred Years War 1337-The Hundred Years War 1337-14531453

Conflict between England and FranceConflict between England and France One of numerous conflicts during the One of numerous conflicts during the

1414thth century. century.

The Famine of The Famine of 1315-13171315-1317

By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate.

A population crisis developed. Climate changes in Europe produced

three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain.

As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died.

One consequence ofstarvation & povertywas susceptibility todisease.

The Black Death!!!The Black Death!!!

May have originated in East Africa among May have originated in East Africa among small rodents.small rodents.

Drought conditions (El Nino) caused the Drought conditions (El Nino) caused the rodents to migrate to East African cities on rodents to migrate to East African cities on Indian Ocean coast.Indian Ocean coast.

Ships traveling to India and China carried Ships traveling to India and China carried the plague.the plague.

Plague then traveled across Eurasia on Plague then traveled across Eurasia on recently reopened trade routes (Mongols)recently reopened trade routes (Mongols)

The Black Death!!!The Black Death!!!

The plague arrived in Constantinople The plague arrived in Constantinople in 1347in 1347

It reached Italy later that year and It reached Italy later that year and spread through the rest of Europe by spread through the rest of Europe by 1349.1349.

Travelers on trade routes carried the Travelers on trade routes carried the plague throughout Europeplague throughout Europe

One third of Europe’s population diedOne third of Europe’s population died

SymptomsSymptoms

Black Death FlagellantsBlack Death Flagellants

A Physician A Physician

Lancing the BuboesLancing the Buboes

The Plague TodayThe Plague Today

Recovering from the 14Recovering from the 14thth Century Century

New Monarchies: England, France, New Monarchies: England, France, Spain, Portugal: centralized Spain, Portugal: centralized governments reestablished by 1400governments reestablished by 1400

Economic recovery took longer, but Economic recovery took longer, but was well underway by 1450.was well underway by 1450.

In Northern Italy, movement was well In Northern Italy, movement was well underway towards a new era . . .underway towards a new era . . .

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Secular rather than religious Secular rather than religious (humanism)(humanism)

Turning away from the Medieval EraTurning away from the Medieval Era Idealization of classical cultureIdealization of classical culture Began in Northern Italy’s urban areas Began in Northern Italy’s urban areas

among wealthy merchants (il popolo among wealthy merchants (il popolo grosso)grosso)

Centered in FlorenceCentered in Florence

Renaissance AttitudesRenaissance Attitudes

Curiosity, interest in science and Curiosity, interest in science and discoverydiscovery

Man is the Measure of all ThingsMan is the Measure of all Things Have better life in the present worldHave better life in the present world

Early Renaissance Creative SpiritsEarly Renaissance Creative Spirits

Dante Aligheri Dante Aligheri 1265-13211265-1321

Author of The Author of The Divine ComedyDivine Comedy

Written in the Written in the vernacularvernacular

Father of the Father of the Italian LanguageItalian Language

Love Poems to Love Poems to BeatriceBeatrice


Francesco Petrarch Francesco Petrarch 1304-13741304-1374

Father of Father of HumanismHumanism

Creator of the Creator of the SonnetSonnet

Recovered Greek Recovered Greek and Roman textsand Roman texts

Love poems to Love poems to LauraLaura


Giovanni Bocaccio Giovanni Bocaccio 1313-13751313-1375

Author of The Author of The DecameronDecameron

Spoof of Medieval Spoof of Medieval poetry and the cult poetry and the cult of the ideal womanof the ideal woman


Lorenzo Valla 1407-Lorenzo Valla 1407-14541454

Developed linguistic Developed linguistic analysis to determine analysis to determine age and authenticityage and authenticity

Proved The Donation Proved The Donation of Constantine was a of Constantine was a forgeryforgery

Faith in the Church Faith in the Church was shaken for manywas shaken for many


Giotto di Bondone Giotto di Bondone 1267-13371267-1337

The first “modern The first “modern painter”painter”

Naturalistic, three Naturalistic, three dimensional dimensional paintingspaintings

The Madonna in GloryThe Madonna in Glory

The Madonna in MajestyThe Madonna in Majesty

The EpiphanyThe Epiphany

The Mourning of ChristThe Mourning of Christ

The Duomo and The Campanile di The Duomo and The Campanile di Giotto (Florence)Giotto (Florence)

The High RenaissanceThe High Renaissance

Late 1400s through mid 1500sLate 1400s through mid 1500s Active Periods of the three greatest Active Periods of the three greatest

Renaissance artists:Renaissance artists: Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Raphael Sanzio 1483-1520Raphael Sanzio 1483-1520 Michelangelo Buonarrati 1475-1564Michelangelo Buonarrati 1475-1564

Leonardo: The Virgin of the RocksLeonardo: The Virgin of the Rocks

Leonardo: The Mona LisaLeonardo: The Mona Lisa

Leonardo: The Last SupperLeonardo: The Last Supper

Leonardo: Sketches and PlansLeonardo: Sketches and Plans

Leonardo: NotebooksLeonardo: Notebooks

Raphael: MadonnasRaphael: Madonnas

Raphael: PortraitsRaphael: Portraits

Raphael: The School of AthensRaphael: The School of Athens

Michelangelo: The PietaMichelangelo: The Pieta

Michelangelo: DavidMichelangelo: David

Michelangelo: The Dying SlaveMichelangelo: The Dying Slave

Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel CeilingCeiling

Michelangelo: Sistine ChapelMichelangelo: Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo: The Last JudgmentMichelangelo: The Last Judgment

Northern Renaissance: Jan Van Northern Renaissance: Jan Van EyckEyck

Northern Renaissance: Hans Northern Renaissance: Hans HolbeinHolbein

Europe by the 1400sEurope by the 1400s Expanding economies Expanding economies Strong interest in trade for Asian luxury Strong interest in trade for Asian luxury

goodsgoods Ottoman Empire blocked eastern trade Ottoman Empire blocked eastern trade

routesroutes Desire for alternative trade routesDesire for alternative trade routes Shortages of gold and other precious Shortages of gold and other precious

metalsmetals Negative balance of tradeNegative balance of trade New shipbuilding methods and technology New shipbuilding methods and technology

encouraged sea explorationencouraged sea exploration

The ReconquistaThe Reconquista After Italy, the next most After Italy, the next most

important area of change important area of change in Europe was the Iberian in Europe was the Iberian peninsulapeninsula

In the war called The In the war called The Reconquista, the Spanish Reconquista, the Spanish and Portuguese drove out and Portuguese drove out the Muslims by 1492the Muslims by 1492

Spanish and Portuguese Spanish and Portuguese monarchs regarded the monarchs regarded the defense and expansion of defense and expansion of Christianity as a sacred Christianity as a sacred dutyduty

Other Changes Beyond EuropeOther Changes Beyond Europe

Ethnocentrism: judging other Ethnocentrism: judging other cultures by your own standardscultures by your own standards

In the Americas, Aztec and Inca In the Americas, Aztec and Inca cultures were already having cultures were already having difficulties (economic, political) by difficulties (economic, political) by the late 1400s.the late 1400s.

The Ottoman Turks in the Middle The Ottoman Turks in the Middle East were increasingly unable to deal East were increasingly unable to deal with European competitionwith European competition

Polynesian MigrationsPolynesian Migrations


Migrations through the Migrations through the Polynesian islands Polynesian islands continued.continued.

Hawaii developed an Hawaii developed an agricultural society agricultural society based on swine. It based on swine. It was divided into was divided into regional kingdoms regional kingdoms with stratified with stratified societies dominated societies dominated by priests and nobles.by priests and nobles.


Another migration Another migration pattern led settlers to pattern led settlers to the islands now called the islands now called New Zealand.New Zealand.

The Maoris developed The Maoris developed a warlike culture a warlike culture based on agriculturebased on agriculture

The Polynesian The Polynesian cultures developed in cultures developed in total isolation from total isolation from other civilizationsother civilizations

the mongols and the changes in the world

Documents

introductionthe mongols

long distance travelers

mongol chieftain

mongol homeland

nomadic empiresa period

nomadic groups

period of frequent

nomadic empiresother