The muscles of limbs

。     

SHANDONG UNIVERSITY

Liu Zhiyu

The muscles of upper limb

The muscles of upper limb are divided into:

The muscles of

shoulder

arm

forearm

hand

Deltoid

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Subscapularis

Muscles of shoulder

Deltoid Origin: lateral third of clavi

cle, acromion, and spine of scapula

Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Action: abducts the arm; anterior part may flexes and medically rotates the arm and the posterior part extends and laterally rotates arm

Muscles of shoulder

Teres major Origin: dorsal surface of

inferior angle of scapula Insertion: crest of lesser

tubercle of humerus Action: medially rotates

and adducts arm

Muscles of shoulder

Antererior group

Biceps brachii Coracobrachialis Brachialis

Muscles of arm

Biceps brachii Origin: long head, supraglenoid tubercle; short head, coracoid process

Insertion: radical tuberosity

Action: supinator of forearm, flexor of elbow joint, weak flexor of should joint

Posterior group:

Triceps brachii Origin: long head, infraglenoid tub

ercle; lateral head, above groove for radical n., medical head, below groove for radical n.

Insertion: olecranon of ulna Action: extends elbow joint), long

head can extend and adduct shoulder joint

Muscles of arm

Muscles of forearm

Superficial layer Brachioradialis Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris

Anterior group (9)

Pronator teres Origin: medical epicon

dyle of humerus and deep fascia of forearm

Insertion: middle of lateral surface of radius

Action:

pronation of forearm

Muscles of forearm

Second layer－             flexor digitorum superficials

Third layer Flexor digitorum prof

undus Flexor pollicis longus

Fourth layer－  pronator quadratus

Action: flex radiocarpal joint and fingers, pronate forearm

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Posterior group (10)

Superficial layer (5)

Supinator Abductor pollicis longus E

xtensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Action: extend radiocapral joint and fingers, and supinate forearm

Deep layer (5)

Supinator Origin: lateral epicondy

le of humerus and upper part of lateral border of ulna

Insertion: upper third of anterior surface of radius

Action: supination of forearm

Lateral group－ thenar

Abductor pollicis brevis F

lexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Adductor pollicis Action: flex, abduct, adduct and oppose thumb

Muscles of hand

Medial group－ hypothenar Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi

Action: flex, abduct , and oppose little finger

Muscles of hand

Lumbricales (4)－  flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints

Palmar interossei (3)－  adduct fingers towards middle finger

Dorsal interossei (3)－ abduct fingers away from middle finger

Intermedial group

The muscles of lower limb

The muscles of lower limb are divided into:

The muscles of

HipThighLegfoot

一、The muscles of Hip

（一） Anterior group1 、 Iliopsoas

Psoas major

Iliacus

Action： flexes the thigh and rotate thigh laterally。

2 、 tensor fasciae latae

lesser trochanter

（二） posterior group1 、 Gluteus Maximus Action ： extend the thigh and rotate the thigh laterally

2 、 Piriformis

Action ： rotate and abduct the thigh laterally

Piriformis

Piriformis

piriformis

Gluteus medius

Gluteas minimus

Obturator inernus

Quadratus femoris

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Action ： abdut the thigh

rotate thigh laterally

Obturator internus

Quadratus femoris

Obturator externus

二、  The muscles of thigh （一）Anterior group

1 、 Sartorius

Action ： flexes the thigh and the leg ，When the knee is flexed, it medially rotates the leg.

2 、 Quadriceps Femoris Rectus femoris

Vastue lateralis

Vastus medialis

Vastus untermedius

Origin: anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: the upper part of the medial surface of the tibia

二、  The muscles of thigh

2 、 Quadriceps Femoris

Action ： extend the leg ;

rectus femoris also flexes the thigh

Origin:

Rectus femoris: anterior inferior iliac spine

Vastus medialis: medial lip of linea aspera

Vastus lateralis: lateral lip of linea aspera

Vastus intermedius: anterior surface of femur

Insertion:

tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

Adductor longus

Pectineus m.

Gracilis m.Addcor magnus

Adductor bravis

（二） Medial group

Adduct and rotate the thigh laterally

（三） posterior group1、  Biceps Femoris

Action ： extend the thigh and flexes the leg

2、  Semitendinosus

3、 Semimembranosus

Action ： extend the thigh and flexes the leg

三、The muscles of leg

（一）Anterior group

Extensor digitorum longus

extend 1-4 toes

Action of anterior group： Dorsiflex of ankle joint

Tibialis anterior

Invert the foot

Extensor hallucis longus

extend the big toes

三、  The muscles of leg

（二） lateral group

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

Action ： plan

tar flexes the

ankle and the

eversion of fo

ot

（三） The posterior group

1 、 Superficial layer

Triceps surae

Soleus

Gastrocnemius

Action ： plantar flexe the ankle ， Gastrocnemius also flex the legTendo calcane

us

Gastrocnemius Soleus

1 、 deep layer: consists of 4 muscles.

Popliteus

Action: flex leg and rotate the leg medially

Flexor hallucis longus

Action: plantarflex ankle joint and flexes the big toe

Flexor digitorum longus Action: flexes lateral four toes, plantarflexes foot

Tibialis posterior

Action: plantarflexes and inverts foot

四、 The muscles of foot 足肌

（一） The muscles on the dorsum of foot

extensor digitorum brevis ： extense the 2-4 toe.

extensor hallucis brevis： extense the big toe.

四、 The muscles of foot

（一） The muscles of the sole

1. Medial group 内侧组 Abductor hallucis

Flexor hallucis brevis

Adductor hallucis

Abductor hallucis

Flexor hallucis brevis

四、 The muscles of foot

（一） The muscles of the sole

1. Medial group

Abductor hallucis

Flexor hallucis brevis

Adductor hallucis

Adductor hallucis

四、 The muscles of foot

（一） The muscles of the sole

2. intermediate group

Flexor digitorum brevis

Quadratus plantae

Lumbricalis

Interosseous m.

Flexor digitorum brevis

Lumbricalis

四、 The muscles of foot

（一） The muscles of the sole

2. intermediate group

Flexor digitorum brevis

Quadratus plantae

Lumbricalis

Interosseous m.Quadratus plantae

四、 The muscles of foot

（一） The muscles of the sole

2. intermediate group Flexor digitorum brevisQuadratus plantae LumbricalisInterosseous m. plantar interosseous m. dorsal interosseous m.

plantar interosseous m

dorsal interosseous m.

四、 The muscles of foot

（一） The muscles of the sole

3. lateral group Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Abducentor digiti minimi

Action： collectively they are sigificant in posture and locomotion， and mainly support the arches of the foot.