THE NAPOLEONICTHE NAPOLEONICERAERA

FRENCH REVOLUTIONFRENCH REVOLUTIONSUMMARYSUMMARY

The Old Regime

A Moderate StartThe Extremists

The Reign Of Terror

NAPOLEON

FOUR STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION:

The Directory

NAPOLEONNAPOLEON Born in Corsica to minor nobility. Not a great student, but had a great

memory.– Could remember maps, cannons,

weaknesses, etc.

Became one of youngest generals ever.– Soldiers grew to idolize him => success.

Hated mob violence.– After killing hundreds he once quoted “ I

put down the rebels with a whiff of grapeshot”

NAPOLEON’S WIVESNAPOLEON’S WIVESJOSEPHINE – 1st wife. - she was broke & married Napoleon for money.

(Napoleon had no $) - he married an aristocrat for the prestige. - distrust and failure to give birth to a son led to divorce.

Marie-Louise – Austrian princess. - niece of Marie Antoinette. - gave birth to Napoleon’s son.

NOTE – Napoleon still went to Josephine for advice.

Marie-LouiseJosephine

NAPOLEON’S CAMPAIGNSNAPOLEON’S CAMPAIGNS

Italy was under Austrian rule and wanted the old glory days of the Roman Empire back. Napoleon promised the Italians freedom if they helped defeat the Austrians.

After defeating Austria, Napoleon set up new French controlled Republics.- broke his promise of Italian freedom:- Fr. stole the Italian valuables.- paid his soldiers with Italian $.- Napoleon became rich from Italian goods.

Napoleon’s Italian Lire

Napoleon crossing the Alps

ITALY

NAPOLEON’S CAMPAIGNSNAPOLEON’S CAMPAIGNS

REASONS TO TAKE EGYPT– French army was having great success.– Cut Britain off from trade (India).– French gov’t happy to have Napoleon “out of

the way.”

EGYPT

RESULTS- beat Egypt, but lost to the British.- Napoleon abandoned his army &

escaped back to France.- hid the truth & his popularity

soared in France.

– French colony taken over by the English in 1793.

– Slaves worked to produce sugar, coffee, cocoa, & cotton.– Hard conditions – 10 yr. lifespan.– Napoleon wanted to take it back from British.– Haitian leaders had to decide to fight for or against the French.

Would you trust Napoleon????? – Lied in Italy!?!?– Declaration of the Rights of Man = freedom.

NAPOLEON’S CAMPAIGNSNAPOLEON’S CAMPAIGNS

HAITI

RESULTS – Haitians trusted Napoleon.- Napoleon won & did not free slaves.

Toussaint L’OuvertureLed the slave revolt & eventuallyWould gain Haitian independence

NAPOLEON’S REFORMSNAPOLEON’S REFORMS Rid France of the Directory and became

“First Consul”. Napoleonic Code – unified French laws. Created Freedoms => equality, property,

choice of work, etc. – Women lost right under the code.

Public works => roads, harbours, museums, schools.

Low food prices. Tariffs to protect French goods.

PROBLEM – Did not create a strong French economy.- most of France’s wealth was stolen from other countries.

NAPOLEON THE EMPERORNAPOLEON THE EMPEROR1804 Napoleon crowned himself

‘Emperor of France’ => dictatorship.Established a secret police force.Censorship (media, laws, education)

MADAME DE STAEL – one of the fewpeople who criticized Napoleon and gotaway with it. She was too popular for Napoleon to just throw aside. Eventually, he did manage to run her out of France.

NAPOLEON AND EUROPENAPOLEON AND EUROPE

Napoleon knew that his power came from military victories.By 1812, he had control of most of Europe.

PROBLEM – Napoleon could never defeat Britain whowas willing to help anyone who opposed the French.

Napoleon placed family incharge of Italy, Naples, Spain, Sweden, Germany,& Holland. Russia, Austria,& Prussia kept their rulers but became Napoleon’s allies. In all of Europe,only Britain remainedindependent.

Horrible Histories

France vs. BritainFrance vs. Britain In 1805, Napoleon tried to invade Britain,

but Lord Nelson captured his entire navy. Napoleon imposed the “Continental System.”

– Forbade anyone to trade with Britain.

PROBLEM – France had no navy to enforce.– Backfired =>Britain imposed trade block against France.– Britain prevented USA ships from going to France.– One reason for War of 1812.

Lord Nelson

The Continental System

The British Navy

NAPOLEON AND EUROPENAPOLEON AND EUROPE

THE RISE OF NATIONALISMTHE RISE OF NATIONALISM(The belief that one’s own country is the best)(The belief that one’s own country is the best)

THE RISE OF NATIONALISMTHE RISE OF NATIONALISM(The belief that one’s own country is the best)(The belief that one’s own country is the best)

FRANCE– Loved the ideas of the

revolution.– Declaration of the Rights

of Independence.– Shared common language,

culture, & history.– Napoleon used

Nationalism to unify his people.

Nationalism can also be used to split nations. (Quebec???)

SPAIN – resented the fact that the French ruled over them.– Viewed Napoleon as a tyrant.– Britain would help the Spanish.

RUSSIA – once an ally, Russia no longer trusted Napoleon.– Broke Continental System.– Napoleon declared war.– Employed the ‘run and burn’

strategy.– Proved to be the ‘beginning of the

end’ for Napoleon

ABDICATION AND EXILEABDICATION AND EXILE Nationalism prevailed and Napoleon’s forces were defeated.

– Napoleon exiled to Elba.– Louis XVI’s brother, Louis XVIII => = king.– Louis XVIII was not popular (Divine Right).

The Hundred Days – Napoleon returned to regain control.– Supported by the Bonapartists.– Managed to enlist over 300 000 soldiers to fight the British.

The Battle of Waterloo– Lasted an entire day and 50 000 soldiers died.– Napoleon gambled everything and lost. Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon

and his career was over.

Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena – Died in 1821.

Louis XVIII

Napoleon

Duke of Wellington

Horrible Histories

CONGRESS OF VIENNACONGRESS OF VIENNA Britain, Russia, Austria, & Prussia divided up Napoleon’s Empire.

– France kept its original borders.– Britain took all France’s overseas colonies.Belgium and Holland = a new Kingdom.– Italy was given

back to Austria.

Tried to establish a“Balance of Power.”

Would lead to WWI.

Congress of Vienna Map of 1815