The Nation in Hard TimesThe Dust Bowl:- States from Texas to the Dakotas suffered a severe _____________- The central __________________________were hit especially hard- Topsoil dried out & winds carried soil away in blinding dust storms- This area became known as the ____________________________

- ___________buried farmhouses, fences, trees over large areas of the plains- Shutters over doors & windows couldn’t keep it out- Cause: _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________- The drought & high winds did the rest

Migrant Workers:- Hardest hit were poor farmers in Oklahoma & other Great Plains states - Known as “___________”- These families packed all belongings in cars/ trucks & headed west- Became migrant workers: ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________

- Once they reached the west coast, they were ____________________- ______________feared migrant workers would take away their jobs- Many were attacked by mobs & sent away - Those who found jobs were paid ______________

Women Face the Depression:- Homemakers had to stretch family budgets to make ends meet- Women took in ____________to earn extra ________- Some took in _______________ to help pay _____________- Women realized unemployed husbands needed more nurturing to feel worthwhile- Working women literally worked __________________- To spread jobs around, gov’t refused to hire a woman if her husband had a job

Women in the Workplace:- # of married women in the workforce increased by ______%

- Educated women took jobs as teachers, secretaries, & social workers- Other jobs: ________________________________________________

An Active 1st Lady:- Eleanor Roosevelt acted as Pres.’s eyes & ears, touring the country- Visited __________& traveled deep into ____________________- Studied the condition of homemakers & lives of every day people

- Used her position to speak out for women’s rights & _____________

African Americans:- Af. Ams were usually the ____________to lose their jobs when the depression hit- 1934 – blacks were suffering a ________% unemployment rate (more than twice the ________________)- Denied public works jobs - FDR tried to help Af. Ams by providing jobs for them via the ______________- The President invited black leaders to the White House to advise him – these unofficial advisers became known as the _____________________- He followed their wishes BUT denied an _______________law – thought he’d lose the support of the southerners in Congress for his New Deal program- Many black leaders called on Af. Ams to unite/ obtain their civil rights: _________________________________- Blacks voted & used those numbers to keep up pressure for __________________________

Other Americans Face the Depression:- Fear & insecurity caused by the depression caused violence & discrimination to spread

Mexican Americans- MA’s worked in many ____________around the country- Many were __________________ in the West & SW- They faced _____________________ in education & jobs- Many Americans wanted Mexicans to be sent back (400,000 sent back to Mexico)

Asian Americans- Americans resented ___________________________________________workers who competed with them for scarce jobs- Violence against _________erupted- The gov’t tried to eliminate __________________by reducing the number of Asians in the U.S.- 1935 – FDR signed a law that provided free transportation for Filipinos who agreed to return to the Philippines & not return

Native Americans- ___________– Congress had granted all Nat. Americans citizenship- Still, most Indians continued to live in ______________________- FDR encouraged __________________________________________

Indian New Deal: laws that gave Native American nations greater control over their own affairs

- 1934 Congress passes the Indian Reorganization Act (_____): Protected & expanded the landholdings of Native American _______________________

- FDR also allowed reservations organize corporations & develop their own _________________________

To provide jobs during the depression, the gov’t set up the Indian Emergency Conservation Work Group: _________________________ _________________________________________________________