THE N EW S OUTH SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period. b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence. c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo Herndon. d. Explain reasons for World War I and describe Georgias contributions. " NEW S OUTH " New South refers to the time after Reconstruction as Georgia and her fellow states attempted to rebuild and grow after the Civil War and Reconstruction. Industrial growth, struggling farmers, segregation, and the fight for civil rights fill the years 1877 1918. T HE B OURBON T RIUMVIRATE Democratic leaders before, during, and shortly after the Civil war Believed industry was more important than agriculture Helped form a large middle class Supported low taxes which resulted in few Government services Expanded railroads Believed in white supremacy * the idea that whites were superior to African- Americans T HE B OURBON T RIUMVIRATE : J OSEPH E. B ROWN Successful lawyer Focused on states rights Served as a U.S. Senator and later as Chief Justice of Supreme Court Governor of Georgia from T HE B OURBON T RIUMVIRATE : A LFRED H. C OLQUITT Was a lawyer and served in the military Served in Federal and State legislatures Served in the Confederate army during the Civil War Served as the first Democrat Governor of Georgia after Reconstruction from T HE B OURBON T RIUMVIRATE : J OHN B. G ORDON Believed to be the leader of the KKK at one point U.S. Senator and later governor of Georgia from He then went back into the Senate T HE B OURBON T RIUMVIRATE GROUP OF THREE (B ROWN, C OLQUITT, G ORDON ) WANTED TO STRENGTHEN ECONOMIC TIES WITH THE N ORTH, WHILE KEEPING WHITE SUPREMACY CONSIDERED OLD S OUTHERN TRADITIONS Successes State taxes lowered State war debts reduced Business and industry expanded Failures Did not improve lives of poor Education suffered Did not reform prisons Poor working conditions in factories I NTERNATIONAL C OTTON E XPOSITION An exposition is a public show put on by a business to make money The International Cotton Exposition took place in 1881, 1885, and 1895 in Atlanta, Georgia It promoted industry growth in Georgia by attracting the interest of Northern investors I NTERNATIONAL C OTTON E XPOSITION The Expositions were greatly supported by Henry Grady He promoted the idea of the industrial new south He was the editor of the Atlanta Journal He used the newspaper to promote industrialization and northern support A TLANTA Atlanta is again the transportation and industrial center of Georgia It is made the Capital of the state in 1868 The number one industry was textile mills (textiles are woven materials) Why would textile mills be the number one industry in Georgia? ALL THE COTTON T HE P OPULISTS AND F ARMERS A LLIANCE Not everyone supported the industrialized Georgia that the Triumvirate and Henry Grady desired Agricultural farmers, despite being the largest business in Georgia, were struggling Most were heavily in debt due to the Crop lien system, sharecropping, and tenant farming C ROP L IEN S YSTEM Remember, the Civil War left Georgia in ruins; the economy suffered greatly. Farmers were hit especially hard. Under the Crop Lien system, farmers borrowed against their upcoming harvest to buy necessary supplies Few harvested enough to payback what they had borrowed and many lost their land. T HIS LED TO THE P OPULIST MOVEMENT A political movement focused on helping farmers Wanted govt to regulate the economy so farmers could earn more money Believed white and black farmers should work together Wanted lower taxes on low-income citizens Wanted government ownership of railroad, telephone, and telegraph T OM W ATSON Supporter and leader in the Populist party Lawyer, publisher, and historian Born on a plantation and struggled to get through school (financial problems) His family lost their plantation during Reconstruction Claimed that industrialization hurt small farmers in Georgia He tried repeatedly to be elected into office (successful only in 1882,1890, and 1920) While in office he helped pass the Rural Free Delivery Act (mail service) T HE P ROGRESSIVE E RA P ROGRESSIVE E RA Progressive reforms supported: Ending corruption in the Government Prohibition Womens Suffrage Education Public Health P ROHIBITION 1907 125 GA counties passes prohibition laws later in 1907 the state passed a prohibition law made the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages a crime 1916 state made the possession of alcoholic beverages a crime 1919 prohibition becomes a national law *Georgia is known for having some of the strictest prohibition laws in the nation W OMEN S S UFFRAGE Women wanted to be considered full citizens with full rights Women believed they should have a say in government and politics Major leaders in womens suffrage Susan B. Anthony, Jane Addams and Rebecca Latimer Felton (Georgia) 19 th Amendment is ratified in 1920 women in Georgia begin voting in 1922 Education Creating mandatory attendance laws and building better schools Public Health Georgia struggled with sanitary systems for sewage, impure food, and infectious diseases 1903 Georgia created a State Board of Health with a budged of $3,000 Advancements were slow 1914 funding was provided for every county in Georgia to have a Board of Health *few actually participated until around 1922 T HE P ROGRESSIVE M OVEMENT Goal: Progress! SocietyBusinessGovernment fight poverty fight poverty improve working conditions improve working conditions votes for women votes for women prison reform prison reform outlaw alcohol outlaw alcohol break up large corporations break up large corporations regulate businesses regulate businesses decrease corporate power in government decrease corporate power in government greater voice of the people greater voice of the people more voters more voters did not seek to increase participation of blacks in elections did not seek to increase participation of blacks in elections R EBECCA L ATIMER F ELTON Disagreed with the Bourbon Triumvirate Was against the Convict Lease System * This system rented prisoners to companies to use as workers. It took many years for the poor conditions the prisoners endured to be brought to light and changed. Supported Womens suffrage Served as a senator when Tom Watson died for until a replacement was found First woman ever to sit in the U.S. Senate (even if it was only for a day) S EGREGATION IN THE S OUTH Jim Crow Laws state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States D ISENFRANCHISEMENT Laws were created to keep African Americans in Georgia from voting these countered the 15 th amendment Grandfather clause: only those men whose fathers or grandfathers were eligible to vote in 1867, could vote Poll tax: a tax paid to vote Voters had to own property Literacy Tests: reading tests were administered to decide eligibility many African Americans could not read, limiting their voting abilities Neither could a lot of poor whites but they were given an easier test or just passed along African Americans who were educated and could read often still failed The test was often determined by the poll worker and could be different for different people Gerrymandering: election districts drawn up to separate the African American voters G ERRYMANDERING In your notes you see 3 sections of blocks. Each section has 50 blocks. The red blocks vote for Jerry and the Blue blocks vote for Tom. In section 1 there are no separate districts so the blue would win in a vote allowing Tom to win. In section 2 there are 5 equally drawn districts. Because blue still out numbers red in each section, blue would win in a vote still allowing Tom to win. In section 3 the districts are drawn so that only 2 of the 5 districts have a blue majority. In a vote red would win with 3 of the 5 district votes allowing Jerry to win. G ERRYMANDERING In this example the blue would represent primarily African American voting. In areas where African American votes outnumbered white votes, whites would draw up districts similar to section 3. This allows primarily white population votes to outnumber African American votes despite the fact that African Americans outnumber whites in that area. T HIS CLIP IS FROM THE MOVIE S ELMA AND IS SET IN I T IS STILL A GOOD EXAMPLE OF HOW TWISTED THE VOTING TESTS COULD BE. H OMER P LESSY AND T HE P LESSY V. F ERGUSON COURT CASE (1896): Homer Plessy: Born in Louisiana From mixed heritage (1/8th African American) Was an activist for civil rights Plessy sat in a whites only train car and refused to move when asked *this was a planned event to test segregation laws He was jailed overnight and released with a $500 bond Judge John Howard Ferguson found Plessy guilty H OMER P LESSY AND T HE P LESSY V. F ERGUSON COURT CASE (1896): The case went on to the Supreme Court Supreme Court approved segregation laws as long as the facilities were equal *Facilities were almost never equal in reality *Decided that under the 14th & 15th amendments African Americans were granted political rights but not social rights The decision was not overturned until 1954 C UMMINGS V. R ICHMOND C OUNTY B OARD OF E DUCATION (1899): Supreme Court decision supporting segregated schools in Georgia B OOKER T W ASHINGTON Born a slave in Virginia Civil Rights leader of the era President of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama well educated Supported good relations between blacks and whites Worked to improve the lives of African Americans through economic independence Believed social and political equality would come with improved economic conditions and education; they would need to work hard and wait for the changes to take place over time B OOKER T W ASHINGTON Famous Atlanta Compromise speech (1895) Controversial speech by Booker T Washington at the 1895 Cotton Exposition WEB Dubois labeled the speech the Atlanta Compromise because Washington had "sold out" The speech asks African Americans to focus on basic education and slow social changes He also somewhat supported partial segregation as can be seen in this quote, In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. W.E.B. D UBOIS born free, highly educated Masters and Doctorate degrees from Harvard Professor at Atlanta University Believed action was necessary to ensure civil rights Believed Booker T. Washington was too accepting of social injustice developed the talented tenth, an elite group of educated African Americans *they worked together to help getrid of segregation *developed the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Dubois gained more followers as more violence broke out and restrictive laws were passed J OHN H OPE Civil rights leaders from Augusta, GA He was President of Morehouse and Atlanta University Like DuBois, believed that African Americans should actively work for equality Part of the group that organized NAACP Hopes wife, Lugenia, worked to improve sanitation, roads, healthcare and education for African American neighborhoods in Atlanta 1906 A TLANTA R IOT various leaders and newspapers created a climate of anger and fear *they reported that African American men had been attacking white women *these allegations were proved to be untrue unemployed and frustrated white men started a two- day riot they destroyed African American owned shops and attacked black men on the street 21 people killed; hundreds wounded and a lot of property damage Atlanta was placed under martial law: military forces used to control civilians A LONZO H ERNDON Born a slave, worked his way up to owning a successful barber shop 1905: Purchased a small insurance company and managed it well * Now one of the largest African American businesses in the US * Worth over $ 200 million and operates in 17 states donated to charities and the Atlanta University (He was on the Board of Trustees) in 1927 he was the wealthiest African-American in Atlanta L EO F RANK C ASE 1913: man accused of killing a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan in Atlanta Mr. Frank was a Jewish man from New York There was little evidence against Mr. Frank, but he was convicted and sentenced to death * Anti-Semitism and resentment for successful northerners played a role Governor Slaton changed death sentence to life imprisonment * after he went over the case again he believed Frank was innocent Armed men from Marietta took Frank from the prison and lynched him * They called themselves the Knights of Mary Phagan *White supremacist Ku Klux Klan reborn as a result C OCA -C OLA Invented in Atlanta in 1885 by John S. Pemberton as tonic Business purchased and expanded by Asa Candler Sold company in 1919 for $ 25 million Robert Woodruff grew company to billions of dollars in sales each year Woodruff and Candler generous givers to worthy causes Coca-Cola is still a major economic source in the Georgia economy C OCA C OLA L OGO T HROUGH THE Y EARS Used in the primary elections Whichever candidate won the most units won the election It was not based on popular vote Problem the majority of the population lived in cities and towns but those unit votes were only 168 where the rural counties had 242. The areas with the majority of the population could not beat out the rural counties. Therefore, candidates could win even if the majority of the population voted for someone else W ORLD W AR I 1914 1918 R EASONS FOR THE W AR World War I broke out in late 1914, but tension had been building in Europe since The MAIN causes: Militarism Building up armed forces Alliances agreements or promises to defend or help another country Imperialism trying to build up an empire Nationalism pride in your country and desire to defend it * A RCHDUKE F RANZ F ERDINAND OF A USTRIA -H UNGARY WAS HEIR TO THE THRONE * H E WAS ASSASSINATED IN B OSNIA * A USTRIA -H UNGRY BLAMED S ERBIAS ERBIA WWI Both sides had allies so when war was declared all of their friends backed them up in the fight WWI: H OW THE US GOT INVOLVED President Wilson worked to keep the US out of the war 1915: German submarine sank passenger ship Lusitania killing 128 Americans 1917: sub attacks resumed sinking American ships Feb 26, 1917 Zimmerman telegram: Germany tried to get Mexico to attack the US In return they were promised lost territories of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona April 6, 1917 Wilson finally joined the Allied powers G EORGIANS AND THE W AR 100,000 Georgians volunteered to join the US armed forces Training in Georgia at Camp Benning, Fort McPherson, and Camp Gordon helped Georgias economy Georgians contributed manufactured goods and farm produce 3,000 young Georgians killed in the war The war ended November 11, 1918 Well discuss the end of WWI when we get to WWII since this war to end all wars actually causes the next world war. F IRSTS OF WWIwar-i-history/videos/wwi- firsts?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free =false W EB L INKS A LL VIDEOS Atlanta Race Riot56/episodes/The-Atlanta-Race-Riot Reasons for the Warof-world-war-i Sinking the Lusitaniasink-the-lusitania-in-1915 Firsts of WWI (2 min)history/videos/wwi- firsts?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false Very Fast-paced overview/discussion of the US in WWI