The Nation TransformedThe Nation Transformed

The Second Industrial Revolution: The Second Industrial Revolution: Industrialization and Immigration Industrialization and Immigration

in America from 1865-1910in America from 1865-1910

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial RevolutionThe Second Industrial Revolution

Steel drives industrialization in the late Steel drives industrialization in the late 1800s 1800s Develop an easier and cheaper way to Develop an easier and cheaper way to

produce steel- produce steel- The Bessemer ProcessThe Bessemer ProcessEncourages railroads to expandEncourages railroads to expandTrunk lines (major railroads) cross from the Trunk lines (major railroads) cross from the

Great Great Plains to the Pacific CoastPlains to the Pacific Coast

Henry Bessemer

William Kelly

The Impact of the RailroadThe Impact of the Railroad

Railway companies= country’s major Railway companies= country’s major employersemployers

Spur the growth of other industriesSpur the growth of other industries Increased need to communicate across Increased need to communicate across

long distances long distances Need lots of powerNeed lots of power

New sourcesNew sourcesof powerof power

Electricity: Work hard to find practical Electricity: Work hard to find practical applications for this natural phenomenonapplications for this natural phenomenonThe dynamo: electric generatorThe dynamo: electric generatorThomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison

GasolineGasolineOriginally just seen as having medicinal Originally just seen as having medicinal

purposespurposesFinally in 1850 it is found that it can be refined Finally in 1850 it is found that it can be refined

to produce kerosene, which could be turned to produce kerosene, which could be turned into lamps to produce lightinto lamps to produce light

Which of the following did Which of the following did Edison NOT invent?Edison NOT invent?

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0% 1.1. LightbulbLightbulb

2.2. The dynamoThe dynamo

3.3. The bicycleThe bicycle

4.4. The phonographThe phonograph

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Which of the following was NOT Which of the following was NOT an impact of railroads?an impact of railroads?

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0% 1.1. Increased westward expansionIncreased westward expansion

2.2. Increased growth of other industries, Increased growth of other industries, such as the steel industrysuch as the steel industry

3.3. More jobsMore jobs

4.4. It caused more people to move to It caused more people to move to rural areasrural areas

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Which of these encouraged industrialization Which of these encouraged industrialization to move from the east to the west? to move from the east to the west?

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0%

0%

0%

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1.1. RailroadsRailroads

2.2. SubwaysSubways

3.3. Labor UnionsLabor Unions

4.4. MuckakersMuckakers

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Big BusinessBig Business

The corporation: new form of business The corporation: new form of business organization that capable of managing the organization that capable of managing the growing industries during this timegrowing industries during this time

How do corporations raise capital?How do corporations raise capital? Some corporations join together to form a trust, Some corporations join together to form a trust,

where companies turn control over to a Board of where companies turn control over to a Board of Directors which run all the companies as oneDirectors which run all the companies as one What happens when a trust gains exclusive control What happens when a trust gains exclusive control

over an industry?over an industry? Government Involvement: Age of laissez faire Government Involvement: Age of laissez faire

capitalismcapitalism

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie- Steel IndustrySteel Industry- Economies of scaleEconomies of scale- Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

- Acquired companies that Acquired companies that provided materials and provided materials and services upon which his services upon which his enterprises dependedenterprises depended

- Controls steel at each Controls steel at each stage of production= sell at stage of production= sell at a much lower price than his a much lower price than his competitorscompetitors

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller- Standard OilStandard Oil- Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration

- Owns companies involved Owns companies involved in the same business (ie. in the same business (ie. Oil refining)Oil refining)

- Buy out competition or Buy out competition or drive out of business by drive out of business by lowering prices lowering prices

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller

A New Social OrderA New Social Order

New Urban Upper Class: Make their $$$ in new New Urban Upper Class: Make their $$$ in new industries industries

New Middle Class: Modern corporations swell New Middle Class: Modern corporations swell the middle class with managers, engineers, the middle class with managers, engineers, accountants, clerks, and salespeople; new jobs accountants, clerks, and salespeople; new jobs created created

Industrial workers: Hundreds of thousands move Industrial workers: Hundreds of thousands move into cities in search of jobsinto cities in search of jobs 1890: 50% of industrial workers live below the poverty 1890: 50% of industrial workers live below the poverty

line--- What does this cause?line--- What does this cause? Great demand in labor met by immigrantsGreat demand in labor met by immigrants

1. The Ability to sell stock1. The Ability to sell stock2. Limited liability for the owners2. Limited liability for the owners3. Improved ability to raise large sums of money 3. Improved ability to raise large sums of money

Industrialization changed the structure of business in America. The Industrialization changed the structure of business in America. The items listed above are all benefits of-items listed above are all benefits of-

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0% 1.1. CorporationsCorporations

2.2. UnionizationUnionization

3.3. ProprietorshipsProprietorships

4.4. MonopoliesMonopolies

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How did the government encourage the growth of How did the government encourage the growth of big business after the Civil War?big business after the Civil War?

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0% 1.1. By eliminating the tariff on foreign goodsBy eliminating the tariff on foreign goods

2.2. By extending massive loans to business By extending massive loans to business ownersowners

3.3. By limiting immigration into the U.S. By limiting immigration into the U.S.

4.4. By using By using laissez fairelaissez faire

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ImmigrantsImmigrants

Prior to 1880: Protestants from Prior to 1880: Protestants from northwestern Europenorthwestern Europe

After 1880: New waveAfter 1880: New wave70% from Southern/Eastern Europe70% from Southern/Eastern EuropeCatholic, Jewish, Greek Orthodox, French Catholic, Jewish, Greek Orthodox, French

Canadiens, Armenians, Arabs, Chinese, Canadiens, Armenians, Arabs, Chinese, JapaneseJapanese

New AmericansNew Americans

NativistsNativists View immigration as a threatView immigration as a threat

““Too different to fit in”Too different to fit in” Blame immigrants for the ills of societyBlame immigrants for the ills of society Immigrants take all the jobs from Americans Immigrants take all the jobs from Americans

Restrictions on immigrationRestrictions on immigration Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

Denies citizenship to people born in China Denies citizenship to people born in China Prohibits immigration of Chinese laborersProhibits immigration of Chinese laborers

Immigration Restriction League,1894Immigration Restriction League,1894 Sought to make literacy a requirement for admission into the Sought to make literacy a requirement for admission into the

United StatesUnited States President Grover Cleveland vetoes the Act passed by President Grover Cleveland vetoes the Act passed by

CongressCongress

Urban LifeUrban Life

People flock to cities to find workPeople flock to cities to find workSkyscrapers dominate the landscapeSkyscrapers dominate the landscape

Why no skyscrapers before?Why no skyscrapers before?Mass transitMass transitTenementsTenements

What were tenements like? What were tenements like?

The Drive for ReformThe Drive for Reform

The Settlement Houses: Community service The Settlement Houses: Community service centers centers Hull House and Jane AddamsHull House and Jane Addams

Aids the poor Aids the poor

Social GospelSocial Gospel Apply Christian principles to address social problemsApply Christian principles to address social problems The Salvation ArmyThe Salvation Army Some support Social Darwinism.Some support Social Darwinism.

What is social Darwinism? What is social Darwinism?

_____________ believed society was a competition in which the fittest came out on top

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0%

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0% 1. Socialists

2. Social Darwinists

3. Transcendentalists

4. Union Leaders

VOTE

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Hull House was founded in Chicago by Jane Addams to…

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0% 1. Help persecuted Jewish Americans

2. Provide lodging for child laborers

3. Help the urban poor living in slums

4. Serve as a meeting place for suffragists

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