the nature and properties of soils, 13/e nyle c. brady and ray r. weil ©2002 pearson education,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Chapter 2 Formation](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f225503460f94c3b896/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Chapter 2 Formation of Soils from Parent Materials
Sampling moon “soil.” (NASA, Apollo 14)
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.1
(a) (b)
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.2
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.3
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Physical Weathering Processes
• Unloading• Temperature
– Thermal Expansion
– Freeze-Thaw
– Frost Wedging
• Abrasion– Water, Ice, Wind
• Biological Activity– Burrows
– Root Wedging
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Biogeochemical Weathering Processes• Hydration
– Intact water molecules combine with a mineral5Fe2O3 + 9H2O Fe10O15(9H2O)
• Hydrolysis– Water Molecule splits into hydrogen and a hydroxyl and the hydrogen
replaces a cation from the mineral structureKAlSi3O8 + H2O HAlSi3O8 + K+ + OH-
• Dissolution– Aided by small amounts of acid in the water
– Soluble ions are retained in the underground water supply CaCO3 + 2[H+(H2)O] Ca2+ + CO2 + 3H2O
ORCaSO4(2H2O) + 2H2O Ca2+ + SO4
2- + 4H2O
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Biogeochemical Weathering Processes
• Carbonation– Weathering is accelerated by the presence of weak acids
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid) Then
H2CO3 + CaCO3 Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
• Oxidation-Reduction– Any chemical reaction in which a compound or radical loses
electrons
– Important in decomposing ferromagnesian minerals 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
Or4Fe(2-)O + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(3-)OOH (Goethite)
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.5
(a) (b)
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.6
(a) (b)
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Development of Clays
• The breakdown of parent rock results in the development of clays
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Factors Influencing Soil FormationCLORPT
• Climate– Primarily precipitation and temperature
• Organisms– Especially vegetation, microbes, and soil animals
• Relief– Slope, aspect, and landscape position
• Parent Material– Geological or organic precursors to the soil
• Time
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Effects of Parent Material
• The parent material is what the soil and the nutrients ultimately come from– Examples
• Colluvium
• Alluvium
• Floodplain
• Glacial
• Marine Sediments
• Loess
• Organic Bogs
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.11
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.12
A productive soil in the Appalachian Mountains formed on colluvium
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.14 Alluvial fans merging into a Bajada in Alaska,
which will form well-drained soils
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.13
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.15
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Glacial Erosion
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Glacial Erosion
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.17
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.16
1. Till deposits of various kinds2. Glacial-lacustrine deposits3. The Loessial blanket4. Area that escaped glaciation but has loess
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.18
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.19
GlacialTill
GlacialOutwash
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.20
Distribution of Dune Sands and Loess Deposits
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Homes carved from Loess deposits in China
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.22 Development of a peat bog resulting in Histosols
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Effects of Climate
• Effective Precipitation– Depends on timing, topography, and soil type
• Temperature– Effects the rate of weathering
• Climate also affects vegetation
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Box 2.1
a. Seasonal Distribution, b. Temperature and Evaporation, c. Topography, d Permeability
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.23
Temperature and Precipitation work together to affect depth of regolith weathered from bedrock
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.24 Climate and Vegetation are interconnected
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Effects of Organisms
• Flora– Lichen, Moss, Trees
• Fauna– Mites, Nematodes, Springtales, Earthworms
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.8 The effect of lichen etching bedrock
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.25
Difference in the soil profile under grassland versus forest vegetation
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Change in soil Ph because of forest type
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Semiarid rangeland vegetation will locally enhance fertility, photos from Patagonia Argentina
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.28
Prairie dog burrows help to mix the soil (called crotovinas), photo taken in Illinois
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Effects of Topography
• Slope and Aspect– Determines amount of solar radiation absorbed
• Parent Material Interactions– Affects the distribution of colluvium and alluvium
• Salt Buildup– Arid areas slats are leached from relatively higher areas to lower
areas
• Interaction With Vegetation– Moisture regime is affected by microtopographic changes which in
turn controls vegetation distributions
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.29
(a) (b)
Topographic influence on soil depth
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.30
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Effects of Time
• All soil forming processes occur over a very long period of time
• The time it takes to develop a soil is relative, dependent upon– Climate
– Vegetation
– Human Interaction
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.31
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
When Everything Else Is Held Equal (Sequences)
• Catenas – When soils are developed on the same parent material and the soils
only differ on the basis of drainage due to variations in relief
• Chronosequence – A sequence of related soils that differ in certain properties
primarily as a result of time as a soil-forming process
• Lithosequence – A group of related soils that differ as a result of parent material
• Climosequence – A sequence of soils that differ as a result of changes in climatic
regimes (temperature and precipitation)
• Biosequence – A group of related soils that differ primarily due to variation in
kinds and numbers of plants and soil organisms
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Four Basic Processes of Soil Formation • Transformation
– When soil constituents are chemically or physically modified or destroyed and others are synthesized from precursor materials
• Translocation– The movement of organic and inorganic materials horizontally or
vertically across a pedon
• Additions– Inputs of materials from outside sources (i.e. plant litter)
• Losses– Materials that are removed from the soil profile by leaching or
erosion
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Figure 2.32
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THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil
©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458