the mukden incident 18 sep 1931 : bomb exploded on the japanese-owned south manchurian railway near...
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THE MUKDEN INCIDENTTHE MUKDEN INCIDENT
• 18 Sep 1931 : Bomb exploded on the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway near Mukden that night
• A train containing Japanese and other passengers was blown up
• This was the Mukden Incident
KBAY. S TS.B.KBAY. STS.B.
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THE MUKDEN INCIDENTTHE MUKDEN INCIDENT
• The Japanese army blamed on the Chinese
• Fighting broke out between the Chinese and Japanese armies
• Within a short time, the militarily superior Japanese forces had defeated the Chinese troops
• The Japanese army took over not just Mukden but the whole of Manchuria
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THE MUKDEN INCIDENTTHE MUKDEN INCIDENT
• Highly probable that the explosion was planned and carried out by a few Kwantung Army officers as an excuse to seize control of Manchuria
• The army quickly occupied Mukden and other areas north of it
• Govt in Tokyo was horrified at these events but unable to stop the army
• By Dec 1931, the army had occupied the whole of Manchuria
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THE MUKDEN INCIDENTTHE MUKDEN INCIDENT
• The Kwantung Army had initially wanted to turn Manchuria into a Japanese colony as part of the Japanese Empire
• In the end, Japan formed Manchuria into an independent puppet state called Manchuko with former Chinese Emperor Pu Yi as its head
• In effect, Manchuko did become part of the Japanese empire
• As for Pu Yi did as he was told by Japan
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PU YIPU YI
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THE MUKDEN INCIDENTTHE MUKDEN INCIDENT
• We have seen how economically important Manchuria was for the Japanese
• Politically, the seizure of Manchuria held significant advantages
• It was from this point onwards that the army or the militarists more-or-less ran the government
• The army’s morale was raised tremendously
• Its power and prestige had increased among the people
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THE MUKDEN INCIDENTTHE MUKDEN INCIDENT
• The militarists saw Manchuria as the beginning of the Japanese Empire, not the end
• And they wanted the empire to be further expanded
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WORLD’S REACTION TO WORLD’S REACTION TO JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF
MANCHURIAMANCHURIA
• China appealed to the League of Nations for help against Japan
• The League reacted quickly, meeting one day after the Mukden Incident to consider China’s appeal for help
• Many words of support for China but no action• A series of meetings followed in which the
Japanese representative appeared twilling to cooperate
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WORLD’S REACTION TO WORLD’S REACTION TO JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF
MANCHURIAMANCHURIA
• 30 Sep 1931 : Japan accepted the Council’s demand to withdraw its troops to their original positions as as stipulated in the “Twenty-one Demands” along the South Manchurian Railway
• But it was an empty promise – they did not act on this
• Dec 1931 : League sent a commission to Manchuria
• Led by Englishmen, Lord Lytton• No hurry to get to Manchuria, travelling by sea
rather than by air
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WORLD’S REACTION TO WORLD’S REACTION TO JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF
MANCHURIAMANCHURIA
• In the meantime, Japan launched an attack on Shanghai in Jan 1932
• It then declared the establishment of ‘Manchuko’ in Feb 1932
• Mar 1932 : the General Assembly of the League met again to debate the issue but decided to wait for the commission’s report
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WORLD’S REACTION TO WORLD’S REACTION TO JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF
MANCHURIAMANCHURIA
• Lytton Commission reported in Nov 1932, over a year after the Mukden Incident
• Condemned Japanese aggression and demanded that Japan withdraw its troops
• Japan had no intention of doing so• Feb 1933 : The report was put to a vote – 42
voted for it, Siam abstained and Japan naturally voted against it
• Mar 1933 : Japan withdrew from the League of Nations
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WORLD’S REACTION TO WORLD’S REACTION TO JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF
MANCHURIAMANCHURIA
• League took no further action; obviously powerless to stop a determined aggressor
• Economic and military sanctions were not applied• Britain and France, both experiencing economic
problems, were reluctant to apply sanctions in case it led to war
• The League of Nations had failed to act decisively when face d with opposition from a powerful country
• Historians see this event as the first stage in the collapse of the League
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WORLD’S REACTION TO WORLD’S REACTION TO JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF
MANCHURIAMANCHURIA
• League’s only success : Persuaded Japanese Navy to leave Shanghai which it tried to capture in 1932
• Only two countries recognised the new state of Manchuko : Germany and Italy
• All three countries in the mid-1930s were trying to expand their territories
• All were hostile to the League• This friendship grew and led in 1936-37 to the
signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact between the 3 countries
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FURTHER FURTHER EXPANSION BY EXPANSION BY JAPANJAPAN
• 1932 : PM Inukai criticized the military’s actions in Manchuria
• He was assassinated by a group of officers
• The militarists were now in control of the government and determined to expand beyond Manchuria
• Nationalistic feeling was running high, not just in the army but among the people too
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FURTHER FURTHER EXPANSION BY EXPANSION BY JAPANJAPAN
• Feb 1933 : Japanese troops took over the Chinese province of Jehol, next to Manchuria
• China was unable to further resist the Japanes and so signed the Truce of Tangku in Mar 1933
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FURTHER FURTHER EXPANSION BY EXPANSION BY JAPANJAPAN
• Terms of the truce : Japan’s control of Manchuria and Jehol reaffirmed
• Area between Manchuria and Beijing demilitarized – China could not guard that area with military forces
• But Japanese troops were stationed along an important railway between Tientsin and Beijing
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FURTHER FURTHER EXPANSION BY EXPANSION BY JAPANJAPAN
• 1933-34 : Kwantung Army strengthened Japanese control in eastern inner Mongolia
• 1935-36 : Growing intereference in nearby provinces of Hebei and Chahar
• As before, the Chinese govt was embroiled in a civil war and was powerless to intervene
• North China was now controlled by the Japanese
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MARCO POLO MARCO POLO BRIDGE INCIDENTBRIDGE INCIDENT
• 1937 : Marco Polo Bridge Incident, near Beijing
• An accident rather than a planned incident
• Japanese accused the Chinese of having fired on one of their night patrols
• Provided an excuse for a full-scale Japanese attack
• This time it was not just one province but the whole of China
• WWII had begun in East Asia