the nature of language tutorial 5 syntax. presentation outline task 1: english syntactic structures...
TRANSCRIPT
The Nature of Language Tutorial 5
Syntax
Presentation Outline
Task 1: English Syntactic Structures
Task 2: Phrase Structure Rules for Ewe
Task 3: Evidence for Wh-Movement
Task 4: Wanna Contraction & Wh-Movement
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1Task 1: English Syntactic Structures
Nature of Language
Task 1
Phrase Structure Rules
1. S → NP VP 2. NP → (Det) (AdjP) N (PP)
3. VP → V (NP) (PP) (AdvP)
5. AdjP → (Deg)n Adjn 6. AdvP → (Deg)n Adv
4. PP → P (NP)
Task 1
Mother
Sisters
Syntactic Constituency
1. Movability Test- In my class, there was this student
2. Replacement Test- This student there
Task 1
a. Under the bridge4. PP → P (NP)
Task 1
b. Fell into the pond3. VP → V (NP) (PP) (AdvP)
Task 1
c. The silly picture of Ai
4. PP → P (NP)
5. AdjP → (Deg)n Adjn
2. NP → (Det) (AdjP) N (PP)
Task 1
d. Pat loves Robin passionately3. VP → V (NP) (PP) (AdvP)S
NP VP
NPN AdvP
Pat
V
loves AdvN
Robin Passionately
6. AdvP → (Deg)n Adv
Task 1
e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone
4. PP → P (NP)
2. NP → (Det) (AdjP) N (PP)
3. VP → V (NP) (PP) (AdvP)
1. S → NP VP
e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone
e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone
The ManagerRobinTask 1
e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone
The Manager RobinTask 1
Task 1
e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone
4. PP → P (NP)
2. NP → (Det) (AdjP) N (PP)
3. VP → V (NP) (PP) (AdvP)
1. S → NP VP
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2Task 2: Phrase Structure Rules for Ewe
Nature of Language
Ewe Phrase Structure Rules
Task 2
1. S → NP VP 2. N {oge, ika, amu}
3. NP N (Det) 4. Det ye
5. VP V NP 6. V {xa, vo}
(1) Oge xa ika ✓
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
3. NP N (Det)
5. VP V NP
(2) Ye amu vo oge ✗
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
3. NP N (Det)
5. VP V NP
(3) Ika oge xa ye ✗
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
5. VP V NP
(4) Oge ye vo ika ye ✓
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
3. NP N (Det)
5. VP V NP
(5) Amu xa oge ✓
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
3. NP N (Det)
5. VP V NP
(6) Vo oge ika ✗
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
3. NP N (Det)
5. VP V NP
(7) Amu ye vo ika ✓
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
3. NP N (Det)
5. VP V NP
(8) Ye ika xa ye oge ✗
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
3. NP N (Det)
5. VP V NP
(9) Xa amu ye ✗
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
3. NP N (Det)
5. VP V NP
(10) Oge ye xa amu ✓
Task 2
1. S → NP VP
3. NP N (Det)
5. VP V NP
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3Task 3: Evidence for Wh-Movement
Nature of Language
Question 3
Task 3
Consider the following sentence: Where has John put the car?
How can the following data be used to argue that where originated to the right of the car in the underlying structure (i.e., John put the car where?) and was moved to sentence-initial position in the surface structure?
WHERE
Data
Task 3
a) John has put the car in the garage. b) * John has put. c) * John has put the car. d) * John has put in the garage. e) * Where has John put the car in the garage?
ObservationSentences Observations from 5 sentences
a) John has put the car in the garage. b) * John has put. c) * John has put the car. d) * John has put in the garage. e) * Where has John put the car in the
garage? f) Where has John put the car?
1. Sentence contains at least one direct object and at least one actual location (eg. Garage)
2. Interrogative sentence contains at least one direct object and no actual location
How did the interrogative sentence come about?Solution: • The ‘where’ (wh- word) started as an actual location and moved
away.• The observations can be justified if the Wh-movement ( and
Subject-Auxiliary inversion) has occurred
Subject-Auxiliary Inversion
Where has John put the car ?
Has John put the car where
John has put the car whereJohn has put the car in the garage .
Indicator of locationWh-movement
Auxiliary-Subject inversion
Task 3
WHERE HAS
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4Task 4: Wanna Contraction & Wh-Movement
Nature of Language
Yosuke’s Quiz this week!
Bonus Question
The sentence below is actually grammatical. Can you explain why? What is the meaning of this sentence? Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.
Simplified parse treePN = proper nounN = nounV = verbNP = noun phraseRC = relative clauseVP = verb phraseS = sentence
Buffalo (PN): the city of Buffalo, New YorkBuffalo (V): “to bully” Buffalo (N): the animal
Homonyms!
Buffalo buffalo (buffalo from Buffalo NY) [that] Buffalo buffalo buffalo ( that the buffalo from Buffalo NY bully) Buffalo buffalo buffalo (are bullying buffalo from Buffalo NY)
Sentences a,b,c (Can Wanna)
Task 4
You do want to visit Zechy. (Original Sentence)Do you want to visit Zechy? (Subj-Aux Inversion)Who do you want to visit? (WH-movement) (a)
You would want to go out with Zechy. (Original Sentence)Would you want to visit Zechy? (Subj-Aux Inversion)Who would you want to go out with? (WH-movement) (b)
You do want to invite six of your friends to the wedding. (Original Sentence)Do you want to invite six of your friends to the wedding? (Subj-Aux Inversion)How many of your friends do you want to invite to the wedding? (WH-movement) (C)
Sentences d,e,f (Can’t Wanna)
Task 4
You do want Yosuke to win the game. (Original Sentence)Do you want Yosuke to win the game? (Subj-Aux Inversion)Who do you want to win the game? (WH-movement) (d)
You would want Yosuke to look after your pets. (Original Sentence)Would you want Yosuke to look after your pets. (Subj-Aux Inversion)Who would you want to look after your pets? (WH-movement) (e)
You do want six of your friends to stay with us. (Original Sentence)Do you want six of your friends to stay with us. (Subj-Aux Inversion)How many of your friends do you want to stay with us? (WH-movement) (f)
Wanna Contraction and WH-movement
Task 4
• In English, “want to” can be contracted to “wanna”, but not in all situations.
• The original sentences in Task 4 are all formed via Subj-Aux inversion and WH-movement.
• Wanna contraction CANNOT take place if the object or subject being MOVED is extracted from the position between “want” and “to”
Heading
Task 4