the music of java. java’s gamelan two types of gamelan: loud playing: outside, festivals, parades,...
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The Music of Java
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Java’s Gamelan
• Two types of gamelan:
• Loud playing: outside, festivals, parades, noisy events (cd set :Kembang Pacar”)
• Soft playing: inside, often with singing (cd set: “Wilujeng”)
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Which instruments are used?
• There is no standard selection of instruments. All of those chosen, however, are placed at right angles to one another.
• Photos…from Javanese Gamelan by Jennifer Lindsay (ML1251.I53L56)
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Melodic Instruments of the gamelan
celempung: metal-stringed zither with a box resonator.
Strings are paired in double courses and plucked with the performer’s
long thumbnails.
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Rebab
A bowed lute with a long and delicately turned neck that runs through a
triangular-shape resonator. The top face is covered with a thin membrane.
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Gambang
Gambang: 20 to 22 wood bars resting on top of a wood box resonator.
The bars are struck with two long beaters.
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Gamelan instrument makers
• In Java, the metal worker is held in very high esteem.
• The process is infused with mystical significance.
• “Transforming molten copper and tin into sound-producing instruments is believed to make one especially vulnerable to dangerous forces in the spirit world.”
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• Smiths make ritual preparation and may actually assume mythical identities during the forging process.
• The chief smith is ritually transformed into Panji, a powerful mythical hero, and the smith’s assistants become Panji’s family and servants.
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• Meditation, prayer and fasting get one ready to do this work.
• If the forging of the instruments is successful, they become in turn the abode of spirits
• The gong ageng, the most difficult instrument to make, contains the greatest spiritual power. Gamelan in the making, brief example
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• Proper etiquette means when entering the gamelan that you remove your shoes and avoid the rudeness of stepping over an instrument.
• Further, the spirit of the gamelan, embodied in the gong ageng, is paid homage with offerings of food, flowers, and incense.
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The gong ageng is a large, vertically-suspended bronze gong with turned-back rims and a raised central boss which is struck with a thickly-padded beater. It produces a deep,
resonant low pitch.
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It takes time...
• It takes a full month or so to make a large gong.
• The molten metal is pounded, heated, pounded, heated, etc. until the gong is former.
• It may take a truckload of coal to heat the fire for only one gong.
The Rhythm of the Gamelan I
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Small court ensemble from JVC(Vol.10, #3)
• Gamelan degung (small ensemble)
• highly refined style from the courts of West Java
• Recording shows a solo for suling (flute) with great virtuosic finger movements
• Bonang: in front of suling, set of gong kettles in a 3 sided frame and struck with beaters
• Left rear shows jenglong (suspended gongs) where the central melody happens
• Saron are keyed percussion on either side of the bonang (hit with right hand, dampened with left hand)
• double headed drum is the kendang
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Tembeng: a type of Javanese music
• means “poem” or “song”
• genre of music in Java
• serves as a major vehicle for Javanese poetry
• Even important letters between members of the nobility were (until this century) composed as tembang and delivered as song. The postal system has stopped doing this…too bad.
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Tembang Sunda Cianjuran (JVC Vol. 10, #4
• Song with instrumental ensemble
• Origin in a “macapat”, which is a poem sung to a child, sort of like a nursery rhyme, but it requires intellectual effort, like a complicated riddle.
• Non-metered song
• Example shows a suling, followed by a male singer, then a female singer
• Instrument is a kacapi
• Kacapi are a family of zithers which are to gamelan as the
piano is to the orchestra
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BatIk
shop
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Tarawangsa and kacapi siter JVC (Vol. 10, #7)
• Tarawangsa: bowed lute like rebab but the tuning is significantly different
• sitting on the left
• Kacapi siter: plucked zither… on the right
• Song is a Kidung, usually sung after a rice harvest to give thanks
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Wayang Kulit: Shadow Puppetry
• "Wayang" means "shadow" , and "Kulit" means "skin" in the Indonesian language
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